time she stops and collects more pollen. The eggs hatch into small larvæ which destroy a few of the very numerous seeds. However, as no seeds are set without the activities of this insect the plant can well afford to spare the few seeds consumed.

Fig. The flowers of the fig are very minute and crowded on the inner surface of an urnlike receptacle, which becomes the fig fruit. The wild forms of the fig, called caprifigs, have three kinds of flowers in their receptacles, female flowers that upon fertilization are capable of producing seeds, female flowers' (gall flowers) of such a structure that the female insect can easily lay her eggs in them, they serving as food for the young insects, and male flowers. The fig cultivated for its fruit has only the first kind of flowers. A female fig wasp (Blastophaga) emerging from a gall flower of a capri-fig finds the male flowers mature and shedding an abundance of pollen

FIG. 4.-A hawk-moth sucking nectar from a tiger-lily. so that as she works her way around in the rather limited space in making her exit from the receptacle she becomes covered with pollen. She immediately seeks out another young receptacle and forces her way in through the narrow opening, leaving her wings behind in the process. She hunts around in the receptacle for the gall flowers and lays an egg in each one she finds. In her search she passes over the stigmas of the other type of female flowers and pollenizes them. Or it may be that she enters the receptacle of a fig in which case she searches in vain for the gall flowers but in her search pollenizes the female flowers. She at length dies of exhaustion, but her work is done so far as the plant is concerned. It is customary for growers of figs to hang branches of capri-figs from which the gall insects are just emerging in the fig trees in order that the latter may set fruit. There are many species of the genus Ficus and many species of Blastophaga corresponding. In most species of Ficus there is not so strong a differentiation

into gall flowers and fertile flowers as in the capri-fig.

Origin of the Special Modifications.Much has been written to try to explain the minute correspondence of structures of flowers and the insects that fertilize them. In view of the fact that we are as yet far from any agreement as to the kinetic factors of evolution it may be imagined that these attempted explanations are mostly in the nature of speculations in which the writers attempt to find support for preconceived theories, rather than to draw up a hypothesis to fit observed facts. It seems almost beyond doubt that natural selection has had a large part in the elimination of unfavorable modifications, but we still do not know what causes these variations in the first place or even whether there is an observable relation between the kind of modification and the conditions under which the plants and insects have developed. Until these questions are in more universal agreement it may be well to leave the subject without further speculation.

Bibliography.- Darwin, 'Forms of Flowers (London 1877); Knuth, 'Handbook of Flower Pollination (Eng. trans., Oxford 1906); Kerner von Marilaun, Flowers and their Unbidden Guests) (Eng. trans. 1878). ERNST A. BESSEY, Professor of Botany, Michigan Agricultural College.

FLOWING WELLS. See ARTESIAN WELLS.

FLOY, James, American Methodist clergyman: b. New York 1806; d. 1863. He was educated at Columbia College and at the Royal Botanical Gardens, London. He was for sometime a clerk in the employ of the Methodist Book Concern, entered the ministry of the Methodist church and held several pastorates in New York city and vicinity. He was censured by his Conference because of his presence at an Abolition convention. He edited the Methodist Hymnbook of 1849, served as secretary of the Tract Society and edited the National Magazine from 1856 to 1860. He was the author of Biblical Morality' (1861); 'Lessons in Bible History' (1861); Old Testament Characters Delineated and Illustrated' (1864); 'Occasional Sermons, Reviews and Essays' (1865). Consult Methodist Quarterly Review (issue of January 1864).

FLOYD, John Buchanan, American statesman: b. Smithfield, Montgomery County, Va., 1 June 1807; d. near Abingdon, Va., 26 Aug. 1863. He was educated at Columbia College, South Carolina, graduating in 1829; studied law and settled in southwest Virginia; was a member of the Virginia legislature several terms and was governor of the State 1850-53, his term being notable for his advocacy of the policy of public improvements. In 1857 he was appointed Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Buchanan, and remained in it until 29 Dec. 1860, when he resigned because he considered the action of Major Anderson in occupying Fort Sumter a breach of faith to South Carolina. He went to Abingdon, Va. On 29 Jan. 1861 the grand jury of the District of Columbia indicted him as privy to a defalcation in the Department of the Interior. He returned to Washington, gave bail and de

