for the Church, he was a student at Trinity College, Dublin, but became an actor, and by accident having stabbed a fellow-player during a performance, gave up acting for good. About 1696-97 he went to London, where he commenced writing for the stage. His first production was Love and a Bottle,' performed with great success in 1699. In 1700 he became a lieutenant in Orrery's Regiment, but later sold his commission. In 1700 he added to his reputation by his comedy of 'The Constant Couple,' in which, under the character of Sir Harry Wildair, he exhibited a lively picture of the foppish fine gentleman of the end of the 17th century. In 1701 appeared (Sir Harry Wildair,' a sequel to the former; and the following year he published a volume of 'Miscellanies. The Inconstant, or the Way to Win Him,' appeared in 1703, and is among those which have kept possession of the stage. In 1706 appeared The Recruiting Officer,' one of his most popular plays; and this was succeeded by 'The Beaux' Stratagem, which is reckoned his masterpiece. The last named was written in six weeks during its author's fatal illness; he had been given £30 for the copyright before beginning it; and it was the rage of the town while he lay dying in poverty. His wit is genuine and spontaneous, and his characters are admirably supported and drawn from nature. Ireland, the recruiting officer, the disbanded soldier, love and the bottletypes and subjects are all done to the life. His plots excel in the arrangement of incidents and in unity of action. The libertinism of language and sentiment which his works exhibit cannot be defended; but it was the vice of the age rather than the writer, who was much less culpable in this respect than Dryden or Wycherley. Consult his 'Dramatic Works,' edited with a 'Life' by Ewald (London 1892).

FARQUHAR, Norman_von Heldreich, American naval officer: b. Pottsville, Pa., 11 April 1840; d. 3 July 1907. He was graduated at Annapolis in 1859; was acting master in the African squadron engaged in the suppression of the slave trade 1859-61; and, during the Civil War, served in the North Atlantic blockading squadron. He commanded the Trenton when she was wrecked at Apia, Samoa, in 1889; became chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks in 1890; and commandant of the Norfolk navy yard. He became rear-admiral in 1899, and retired 1902.

FARQUHARSON, Joseph, Scottish painter: b. 1842. He inherited his love for painting from his father, who himself was an artist of some note. He learned his art in Edinburgh, and from 1859 to 1881 his pictures regularly appeared in the annual exhibitions of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1880 he determined to perfect himself by a visit to the Parisian ateliers, and for several winters worked there under Carolus Duran. In 1900 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy and in 1915 an Academician. The reproductions of his Scottish winter scenes in black and white have attained wide popularity. Among his most noted pictures are 'Day's Dying Glow (1873); Wonderland' (1879); Joyless Winter Days (1883); The English Vintage (1884); 'In Cairo' (1886); Under the Palm Trees (1887); Summer Days' (1887); 'My Heart's in the Highlands (1890);

FARRAGUT, făr'a-gut, David Glasgow, American naval officer: b. Campbell's Station, Tenn., 5 July 1801; d. Portsmouth, N. H., 14 Aug. 1870. His mother, Elizabeth Shine, sprang from the Scottish family of MacIver. His father, George Farragut, was born on the island of Minorca in 1755. He was descended from an ancient and noble Spanish family, originally of Aragon but for 400 years of the Balearic Islands, where they held many positions of trust and responsibility. George Farragut came to America in 1776, espoused the colonial cause and served creditably in the army, is said to have saved the life of Colonel Washington_at the battle of the Cowpens, and was afterward a sailing master in the navy.

Commander David Porter had been a shipmate of George Farragut. The latter had been transferred to the naval station at New Orleans and had bought a plantation on the Pascagoula River, where Porter visited him. The commander took a great fancy to David, and with his father's consent-his mother being dead - practically adopted him with the intent of putting him in the navy.

David Farragut was warranted midshipman on 17 Dec. 1810, being less than 91⁄2 years old. He had been nearly two years at school in Chester, Pa., when in August 1811 he was ordered to the frigate Essex, Porter's ship. He was in all the minor engagements before the famous Essex sailed on her unprecedented cruise to the Pacific. Such was the scarcity of officers that in June 1813 the little midshipman, not quite 12, was made prize master of the whaler Barclay. The English captain was sent along as adviser. He attempted to take things into his own hands, but Farragut, with a coolness and courage remarkable, retained command and brought his vessel into port.

