FANNING ISLANDS, a group of coral islands, in the Pacific, between lat. 2° and 5° 49′ N. and long. 157° and 162° W. It comprises the islands of Jarvis, Christmas, Washington, Palmyra and Fanning Island; area of the whole, about 260 square miles. Cocoanut and other tropical trees are found here. The islands of Fanning and Christmas belong to Great Britain; Palmyra is claimed by the United State. Fanning Island is a station on the British "AllRed cable. Pop. 200. The group gets its name from an American sailor, Edmund Fanning, who discovered it in 1798.

FANNIUS STRABO, Gaius, Roman historian and orator, the son-in-law of Lælius. In his youth he served in Africa under Scipio Africanus, in 146 B.C., and along with Tiberius Gracchus, was the first to mount the walls of Carthage on the capture of the city. He afterwards served in Spain with distinction, in 142 B.C., under Fabius Maximus Servilianus. Fannius is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers both in his 'De Republica) and in his treatise De Amicitia. At the advice of his father-in-law, Lælius, Fannius had attended the lectures of the Stoic philosopher, Panatius. Fannius owed his celebrity in literature to his 'History.' We have no information respecting the extent of this work; we only know that it treated of contemporary events and that it possessed some merit appears from the fact of Brutus making an abridgment of it. Sallust likewise praises its truth. For the extant fragments_consult Peter, 'Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiæ' (Leipzig 1870).

FANNY FERN. See PARTON, SARAH PAYSON WILLIS.

FANO, fä'no (ancient FANUM FORTUNE), a seaport of Italy, in a rich and fertile plain on the Adriatic, province of Pesaro e Urbino, 29 miles northwest of Ancona. It is surrounded by walls, built by the Emperor Augustus, and contains a triumphal arch, a cathedral with valuable paintings, a public library, orphan asylum and a fine theatre. Since the filling up of the harbor its commercial importance has lessened, but a canal gives access to the Adriatic. Here the first printing press with movable Arabic type was set up in 1514 by Pope Julius II. Pop. of commune 26,928.

FANON, an ecclesiastical term of various applications. It was used to denote the cloth in which the deacon in the ancient or early mediæval Church received the oblations, and is now generally applied to a striped, oblong piece of silk gauze worn on the head and shoulders by the Pope in celebrating mass pontifically. It also designates the church banner carried in processions. In surgery, a fanon is a splint of a particular shape, formerly employed in fractures of the thigh and leg, to keep the bones in contact.

FANS, also known as FANGWE PAHOUINS, OSHIBA, etc., an African people who emigrated from the interior to the coast of the French Kongo during the first half of the 19th century. They now number about 300,000 in the neighborhood of the mouths of the Ogoway and the Gaboon. They have been described by Du Chaillu, Burton, Lenz, Reade and other travelers as a warlike and highly intelligent

people, differing markedly from the surrounding negroid or Bantu tribes. Linguistically, they are allied with the Bantu group. Their complexion is rather light, their beard long, their frontal bone very prominent and they are tall and well built. They were formerly much given to eating human flesh, but their cannibalistic tendencies have been checked by contact with the Europeans of the coast regions. Consult Tessmann, 'Die Fangwe) (Berlin 1913).