manded a trial, and the government thereupon, on 7 March 1861, entered a nolle prosequi. After his departure he was also accused of having transferred arms from Northern to Southern arsenals in order to arm the South for the Civil War. This charge was investigated by a Congressional committee, which, on 18 Feb. 1861, made a report showing it to be groundless, the arms transferred having been condemned arms, removed in order to make room in the Northern arsenals for modern ones. In the summer of 1861 he was appointed a brigadier-general in the Confederate army and raised a brigade which served in West Virginia until ordered to join the army of Gen. A. S. Johnston in the West. He was sent to Fort Donelson, arriving there after fighting had begun. When surrender was discussed, he transferred the command to Buckner and extricated his brigade; in consequence of which he was removed from command by Jefferson Davis. The State of Virginia thereupon appointed him a major-general in its service. Consult Davis, 'Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government' (1881); Nicolay and Hay, 'Life of Lincoln' (1890).

FLOYD, William, American statesman: b. Brookhaven, Long. Island, N. Y., 17 Dec. 1734; d. Weston, Oneida County, N. Y., 4 Aug. 1821. He entered political life as a delegate to the Philadelphia Congress of 1774. The next year he was appointed a delegate to the first Continental Congress and continued by successive reappointments a member of every Continental Congress up to 1782 inclusive. From 1777 to 1788 he also was a State senator under the first Constitution of New York, and in the Presidential elections of 1792, 1800 and 1804 was a Presidential elector.

FLÜCKIGER, flük'e-gér, Friedrich August, German pharmacognosticist: b. Langenthal, Switzerland, 1828; d. 1894. He was educated at Berlin, Ban, Geneva and Heidelberg, became president of the Swiss Association of Apothecaries in 1857 and in 1881 was member of a committee appointed to revise the pharmacopoeia of the German Empire. He wrote, in conjunction with Hamburg, Pharmacography: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin met with in Great Britain and British India' (1879), and works in German and French on the nature and history of drugs.

He

He

FLUDD, Robert, English philosopher and physician: b. Bearsted, Kent, 1574; d. 1637. He received his education at Oxford and traveled extensively in Europe for six years. studied medicine after his return and was licensed to practice in 1606. He became interested in natural philosophy and invented several machines, including an automatic dragon and, according to some, the barometer. wrote several pamphlets in defense of the Rosicrucians, in whose doctrines he became interested about 1615. He attempted the formulation of a system of philosophy identifying physical with spiritual truth and based mainly on Paracelsus. Kepler, Gassendi and others published refutations of Fludd's system. He wrote Tractatus theologophilosophicus' (1617); "Veritatis Proscenium (1621); Philosophia Sacra et vere Christiana) (1629); Philosophia Moysaica, (1638); (Sophiæ cum Moria Certa

VOL. 11-26

men' (1629). Consult Waite, 'Real History of the Rosicrucians) (London 1887).

FLUE. (1) A passage for the conveyance of the volatile results of combustion from the fireplace to the open air, or into another passage; a smoke duct, the passage in a chimney; one of a cluster of smoke ducts in a stack of chimneys. Also a passage in a wall for the conveyance of heat from one part of a building to another. (2) In organs, a pipe of flute quality; also one with a lip; hence, one of the divisions of stops. (3) In a steam-boiler, locomotive, etc., a pipe for the conveyance of the caloric current through a boiler, to heat the surrounding water, as distinguished from a pipe for water or steam. It is usually secured in the sheets of the fire box and smoke box respectively, as in the locomotive.

FLÜELEN, flü-el'en (Ital. Fiora), Switzerland, village in Uri Canton, situated near the southern end of Lake Lucerne. Its location at the junction of the Axen and Saint Gotthard .roads makes it of great military importance, and a large number of Swiss troops are permanently stationed there. Pop. 1,084.

FLUELLEN, a humorous character in Shakespeare's play, 'Henry the Fifth. He is a disputatious little soldier, pugnacious, and as voluble as his Welsh accent permits him to be when attempting to speak English.

FLÜGEL, flügel, Ewald, German-American philologist: b. Leipzig, 1863; d. 1914. He received his education at the University of Freiburg and at Leipzig, where he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1885. From 1888 to 1892 he was privatdozent at Leipzig, and coming to America in the latter year was appointed professor of English philology at Leland Stanford Junior University. In 1901-02 he was president of the western branch of the American Philological Association. He published Carlyle's Religiöse und Sittliche Entwickelung' (1887; Eng. trans., 1890); Sidney's Astrophel and Defense of Poesy' (1889); Neuenglisches Lesebuch : 'Periode Heinrichs VIII' (1895); 'Die nordamerikanische Litteratur (1907); Prolegomena to Chaucer Dictionary) (Vol. I, 1911-13), and articles in philological periodicals. He edited Mitteilungen Beiblatt zur Anglia (2 vols., 1890–91); Chaucer Lexicon' (1891 et seq.); and Anglia (1889- ).

