white, red and blue, and as a union of blue the crosses of Saints George, Patrick and Andrew.

Alaska happens to be the only Territory of the United States without a flag but with propriety could carry a white field (snow covered) with the Alaska seal in yellow or gold.

Philippine Islands use the device American Shield, at centre the ancient arms of Manila. As a crest the American spread eagle. Adopted 1905.

Porto Rico has the ancient arms of the Spanish colony with letters "F and I," Ferdinand and Isabella. Adopted 1905.

at

Tokens and Trophies (Part VI).— The Federal government has many flags, banners and standards of historic value; some of odd design, yet filled with American symbolisms and spirit, while others are trophies captured from the enemies. These memorable flags are on exhibition at the National museums Washington, D. C., Annapolis Naval Academy and West Point Military Academy, and other remarkable flags are displayed at the State Capitol, Albany; Memorial Hall, Chicago; Springfield, Ill.; Madison, Wis.; Trenton, N. J.; Boston, Mass.; Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlanta, Ga.; Nashville, Tenn.; Saint Louis, Mo.; Richmond, Va.; Harrisburg, Pa.; New York city. While all other States, especially such as sent regiments to the wars of the Revolution, of 1812, of 1846 and of 1861 also have trophies and tokens on exhibition. At the Washington, D. C., National Museum can be seen the repaired and restored American flag which floated over Fort McHenry in 1814 and inspired Francis Scott Key to write the National anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner;" this flag has 15 stars and 15 stripes. Many trophies of the Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War and of the Spanish-American War are also at this National Museum. The Paul Jones flag of 13 stripes and 12 stars is also here on exhibition. The flag of the Maine, the ship whose sinking precipitated the Spanish-American War, is at Annapolis, Md. The standards Admiral Dewey captured from the Spanish are near by, as are trophies from Santiago and Cuba. At the same Annapolis Naval Academy are the Com. O. H. Perry flag of blue with the dying words of Captain Lawrence: "Don't Give Up the Ship," used by Perry 10 Sept. 1813. Also a royal British flag captured in 1813 when the capital of Canada fell into American hands. There are a few unique or curious flags, which are not in accord with the Continental law of 14 June 1777; as an example, the one hoisted 16 Aug. 1777 at the battle of Bennington, as it contained 13 stripes, seven white and six red, and its union of blue contained 11 seven-pointed stars arched over the figures "76" with one star in the dexter and one in the sinister parts of that azure union. A similar incorrect flag waved at the fall of Yorktown, 19 Oct. 1781; it had the union proper but it contained 13 stripes alternate white and red instead of alternate red and white. The writer made a copy of this flag from the pen and ink sketch left by Major Sebastian Bauman, only officer in the New York regiment of artillery not a native-born American. He was also an original member of the New York Society of the Order of Cincinnati.

VOL. 11-21

His drawing of this unique flag is in the collection of the New York Historical Society.

At the State House, Annapolis, is exhibited an original 13-star, 13-stripe American flag of pattern form, law of 14 June 1777.

The Philadelphia Light Horse flag, earliest colonial flag to have the 13 stripes of blue and white, is deposited in the safe of that troop.

The entire Peter Force flag collection of captured naval ensigns, recently donated to the Library of Congress, has been deposited in the National Museum. Here too is the flag of the Kearsarge in use at the time of surrender of the Confederate cruiser Alabama. Also the first flag of the United States of America to be raised over Richmond after its surrender to the Federal troops. A score or more Spanish flags are here as trophies, but the token which attracts great attention is the pennant which was flown on the Brooklyn during the naval battle off Santiago.

An interesting item relates to the placing of the stars and stripes in Saint Paul's Cathedral, London, in honor of the American Legion composed of Americans who were fighting in the British army before the United States joined the Allies. The members of the legion hailed from the United States and crossed the Atlantic to assist in defeating the Germanic designs against freedom. Other American flags have been deposited in English historic buildings, notably as a decoration in the Guild Hall, London.