FANS, instruments for producing an agitation of the air and consisting of an extended flat surface, generally semi-circular in outline. As hand implements for cooling the air they have long been articles of luxury. Early Egyptian paintings prove familiarity with its use in a remote period. From a passage in the 'Orestes' of Euripides it appears that the Grecian fans were introduced from the East, that they were of a circular form and were mounted plumes of feathers. Dionysius of Halicarnassus describes the courtiers of Aristodemus at Camæ as attended by females bearing parasols and fans. Plautus mentions fan bearers as forming part of a Roman fine lady's retinue, and Suetonius describes Augustus as lying, during the heat of summer, in the shade and fanned by an attendant. In the Middle Ages fans were used in the churches to chase away the flies from the holy elements of the Eucharist. Such a fan, known as a flabellum, is still used in the Greek and Armenian churches. The folding fan is said to have been a Japanese invention which originated in the 7th century, the idea having been supplied by the wing of the bat. From Japan the invention passed to China; but it was not till about the beginning of the 16th century that such fans began to be used in Europe, being introduced into Italy and Spain. The fan was first brought into European notoriety by Catharine de Medici, who introduced it in the folding form into France. Great sums were spent on the ornamentation of the fans first in vogue, and many were painted by Watteau. During the 16th and 17th centuries, they were used by gentlemen. In various nations and at various periods the manipulation of the fan has formed almost a separate language, especially for coquettes. Addison in his essay on the fan, in the Spectator, and Disraeli in Contarini Fleming, treat of this feminine art. They are said to have been introduced into England from Italy in the reign of Henry VIII; and in the reign of Elizabeth they were framed of very costly materials, the body of ostrich feathers, the hanmanship. Walking fans were formerly in use. dle of gold, silver or ivory, of curious workThey were of large size and were employed to screen the face from the sun. The Chinese have greatly excelled in the art of making fans, those of the lacquered variety showing especial skill. For common use they make a cheaper sort, constructed of polished bamboo and paper. In Japan, where to this day the fan is an indispensable adjunct of the daily life of all classes, large rich fans are used in ceremonial dances, in which they are accessories of peculiar significance. In Rome the Pope is escorted on cermonial occasions by attendants with flabella formed of peacock feathers. In Europe, France manufactures the greatest number of fans used by the world of fashion. A species of large fan known as a punkah is used in India for cooling

the air of rooms and keeping down the temperature. Fans in the form of machines are used in agriculture for winnowing grain, the original form being very simple and dating back to primitive times. In metallurgy and other branches of manufacture fans are employed for ventilating and stimulating the combustion of fires; for the ventilation of mines; and for various other manufacturing purposes. The modern electric revolving fan is extensively used for cooling the air in public and private buildings. Consult Blondel 'Histoire des éventails (Paris 1875); Rhead, 'History of the Fan) (London 1910); Salwey, Fans of Japan' (ib. 1894); Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition of Fans at South Kensington' (ib. 1870).

FANS, Mine. See MINING.

FANSAGA, făn-sä'ga, Cosimo, Italian artist: b. Bergamo, 1591; d. 1678. At Rome he studied under Pietro Bernini. He worked chiefly in Naples, where he was eminent as architect, painter and sculptor. At Naples he executed the fountain of Medina, the façade of S. Teresa degli Scalzi, the church of S. Maria Maggiore and the Palazzo Maddaloni, now the National Bank, and the cloister and dining hall of San Severino.

FANSHAWE, fan'shâ, Anne Harrison, LADY, an English memoirist: b. London, England, 25 March 1625; d. there, 30 Jan. 1680. She was married to Sir Richard Fanshawe (q.v.) in 1644. Her admirably written and accurate observations of life and manners in many lands, preserved in 'Memoirs,' from which extracts have been published, are of historical value.

FANSHAWE, Catherine Maria, English poet: b. Chipstead, Surrey, 6 July 1765; d. Putney Heath, Surrey, 17 April 1834. A lively fancy, brilliant wit, sound sense and personal charm made this lady and her poetry admired in her own circle; but she rarely consented to publication and only her riddle on the letter H, sometimes credited to Byron, is generally known, her stanzas not having been collected.

FANSHAWE, SIR Richard, English diplomatist, poet and translator: b. Ware, Hertfordshire, June 1608; d. Madrid, Spain, 26 June 1666. On the breaking out of the civil wars in 1641 he engaged actively in the royalist cause. He was made a baronet in 1650, and sent on an embassy to Spain, and afterward appointed secretary of state for Scotland. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester in 1651. He was elected M.P. for Cambridge University in 1660, and in 1661 and 1662-63 he was employed on two several missions to the court of Lisbon, in the first of which he negotiated the marriage of Charles II with Princess Catharine. In 1664 he was Ambassador to Madrid and negotiated a peace between England and Spain, but having neglected to inform his government that it must either be confirmed by his sovereign within a specified time or withdrawn, he was recalled. His poetical abilities were above mediocrity, as is evinced by his translations of the 'Lusiad' of Camoens, the 'Pastor Fido' of Guarini, the 'Odes' of Horace, and the fourth book of the Æneid into English verse, and Fletcher's 'Faithful Shepherdess' into Latin. His 'Letters were published in 1724 in the "Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe" (née Ann Harrison).