FLÜGEL, Gustav Leberecht, German orientalist: b. Bautzen, 18 Feb. 1802; d. Dresden, 5 July 1870. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town and studied theology and philology at the University of Leipzig. Later he made special studies in Oriental languages at Vienna and Paris. In 1832 he became professor at the Fürstenschule of Saint Afra at Meissen. He resigned in 1850 and in the following year went to Vienna, where he was engaged to catalogue the Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts of the court library. His principal work is an edition of the bibliographical and encylcopædic lexicon of Haji Khalfa, with Latin translation (7 vols., London and Leipzig 1835-58). Other works are an edition of the Koran (Leipzig 1834 and 1893); 'Concordantiae Corani Arabicæ' (ib. 1842; 1898); 'Mani, seine Lehren und seine Schriften' (ib. 1862); 'Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber' (ib. 1862); 'Ibn Kutlûbugas Krone der

Lebensbeschreibungen' (ib. 1862); an edition of 'Kitab-al-Fihrist,' published after his death.

FLÜGEL, Johann Gottfried, German lexicographer: b. Barby on the Elbe. 22 Nov. 1788; d. Leipzig, 24 June 1855. He spent many years in the United States prior to 1820 in business, diplomatic and official occupations, and became professor of English in the University of Leipzig in 1824. He compiled a Complete English-German and German-English Dictionary) (1830), besides publishing A Series of Commercial Letters' (9th ed., 1874); 'Practical Handbook of English Business Correspondence (9th ed., 1873); Triglot; or Mercantile Dictionary in Three Tongues - German, English, French (2d ed., 1854); and other useful manuals, all revised or brought down to contemporary needs by his son.

FLÜGEL, Otto, German philosopher: b. Lützen 1842. He studied at Schulpforta and Halle, and took up pastoral work; was made editor of the 'Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie im Sinne des Neueren Philosophischen Realismus,' and in 1894 was one of the founders of 'Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Pädagogik.' He supports Herbartian realism, as opposed to New-Kantian speculations, yet he believes in the necessity of a revelation. Among his works may be mentioned 'Die Spekulative Theologie der Gegenwart'; 'Das Ich und die sittliche Idee im Leben der Völker (1892); Über die persönliche Unsterblichkeit' (1902); Monismus und Theologie' (1908).

FLÜGGE, flü'ge, Karl, German sanitation expert: b. Hanover, 1847. He studied at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn, Leipzig and Munich. In 1878-83 he was lecturer at the University of Berlin and in 1883 became professor of hygiene at the Göttingen Hygienic Institute. He removed to Breslau in a similar capacity in 1887 and in 1909 was appointed professor of hygiene at the University of Berlin. He has made important investigations in experimental hygiene and bacteriology. works include Beiträge zur Hygiene' (1872); 'Die Mikroorganismen (3d ed., 1896); Grundriss der Hygiene' (new ed., 1902); 'Ueber das Absolute in den ästhetischen urteilen Langensalza' (1901). With Koch, he was joint editor of Zeitschrift für Hygiene after 1886.

His

FLÜGGEN, flügen, Gis'bert, German painter: b. at Cologne, 9 Feb. 1811; d. Munich, 3 Sept. 1859. In his youth he learned the manufacture of novelties in his native town, and in 1833 began his art studies at Munich, which he made his permanent home. He is a German counterpart of Hogarth and Wilkie, whom he rivals in masterly grouping and life-like expression, while in the technique of the brush he excels them both.

FLUID LENS, in optics, a lens in which a liquid is imprisoned between circular glass disks of the required curvatures. Attempts to obtain achromatism have been made by using metallic solutions and other liquids having a higher dispersive power than flint glass.

FLUKE, a fish, one of the smaller deepwater flounders (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), common near both coasts of the North Atlantic, caught by means of beam-trawls in great quantities, and highly prized as food, especially in Great Britain, where it is considered little

inferior to the sole. It is the "craig fluke" of Scotland. See FLOUNDER.

FLUKE, a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda (q.v.). The blood fluke, liver fluke and long fluke are important parasites of man, producing serious diseases in some parts of the world.