The American flag is receiving equally memorable consideration in France and Belgium; in the former at Paris in innumerable places of note the American flag is donated and deposited as a heritage of the spirit of liberty. The American flag of the Foreign Legion, composed of Americans serving in the French divisions, was requested by the French government as a token of fraternal spirit and was deposited in the museum of the army in the Hotel des Invalides, Paris.

Trophies also which have a pathetic interest in American progress and unity are those of the Confederate States flags. See FLAGS, CONFEDERATE,

BERNARD J. CIGRAND,

Lieutenant United States Navy; Author Real History of United States Flag); History of American Emblems, etc.; Member of Faculty University of Illinois; former President of the Chicago Public Library.

FLAGELLANTS, flaj'e-lants (Lat. flagellare, to lash or scourge), a sect which arose in 1260 at Perugia, called by the French Perouse, and spread throughout and beyond Italy. Its adherents, said to have numbered 10,000, attempted to expiate their sins and obtain mercy by self-inflicted suffering. They ran through the cities scourging their bare shoulders and exhorting bystanders to repentance. Led by priests bearing banners and crosses, they moved in procession through the streets. They could be seen going about by night as well as by day, even in the cold of winter. They went in thousands from country to country begging alms. In 1261 they crossed the Alps in Alsatia, Bavaria, Bohemia and Poland, and found there many imitators. In 1296 a small band of Flagellants appeared in Strassburg, who, with covered faces, whipped themselves through the

city, and at every church. At first the Flagellants were noted for sanctity, and made many converts even from the most abandoned classes, but doubtful characters beginning to join their ranks, they fell into disrepute, and were restrained from their processions by the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, and the sect gradually died away. The terror produced by the dreadful disease called the black death, which destroyed many millions of people in Europe in the middle of the 14th century, produced a revival of the flagellation mania, which spread over most of Europe and was attended by greater extravagances than before. In the reign of Edward III, a band of 120 Flagellants, male and female, made their appearance in London on a missionary enterprise, but had to leave the country without having made one proselyte. In 1349 Clement VII declared the Flagellants heretics and took steps to repress them. In 1360 an effort was made in Thuringia to revive them, under a form marked by

authorities to suppress them. (See FLAGELLATION). Consult Boileau, J., Historia Flagellantium' (Paris 1700); Collas, G. F., Geschichte des Flagellantismus, etc.? (in progress, Leipzig 1913); Cooper, W. M., Flagellation and the Flagellants (London 1898); Deane, I., 'The New Flagellants' (in Catholic World, Vol. XXXIX, p. 300, New York 1884); Döring, G. C. W. A., Die Geisselfahrt) (Frankfort-onMain 1833); Förstemann, E. G., Die Christlichen Geisslergesellschaften' (Halle 1828); Runge, P., ed.. 'Die Lieder und Melodien der Geissler des Jahres 1349, etc. (Leipzig 1900); Schneller, C., Statuten Einer Geissler-Bruderschaft in Trient aus dem 14. Jahrhundert' (in Zeitschrift des Ferdinandemus Geschichtliche Abteilung, Series III, part 25, p. 3, Innsbruck 1881).

FLAGELLATA, a group of Protozoa, sometimes regarded as a division of the class Infusoria, sometimes as a distinct class by itself. The group is characterized by having a body

Various Flagellata. A, Bicoseca; B, Englina vividis D, Ceratium tripos (Dinoflagellate).

wild fanaticism and by strange doctrines which were condemned by the Council of Constance. The burning alive of their leader, Conrad Schmidt, and 90 of his followers, in 1369, partially checked the project, though the extirpation of the sect was found a work of extreme difficulty. One form of fanaticism which marked some of the Flagellants was violent hatred and persecution of Jews. Generally speaking the Flagellants gradually disappeared, beginning with the 14th century. There were, however, spasmodic and more or less isolated revivals, as in France in the 16th century, in Germany in the 17th century, and in various countries outside of Europe, especially in South America, frequently as a result of over-zealous attempts at conversion on the part of religious orders. The most striking example, perhaps, of this last type of Flagellants were the Hermanos Penitentes amongst converted Indians of New Mexico and Colorado who as late as the end of the 19th century practised ceremonial flagellation going frequently to great excesses in spite of attempts of civil and ecclesiastic