FANTAIL, an Australian flycatcher of the genus Rhipidura having a fan-like, and in some species prolonged tail, which the bird opens and shuts gracefully as it tumbles about in the air when pursuing its agile prey. A familiar species is R. motacilloides, whose habits are wagtail-like.

A warbler (Cisticola cursitans) of the Mediterranean countries and eastward, remarkable for its nest, which consists of soft materials enclosed in two leaves stitched together to sustain it, much after the method of a tailor-bird (q.v.).

A small variety of domestic pigeon, usually pure white, which holds its tail erect and distended like a fan.

FANTAN, a Chinese form of gambling. It is simple in form and rule. A square is marked in the centre of a table, or a square of metal or wood is laid on it, the sides of which are marked 1, 2, 3, 4. The croupier now places on the table a double handful of small coins or similar articles and covers them with a bowl. The players select their sides and place their stakes near the number chosen. When all four sides have been backed the bowl is removed and the croupier withdraws the coins from the heap, four at a time, till there remain at most four. In this case the backer of number 4 wins, if there be three remaining coins, number 3 is declared winner, and so on. A percentage is now deducted by the croupier and the winner receives five times the amount of his stake less the percentage. There is a card game of this name also, played with a pack of 52 and by any number of players up to eight. The game starts by cutting the cards. Ace high deals to the left, one at a time, the cards left over are placed face downward on the table. Each player puts up a stake called the "ante." The first player on the dealer's left is called on to play an ace, which he places, face upward, in the centre of the table. If he have no ace, he pays an "ante" and takes a card from the stack. The second player is then called on, and so on until an ace is played; thereafter the piles are built up from ace to king. The winner of the pool is the player who first gets rid of all his cards. Failure to play, having a playable card, subjects a player to a fine equalling the amount of the ante for every card remaining in the hands of all the players.

FANTASIA, fan-ta-zē’ą, in music, a species of composition in which the author confines himself to no particular form or theme, but ranges as his fancy leads amid various airs and movements. Some writers in defining this word confine its meaning to extempore composition and make this distinction between capriccio and fantasia; namely, that the former is a collection of singular and whimsical ideas strung together by an excited imagination and written down at one's leisure, but the latter is an off-hand execution of whatever comes across the mind while playing on an instrument. In modern usage it is often an enlargement or embellishment of a popular air or operatic melody, arranged for an instrumental solo.

FANTEE, or FANTI, fän-te', formerly a native state of Africa, on the Gold Coast, which extends about 90 miles along the shore of the Atlantic, and 70 inland; lat. 5° 30′ N.; long, 1° W. The inhabitants, called Fantees,

were at one time the most numerous and powerful people situated immediately on the Gold Coast; but their power was almost entirely broken after 1811 by invasions of the Ashantees. Their country is now included in the British Gold Coast Colony. The soil is fertile, producing fruits, maize and tropical vegetation of nearly every variety. The custom of making small scarafications on the upper part of the cheek-bones and the back of the neck prevails among the Fantees. Their government is aristocratic. Their head chief is supreme judge or governor and is attended by a council of old men. Each town has a chief. At one time they had several large cities. The country of the Fantees is populous and prosperous, owing to the protection afforded by the British settlements and particularly by Cape Coast Castle. In 1873 they were again attacked by the Ashantees, who also threatened the British settlements and compelled the government of Great Britain to send out an expedition under Sir Garnet (later Lord) Wolseley to suppress them. Subsequently Ashanti (1896) became a British protectorate, and was annexed in 1901. (See ASHANTI). Consult Barrow, 'Fifty Years in Western Africa'; Boyle, Through Fanteeland and Coomassii'; McDonald, The Gold Coast Past and Present.'