FLUME (Latin flumen, stream), an artificial channel or conduit used to convey water for power development, hydraulic mining and irrigation. Flumes are commonly built of wood, but may be of steel or concrete; they are placed above ground, frequently supported on trestles, as it is necessary to maintain a gentle grade. The construction of flumes in mountainous regions is often attended with considerable engineering difficulties. They are made rectangular and circular, the latter being often of matched boards bound with steel bands, like a barrel. See IRRIGATION; LOGGING; MINES AND MINING. FLUOR-SPAR. See FLUORITE.

FLUORESCENCE, that property of certain bodies in virtue of which they become selfluminous when exposed to light of certain wavelengths. All bodies reflect a part of the incident light, but fluorescence is more than a mere reflection, as may best be shown by an example. "Canary glass" (glass colored slightly with oxide or uranium) exhibits a beautiful yellowish-green surface color when well illuminated, and for this reason it is much used for the production of ornamental effects. If a ray of sunlight be admitted into a darkened room through a piece of cobalt glass that is so dense that the feeble violet light that it transmits is barely visible, the canary glass shows its yellow-green color brilliantly when placed in its path. This shows that the phenomenon is not simple reflection, and further evidence of the same sort may easily be had. Glass that is tinged brownish-yellow by oxid of gold is almost perfectly transparent to the golden light from the canary glass, but if the violet light from the cobalt glass is caused to traverse the gold-oxide glass before striking the canary glass, the fluorescence is no longer observed. Furthermore light that has passed through one piece of canary glass is incapable of exciting fluorescence in a second piece. These and other equally remarkable phenomena indicate that a fluorescent substance absorbs a portion of the light that strikes it, modifies it profoundly in some manner, and then radiates it again. Stokes has shown that the modification consists in increasing the wave-length of the incident light; and it is now known that fluorescent light invariably has a greater wavelength than the primary light that excites the fluorescence. This fact has an important bearing upon many of the phenomena of physics. When it had been determined, for example, that the "X-rays" differ from ordinary light merely by having a very different wave-length, the question whether their wave-length is longer or shorter was immediately answered by the fact they can excite brilliant fluorescence. Knowing that the X-rays are either too long or too short to affect the eye, and knowing also that fluorescent light always has a longer wave-length than the light that excites it, it follows at once that the X-rays have a shorter wave-length than ordinary light.

Many substances exhibit fluorescence to a

greater or lesser degree. An aqueous infusion of horse-chestrut bark shows it brilliantly, and so also does solution of sulphate of quinine. Certain of the coal-tar colors (q.v.) are conspicuously fluorescent, fluorescein taking its name from this fact. Kerosene is fluorescent, and sometimes strongly so. Most fluorescent substances cease to emit light almost instantaneously when the incident light is cut off from them. Some, however, such as calcium tungstate and the sulphids of calcium, barium, and strontium, continue to emit their rays for a sensible time, fading gradually away into darkness after the incident light ceases to excite them. Instruments consisting of screens that are coated with some fluorescent material and protected from ordinary light by shields, or by enclosure within a light-tight box, are known as "fluoroscopes," and are used for studying the X-rays (or Röntgen rays), and the shadows cast by them. It is to be observed that fluorescence differs from phosphorescence (q.v.) not only because it is usually of very short duration, but primarily because it is induced by the exciting action of light-rays. Phosphorescence may be due to very different causes. The light emitted by phosphorus, for example, is probably due to the slow oxidation of that substance. That which is observed in the ocean at night, and in connection with various fungi and insects, is due to causes which are more or less obscure; but in any event these various phosphorescent phenomena are quite different from true fluorescence. The name "fluorescence» was coined by Sir George G. Stokes in 1852, from the fact that the mineral fluorite sometimes exhibits the phenomenon. Previous to 1852 fluorescence was known as "epipolic dispersion.» Consult Stokes, 'Burnett Lectures on Light) (1884-87); Preston, 'The Theory of Light' (London 1901); Wood, 'Physical Optics' (1905).