He was slightly wounded in the terrific battle in which the Essex was destroyed by the Phoebe and Cherub. During a crisis in the action Porter actually sent this stripling to shoot a seaman who was reputed to be flinching from his gun. Farragut would have carried out his captain's orders if he had been able to find the man. In writing his report to the Secretary of the Navy Porter was compelled to say that Farragut was too young for the promotion he had earned by his gallant conduct.

After the war he remained in the service, taking advantage of such educational opportunities as were afforded him between and during his cruises. In the spring of 1819 he was appointed acting lieutenant of the brig Shark, being then 18 years of age. In 1823 cruised in the West Indies against Cuban pirates. He was married in September 1823 to Miss Susan C. Marchant of Norfolk. He was commissioned lieutenant 23 Jan. 1825. In 1828 witnessed the capture of San Juan de Ulloa by the French while in command of the Erie. Mrs. Farragut died 17 Dec. 1840, leaving no children. He was commissioned commander 9 Sept. 1841 and in December 1843 married Miss Virginia Loyall of Norfolk; by her had one son. During the Mexican War Farragut commanded the Saratoga. Had no opportunity for distinction and

became involved in a dispute with Com. M. C. Perry, commanding naval forces. August 1854 established Mare Island Navy Yard, Cal.; commissioned captain 14 Sept. 1855. In general, his service between 1815 and 1861 was arduous and exacting and was diligently and successfully performed. His devotion to Union sentiment forced him to leave Norfolk in April 1861. Removed his family to Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y., and at first vainly sought orders to active service.

In January 1862 was given command of the Western Gulf blockading squadron and ordered to open the mouth of the Mississippi River by taking New Orleans, which was defended by two forts, a river fleet of 17 vessels, including fireships and rams. The way up the river was barred by a boom. Farragut had a superb fleet of 6 heavy ships, 16 gunboats, 21 mortar vessels and 5 smaller craft.

On 24 April 1862 the boom was broken, the forts passed and the river defense fleet annihilated after a sanguinary and desperate battle. New Orleans surrendered four days later. The daring of the attack was only equaled by the skill with which it had been planned. Three vessels of the fleet failed to pass the forts. The Varuna was sunk, the flagship Hartford grounded in the midst of the action and was set on fire by a fireship pushed against her by the Confederate ram. She was got off in safety, however. As Farragut said, "They had a rough time."

Ordered to clear the Mississippi, in June 1862, Farragut passed the batteries at Vicksburg, but there being no land force there to cooperate with him he repassed the batteries and returned to New Orleans. Was commissioned rear-admiral 16 July 1862, the first in the United States service. On 14 March 1863 attempted to take his fleet past the Confederate works at Port Hudson. Grant was then operating against Vicksburg. Farragut perceived that if he could get ships below Vicksburg he could prevent Confederate forces in that city from receiving supplies and reinforcements from west of the Mississippi. Farragut's conception was strategically sound and brilliant. He boldly endeavored to carry it out.

Still in the Hartford, with a gunboat lashed alongside, he passed the batteries under a terrific fire. None of the other vessels succeeded

in getting past. The Mississippi, of which George Dewey was. the executive officer, grounded, was set on fire by Confederate shells and burned to the water's edge. Farragut had only partially succeeded. Still the Hartford and the Albatross patroled the river and practically cut all communication west of Vicksburg.

After the fall of Port Hudson he returned to New Orleans and on 1 Aug. 1863 sailed for New York to recuperate his health, impaired by his arduous labors. In January 1864 took command of the naval forces acting against Mobile. On the morning of 5 August entered the bay. The mouth was protected by two formidable forts, Morgan and Gaines. The narrow channel was obstructed by piling and lines of floating torpedoes. Farragut's fleet comprised 30 vessels, of which 8, including the flagship Hartford, were steam sloops-of-war of the first class. There were 4 monitors and 18 gunboats.

He attempted the passage with seven of his heavy sloops, each one lashed to a gunboat on its port side. The four monitors, the Tecumseh leading, were sent ahead, followed by the Brooklyn-Octorara couple, then the HartfordMetacomet couple, and the other ships in succession. Farragut had ordered the column to pass close under the walls of Fort Morgan, through an opening left free of torpedoes for blockade runners.