(Autoflagellatis); C, Noctiluca miliaris (Cystoflagellate);

form usually fixed and definite for the species, and by having as organs for locomotion and taking of food one or more long vibratile whiplash-like processes, the "flagella." Like all Protozoa (q.v.) the body is composed of a single cell. The group is divided into three orders: Autoflagellata, Dinoflagellata and Cystoflagellata. In the Autoflagellata the body is usually oval and has both nucleus and contractile vacuoles; sometimes the body is naked and capable of amoeboid motions, but usually it has a cuticle, and enveloping cases are not uncommon. In one sub-order (Choanoflagellata) a peculiar collar-like structure is developed around the flagellum. Some of the group closely approximate plants, some forms like Euglena and Volvox being claimed by the botanist. A few are human parasites. The Dinoflagellata have a firm external armor of hard cellulose plates, divided by a groove around the body, and with a second longitudinal groove. At the junction of the two grooves are the two flagella, one lying in the circular groove, the other projecting freely. These forms occur in

salt and fresh water. In the Cystoflagellata the large gelatinous body is enclosed in a stout membrane. The best-known form is Noctiluca (q.v.), noted for its phosphorescent powers. These minute creatures exist in countless swarms and form the food of a host of marine creatures a little larger or higher in rank of organization.

FLAGELLATION, scourging or whipping, either self-inflicted or administered by another person, especially as a religious practice. Originally it was used primarily as a corrective penalty for clerics. Its use spread with the gradual growth of monastic institutions. Its application as a means of religious penance is an old Oriental custom, admitted into Christianity partly because self-torment was considered salutary as mortifying the flesh, and partly because both Christ and the apostles underwent scourging. It was also practised as a devotional measure toward certain deities in Greece and Rome. From the 1st century of Christianity religious persons sought to atone for their sins by voluntary bodily torture. Like the Abbot Regino, at Prum, in the 10th century, many tried to imitate the sufferings of Christ, in order to make themselves the more certain of forgiveness through him. It became general in the 11th century, when Peter Damian of Ravenna, abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Santa Croce d'Avellano, near Gubbio, in Italy, afterward cardinal bishop of Ostia, zealously recommended scourging as an atonement for sin, to Christians generally, and, in particular, to the monks. His own example and the fame of his sanctity rendered his exhortations effective. Clergy and laity, men and women, began to torture themselves with rods, and thongs and chains. They fixed certain times for the infliction of this discipline upon themselves. Princes caused themselves to be scourged naked by their father confessors. Louis IX constantly carried with him for this purpose an ivory box, containing five small iron chains, and exhorted his father confessor to scourge him with severity. He likewise gave similar boxes to the princes and princesses of his house, and to other pious friends, as marks of his peculiar favor.

The expectation of being purified from sin by flagellation prevailed throughout Europe in the last half of the 13th century. "About this time," says the monk of Padua in his chronicles. of the year 1260, "when all Italy was filled with vice, the Perugians suddenly entered upon a course never before thought of; after them the Romans, and at length all Italy. Men of noble and ignoble birth, old and young, traversed the streets of the city naked, yet without shame. Each carried a scourge in his hand, with which he drew forth blood from his tortured body, amidst sighs and tears, singing at the same time penitential psalms." The penitents united into fraternities called the Flagellants (q.v.). After the Council of Constance (1414-18) both clergy and laity gradually abandoned flagellation. The Franciscan monks in France (Cordeliers) observed the practice longest.

Flagellation was sometimes voluntary_and sometimes imposed as a penance. Henry II of England allowed himself to be scourged at the tomb of Thomas à Becket (q.v.). In its theological aspect flagellation has no especial merit

in itself and is classed merely as a form of penance or self-mortification. It is meritorious only as a means of expiation of sins repented for and absolved, or as a method of mortification of the flesh for the suppression and control of the passions. Any excess in it is prohibited. (See PENANCE). For an exhaustive bibliography on this topic consult Haupt, H., 'Flagellation (in Schaff-Herzog, Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IV, New York 1909).