FLUORIDES. See FLUORINE,

FLUORINE, a gaseous, non-metallic element, possessing properties resembling those of chlorine, and exhibiting powerful chemical activity. It occurs in nature widely but sparingly, and always in combination, notably in the minerals fluorite and cryolite, from the former of which it takes its name. It is found in the topaz, in fluorcerite and yttrocerite, in apatite, wavellite, and wagnerite, in sea water and various mineral springs, and in the siliceous stems of grasses. In the animal kingdom it appears as a component of bones, blood, the brain, the enamel of the teeth, milk and urine, but always in minute quantities. The elementary character of fluorine was first recognized by Ampère and Davy about 1810; but although many attempts were made to isolate it, none was certainly successful until 1887, when Moissan succeeded in preparing it in the elementary state by electrolyzing a solution of hydrogen potassium fluoride, HF.KF, in perfectly anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, the solution being contained in a platinum vessel whose temperature was maintained at 10° F. below zero, and the electrolysis conducted by means of 20 Bunsen. elements connected in series. When thus prepared fluorine is a gas of a light greenish-yellow color. It has a penetrating odor, quite disagreeable, and resembling that of hypo

chlorous acid, and it produces irritation in the membranes of the eye and nose. Many of the elements take fire when immersed in it, and burn with the formation of their fluorides. Water is decomposed by it, with the formation of hydrofluoric acid, HF, and the liberation of ozonized oxygen; and in fact fluorine appears to combine with all known elements except oxygen and carbon, and argon, helium, and the other recently discovered inert gases of the atmosphere. Fluorine has the chemical symbol F, is a monad, and has a density of 1.310, a molecular weight of 38.10 and an atomic weight of about 19. Few of the physical properties of the element are yet known, on account of the difficulty of handling it. It corrodes glass rapidly, for example, and for this reason glass vessels cannot be used in experimenting with it. It attacks violently all organic substances, carbonizing and setting fire to cork almost instantly. Alcohol, ether, benzine and turpentine take fire at once when brought into contact with it.

The

Fluorine combines with hydrogen directly even in the dark, and with detonation, even at the temperature of liquid hydrogen, the compound, HF, that is formed being known as hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is more conveniently prepared by means of the action of strong sulphuric acid upon the mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride, CaF2). The reaction is as follows: H2SO. + CaF2=2HF + CaSO.. Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless gas at ordinary temperatures and pressures, fuming strongly in the air. It condenses at 5° F. below zero to a colorless, mobile liquid having a specific gravity of about 0.988, boiling, at ordinary atmospheric pressure, at 67° F., and solidifying at -152° to a transparent white crystalline mass, which melts again at 134°. As thus prepared, liquid hydrofluoric acid contains traces of water; but these may be removed by electrolysis, the liberated fluorine combining with the water as noted above, and the oxygen of the water escaping in the free state. When the water has all been eliminated, electrolysis ceases. compounds of fluorine are antiseptics, useful especially in breweries. Added to cider and sweet wines, sodium fluoride is effective as a preservative. The commercial importance of hydrofluoric acid depends upon the fact that it attacks glass freely, and hence is much used for etching upon glass, the reaction between the glass and the acid being 4HF + SiO2H2O +SiF; the acid attacking the silica of the glass, with the formation of water and a gaseous compound of silicon, known as silicon tetrafluoride. When silicon tetrafluoride is passed into water, it is decomposed according to the equation 3SiF. +4H.OH.SiF.+H.SiO.; the substance represented by the last term in this equation, silicic acid, separates out as an insoluble precipitate, while the compound H.SiF, known as hydrofluo-silicic acid remains in solution. Hydro fluo-silicic acid forms salts which are known as silico-fluorides. Potassium silico-fluoride, K2SiF,, is one of the few potassium compounds that are insoluble in water. The fluosilicates are antiseptics still more powerful than the fluorides. They are not poisonous, have no odor, and a barely perceptible alkaline taste. They are therefore well adapted to use as food preservatives. They are also of use in the surgical

dressing of wounds, as they are not irritating and have greater antiseptic power than any dilution of mercuric chloride which is safely non-poisonous.

Liquid anhydrous hydrofluoric acid does not attack glass, but the action is vigorous when traces of water are present. The diluted acid is therefore used in practical etching, the article that is to be treated being immersed in it, after the parts that are not to be attacked have been protected by a coating of wax, or of a special "etching varnish.» Hydrofluoric acid in aqueous solution acts very similarly to hydrochloric acid, forming salts which are known as fluorides; hydrogen being liberated when the acid acts upon a metal, and water when upon an oxide.