FANTI, fan'tē, Manfredo, Italian military leader: b. Carpi, 1806; d. Florence, 5 April 1865. He received his education at the military school of Modena and, becoming implicated in the Menotti insurrection, he was condemned to death and hanged in effigy in 1831. He escaped to France and there joined a corps of engineers. With Mazzini in 1833 he took part in the attempted invasion of Savoy, and two years later went to Spain, where for 13 years he served in Queen Christina's armies against the Carlists, gaining distinction after distinction and becoming a member of the general staff. In 1848 he returned to Italy to fight against the Austrians. Being looked upon with suspicion by the Piedmontese officers his success in this campaign was greatly hampered and he was even court-martialled for his operations under Ramorino. Although acquitted he was not again in service until the Crimean expedition of 1855. In the war of 1859 he commanded the second division and was an important factor in the victories of Palestro, Magenta and San Martino. He next organized the army of the Central Italian League (Tuscany, Modena, Parma), numbering 45,000 men and developed it to a high degree of efficiency. He differed with Garibaldi in the matter of the expediency of invading the papal states and Garibaldi resigned. Fanti became Minister of War and Marine under Cavour in 1860 and incorporated the League army with the Piedmontese. After Garibaldi had invaded Sicily and Victor Emmanuel decided to intervene, Fanti was put at the head of a large force with which he took Ancona and other fortresses and inflicted a severe defeat on the papal forces at Castelfidardo, capturing the papal commander, General Lamoricière. In three weeks 28,000 prisoners had been taken and the Marche and Umbria conquered. He now became chief of staff to Victor Emmanuel, organized the siege of Gaeta and defeated the Neapolitans at Mola. Fanti now returned to Turin to reorganize the

various army departments. His opposition to the induction of Garibaldi's officers into the regular army with their own grades caused severe adverse criticism. Fanti resigned in 1861 and took command of an army corps. His health had broken down and the last four years of his life were a period of constant suffering. Consult Carandini, Vita di M. Fanti) (Verona 1872), and Di Giorgio, A., I Generale M. Fanti (Florence 1906).

FANTIN-LATOUR, fon'tan-la-toor, Henri (Ignace Henri Jean Théodore), French painter: b. Grenoble, 14 Jan. 1836; d. 28 Aug. 1904. He received his early instruction from his father, a celebrated pastellist, and studied also under Lecoq de Boisbaudran and Couture. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1861, but his distaste for academic tradition caused him to be looked on with little favor and in 1863 he was represented in the Salon des Refusés, with Manet, Whistler and others. He lived in England for a time and many of his portraits are in that country. He excelled in portraiture and flower groups. His best known are 'Hommage à Delacroix, a group including Legros, Whistler, Bandelaire, Champfleury and the artist himself; Un Atelier à Batignolles,' included portraits of Manet, Monet, Renoir and Zola. It is now in the Luxembourg Gallery. In 'Un Coin de Table' were presented Camille Peladan, Rimbaud, Verlaine and others. Many of his flower groups are in England. In his later years he gave considerable attention to lithography. In 1876 he exhibited 'L'Anniversaire at the Salon in honor of Berlioz. He illustrated Jullien's Wagner) (1886) and 'Berlioz (1888). His lithographs are mostly in the collections of the British Museum, the Louvre and at Dresden. Consult Jullien, 'Fantin-Latour, sa vie et ses amitiés) (Paris 1909).

FANTOCCINI, fän-to-che'nē, an exhibition of puppets, or a dramatic representation on a small scale, performed by figures or dolls, an amusement of which the Italians are extremely fond, and which is frequently performed in a portable theatre - like that of Punch and Judy.

FANUM FORTUNE. See FANO.

FAR EASTERN QUESTION. The complex problems involved in the rise of Japan and the awakening of China and their relations to the great European and American powers are known in international politics as the Far Eastern Question. The term came into general use in the second half of the 19th century, when both China and Japan were drawn into nearer contact with Western nations. For a long time these countries segregated themselves from the West and pursued a policy of seclusion. The Chinese regarded the outside nations as "barbarians" and the foreign rulers as inferior to the Teen-tsze or the Son of Heaven, as they called their emperor. In Chinese official documents, for instance, the king of England is described as having been "reverentially submissive," and he is said to have "repeatedly presented tribute." On the occasion of Lord Amherst's embassy to Peking in 1816 it was demanded of him that he should perform the ceremony of thrice kneeling and nine times bowing the head to the ground before the Chinese emperor. In 1887 the American