FLAGELLUM DEI, flā-jěl'lum dā'ē ("Scourge of God”), a title commonly bestowed on Attila, King of the Huns.

FLAGEOLET, flaj'o-let, a small wind-instrument, the notes of which are exceedingly clear and shrill. It is a sort of whistle with a mouth-piece that is usually inserted in a bulb. In appearance, etc., it may be said to belong to the flute family of musical instruments; but it is always used in a vertical instead of horizontal position. It is generally made of box or other hard wood, though sometimes of ivory, and has six holes for the regulation of its sounds, besides those at the bottom and mouthpiece, and that behind the neck. Its compass is two octaves, and a set of five different sizes is needed to take all the semitones in this range. Its inventor is said to have been Sieur Juvigny in the latter part of the 16th century. Previously, however, similar instruments had been used for many centuries by a number of peoples of comparatively primitive civilization, as the North American Indians. The use of the flageolet is never indicated in orchestral scores, though it was used with considerable frequency both as a solo instrument and in small wind bands in England and in most countries of the continent for more than 200 years. It became more or less obsolete in the beginning of the 19th century. Occasionally, in the French and English provinces, it is still employed chiefly for dance music. Very little music has ever been composed for it. Double and triple flageolets, slightly more complicated variations of the single instrument, have been built, but are seldom used. Consult Burney, Charles, 'A General History of Music, etc.' (4 vols., London 1776–89); Cresson, H. T., Construction of Ancient Terra-Cotta PitchPipes and Flageolets' (in American Naturalist, Vol. XVIII, p. 498, Philadelphia 1884); Greeting, T., Pleasant Companion; or New Lessons and Instructions for the Flageolet' (London 1675); Mersenne, M., Harmonie Universelle (Paris 1636).

FLAGET, flä-zhā, Benedict Joseph, American Roman Catholic bishop: b. Contournat, Auvergne, France, 7 Nov. 1763; d. Nazareth, Ky., 11 Feb. 1850. He was educated in France, joined the order of Sulpicians and after his ordination taught for some years at the theological seminary at Nantes. In 1792 he came to America and was assigned by Bishop Carroll of Baltimore to the mission of Vincennes, Ind. His work as a missionary in what was then the outposts of white civilization was highly successful, both amongst the white settlers and the Indians. In 1795 he joined the faculty of Georgetown College. From 1798-1801 he was in Havana, Cuba, and from 1801-09 he taught at Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. In

1810 he was consecrated bishop of Bardstown, Ky. His diocese was of vast extent, reaching to the Mississippi River and to the Great Lakes, and very undeveloped. He worked in it untiringly and with great success, being assisted later by two coadjutors. In 1841 the see was removed to Louisville, Ky., and his title was changed to Bishop of Louisville. From 1835-39 he spent abroad, being received with many honors at Rome. At the time of his death his see had become wonderfully developed. The number of Catholics in it had greatly increased and many educational, charitable and ecclesiastic institutions had been founded and securely established. Consult Howlett, W. J., Bishop Flaget's Diary' (in American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Records, Vol. XXIX, Philadelphia 1918); Spalding, M. J., Life of Bishop Flaget' (Louisville 1852).

FLAGG, Charles Noel, portrait painter: b. Brooklyn, 25 Dec. 1848; d. Hartford, Conn., 10 Nov. 1916. He was the son of Rev. Jared Bradley Flagg, artist and clergyman, and his brothers were Ernest Flagg, architect of the Singer Building, New York city, etc.; and Montague Flagg, artist and national academician. He studied art under L. Jacquesson de la Chevreuse. In 1888 he founded the Connecticut League of Art Students, now the Flagg Night School of Drawing for Men, of which he was director. He was a member of the Connecticut State Capitol Commission of Sculpture, president of the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts, and other civic and art associations. A member of the National Academy of Design, his portrait of Paul Bartlett, the sculptor, won the portraiture prize in 1908. He became recognized as one of the foremost portrait painters in this country and painted many of the portraits of governors of Connecticut for the State capitol collection. portraiture one of his greatest pictures was the (Seizure of the Charter' in the capitol at Hartford. He was a frequent contributor to art and other magazines and was the author of 'The Evolution of an Equestrian Statue' (1909).