FLUORITE, or FLUOR SPAR, a native fluoride of calcium having the formula CaF2, crystallizing in the isometric system with cubical habit, and also occurring massive. It has a hardness of 4. and a specific gravity varying from 3.00 to 3.25. It has a vitreous lustre, and is transparent to subtranslucent, varying in color from white through yellow, green, red, blue and brown. The green and violet-blue varieties are most common, and the red is rare. Certain specimens exhibit a bluish fluorescence (q.v.), and the mineral develops differences of electrical potential under the influence of heat and of light. Fluorite occurs in England, Germany and many parts of the United States, and the commercial supply comes from chiefly Kentucky, Illinois, Arizona, Tennessee and New Hampshire. It is a chief source of fluorine and hydrofluoric acid (see FLUORINE), and is also used as a flux for promoting the fusion of certain refractory minerals, deriving its name from this latter circumstance (Latin, fluor, a flow). Colorless specimens have been used for the manufacture of lenses, for which they are well adapted on account of their small dispersion.

FLUOROSCOPE. See FLUORESCENCE. FLÜRSHEIM, flürs him, Michael, German social reformer: b. Frankfort-on-Main, 24 Jan. 1844; d. 1912. He emigrated to the United States in 1867, and resided there for five years. He then returned to Europe and established an iron foundry in Gaggenau, Baden (1888). After 1892 he lived at Castagnola, near Lugano, Switzerland, engaged in disseminating his ideas through his writings. He believed private property is the cause of immense wealth to some and profound poverty to others, and advocates the government possession of land. His works are 'Auf friedlichem Wege (1884); 'Deutschland in 100 Jahren' (1894); Papst und Sozialreform' (1891); 'Der Einzige Rettungsweg' (1894); 'Rent, Interest and Wages' (1891); Clue to the Economic Labyrinth' (1902); The Economic and Social Problem' (1909).

(

FLUSHING (Dutch Vlissingen), a fortified seaport with a rich mediæval history, on the island of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland. Formerly a naval station, it has been since 1867, through canal, railway and steamer, made a centre of commerce and manufactures and the terminal of the steamer route to and from England. Pop. about 18,893. Its chief historical interests to Americans lies in the fact that here, in 15 Dec. 1585, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (q.v.), sent by Queen

Elizabeth, arrived with his imposing English fleet and 6,000 "help troops," as allies of the Dutch Republic, in the service of which every one of the military leaders of English and Dutch colonies in America and active from 1609 to 1690 received their training.

In 1586, the seven states of the Republic contributed 10,000 guilders to build a chapel for the 1,000 British soldiers, English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh, who occupied the town until 1616. The chaplains were Episcopalian and Presbyterian, and later Scottish, the first of whom married the daughter of Admiral De Ruyter whose statue is in the town. Despite wars, this church, in which the English language is used, continues to this day. One of its ministers was the Rev. Samuel Megapolensis (1667-89) who conducted the negotiations at the English conquest of New Amsterdam, in 1664, and secured the rights of the Dutch people. Another from 1759 to 1763, was the Rev. Archibald Laidlie: b. 4 Dec. 1727, who was called to the Collegiate (four congregations in one) church, still flourishing on Fifth Avenue in New York city, to preach to the people in English. Despite lawsuits and other opposition, Laidlie served until 1779, dying in that year at Red Hook, N. Y., where, because of his ardent Americanism, he had been in exile from the first British occupation of the city. With his attractive personality he won the ultra-conservative Dutch to the use of the English language, especially since their young people were so numerously flocking into the Episcopal churches. He translated the Heidelberg Catechism from Latin into English and the whole of the Dutch liturgy— largely framed by John Calvin and A'Lascoand the creeds into English. His achievement was probably the first and most successful of the efforts to Americanize the speakers of other than English. His portrait hangs in the lecture room of the church on 29th Street and Fifth Avenue. On 27 June 1918, ex-President Roosevelt, in addressing the minister of his ancestral Reformed Church in America, advised them to follow Laidlie's example — a process which, since the word "Dutch" was dropped from the corporate name, being now the Reformed Church in America, has been in continuance since 1628. Consult Stevens, 'Scottish Church in Rotterdam) (1832) and Griffis, The American in Holland' (1899).

--

WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS.

FLUSHING, N. Y., former village on Long Island, now a part of the borough of Queens, New York, on Flushing Creek and on the Long Island Railroad. The new rapid transit lines and tramways afford easy and rapid means of communication with Manhattan. Flushing, at first known as Vlissingen, the Dutch form of the name, was settled in 1645 and about 20 years later the majority of its inhabitants were Quakers. It contains a Carnegie library, a high school, Saint Joseph's Orphanage, the New York Parental School, motion picture studios. It has also chemical works, asphalt works, chicory factories, electric sign manufactories, and several nurseries. Consult Waller. H. D., 'History of the Town of Flushing' (Flushing 1899).

FLUTE, a musical wind instrument, consisting of a tube furnished with a number of