Outside

FLAGG, Ernest, architect, brother of Charles Noel Flagg: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 6. Feb. 1857. He studied under Blondel, in Ecole des Beaux Arts at Paris, and in 1891 became an architect in New York. Among his most notable works are the Singer Building and Saint Luke's Hospital, New York; the national Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.; the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, etc. He is also a prolific contributor to magazines and other periodicals on good roads and pavements, model tenements, etc.

FLAGG, George Whiting, American artist: b. New Haven, Conn., 26 June 1816; d. Nantucket, Mass., 5 Jan. 1897. He showed remarkable artistic ability very early in life. Some of the paintings of this period are now in the collection of the Historical Society of New York city. He studied under Washington Allston and later for nine years in Europe, especially in London, England; on his return to the United States he opened a studio first in New Haven and later in New York. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1851. Among his best-known paint

The

ings are Landing of the Pilgrims'; 'Washington Receiving His Mother's Blessing'; 'The Good Samaritan'; 'The Scarlet Letter'; and "The Execution of Lady Jane Grey.' second of these is especially well known through the many engravings which were made after it. Much of his work is of a highly ideal type and throughout his entire career he was never influenced by any commercial considerations. His works consist of historical and genre pictures and of a few portraits.

FLAGG, Isaac, American Greek scholar: b. Beverly, Mass., 7 Sept. 1843. He is a son of Wilson Flagg (q.v.), and was prepared for college at Andover Phillips Academy, was graduated from Harvard 1864, and was tutor in the College 1865-69. He studied in Göttingen and Berlin, and received the degree of Ph.D. at Göttingen 1871. He was professor of Greek in Cornell University 1871-88, professor of classical philology in the University of California 1890-99, professor of Greek 1899-1909, since then professor emeritus. He has edited the 'Hellenic Orations of Demosthenes'; 'Seven against Thebes' of Eschylus; the 'Iphigenia in Tauris' of Euripides; Plato's Apology' and 'Crito,' etc. He is the author of 'Outlines of the Temporal and Model Principles of Attic Prose'; author also of 'Versicles'; 'Hylethen, a Lyrical Missive'; 'Circe, a Dramatic Fantasy) (1910); and other poems.

FLAGG, James Montgomery, artist and author: b. Pelham Manor, N. Y., 18 June 1877. After early studies in New York, under Herkomer in England and Marec in Paris, he became speedily known by his magazine contributions and his illustrated volumes of poetry and prose, which revealed remarkable versatility, technical ability and vivacious humor, whether in oils, pen and ink, charcoal or crayon. His first drawing was published in Life at the age of 14. His portrait in oils of Mark Twain, one of his best, is in the Lotos Club, New York. His illustrated volumes of prose and poetry include 'Tomfoolery) (1904); 'If: a Guide to Bad Manners (1905); Why They Married' (1906); All in the Same Boat' (1908); City People' (1909); 'I Should Say So' (1914).

FLAGLER, Henry M., American capitalist: b. Canandaigua, N. Y., 1830; d. 20 May 1913. He began life as a clerk in a country store, then going to Saginaw, Mich., he became a salt manufacturer. He afterward removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and formed one of the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler, now known as the Standard Oil Company and with which he was associated until 1911. He was the proprietor of some 600 miles of railroad in Florida and of the Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels at Saint Augustine. As builder and owner of these palatial hotels he did much to make Saint Augustine, Fla., a popular winter

resort.

FLAGS, Confederate. Early in the career of secession designs for flags were offered to the Confederate Congress. Devices were sent in daily and a mass of ideas was collected, illustrating a still lingering love for the United States flag, while most of them were radical departures from its heraldic character. The entire political, educational and religious spirit of the Confederacy took a deep concern