At 7:45 A.M. the Tecumseh opened fire. The Confederate batteries did not reply until 20 minutes later. In Mobile Bay lay three gunboats and the ironclad ram Tennessee (Com. Franklin Buchanan), a match, it was believed, for the whole Union fleet. As Farragut approached, the ram took a position behind the torpedo line. In his eagerness to engage this redoubtable foe, Craven, on the Tecumseh, disobeyed the admiral's order, and instead of passing through the opening, headed for the Tennessee. He struck a torpedo and was blown up just as the Brooklyn got fairly under fire. Striking empty shell boxes thrown overboard from the vessels preceding, it was thought she was in danger of torpedoes. She stopped and swung with her head toward the fort where none of her guns bore. The Confederates poured a rain of shot and shell upon her. The Hartford, coming up fast, nearly fouled the Brooklyn. The hesitant ships were bunched and made a target for every Confederate gun. The battle seemed lost.

Farragut, ascertaining that the Brooklyn had stopped for fear of torpedoes, ordered the Hartford to the head of the line, giving utterance to that immortal phrase: "Damn the torpedoes! Go ahead!" The Hartford passed the Brooklyn, narrowly escaping shoals to port and raced up the bay toward the Tennessee. It was now impossible to pass through the designated channel and Farragut drove the Hartford across the torpedo line. The example of the admiral put spirit into the Brooklyn and with the other ships she followed the flag. Fortunately no other torpedoes exploded and the whole fleet successfully passed the forts after a bloody and desperate battle.

The Tennessee had ranged along the Union ships and, immune to their fire, had shelled them at will. As soon as the passage had been made, the Union gunboats were cast off from the frigates and the Confederate gunboats were captured or driven to the shelter of Fort Morgan. At 9 A.M. the Tennessee, with surprising gallantry, came up toward the Middle Ground to engage the Union fleet. To this battle Farragut was nothing loth. By his orders the wooden ships were hurled upon their antagonist. The Monongahela struck her a terrific blow at a right angle. The Lackawanna repeated the ramming tactics. The bows of the wooden ships were stove in to the water line. Both ships were raked by the Tennessee's rifles, their return broadsides doing no damage to the iron plating. The Tennessee made straight for the Hartford, which was bearing down directly upon her, bows on. One or the other ship would have been sunk had not the Tennessee swerved so that the Hartford struck her a glancing blow. The ram was now beset by all the vessels of the Union fleet which could get at her. She was rammed, hammered and

pounded. The monitors with their heavy guns were racking her from stem to stern. In the mêlée the Lackawanna rammed the Hartford, cutting her down to the water's edge. Finding his ship would still float, Farragut ordered her again to ram the Tennessee. By this time the ironclad's smokestack had been shot away, the casemate was an inferno, the heavy battering had jammed the port shutters, shot had entered through the ports, not a gun could be fired, steam ran down in the boilers. She could neither fight nor fly, so she surrendered, after one hour of as fierce fighting as was ever

recorded.

During the passage of the forts Farragut had taken position in the main rigging in order to get above the smoke of the battle and be able to direct the manoeuvers of the fleet the better. The quartermaster had passed a lashing around the admiral so that in case he should be wounded and lose his footing he would not fall to the deck.

In the battle Farragut should have led in the Hartford. It was only the urgent representations of his captains that made him take the second place. The battle was nearly lost by the gallant Craven's disobedience of orders, and that it was finally won was due to the personal initiative of the admiral himself.

This completed his service during the war. He was 64 years old when he fought the battle of Mobile Bay. His health was quite broken. He was commissioned vice-admiral 23 Dec. 1864; admiral 26 July 1866; sailed 28 June 1867 from New York in the steam frigate Franklin for an extended cruise in European waters, where he received such a welcome and was accorded such honors as have been tendered no other American save General Grant. He returned to New York on 10 Nov. 1868, visited the Pacific Coast in the summer of 1869 and died 14 Aug. 1870. He was accorded the honor of a public funeral in New York 30 September, and was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, Westchester County.

Farragut was a rather small man with broad shoulders and a well-knit, vigorous frame. His face was long with a broad high forehead and an aquiline nose. His complexion was dark and his eyes brown. He was a cultivated gentleman of the highest type, a most accomplished officer, a lion in bravery, a woman in gentleness. He was a simple-minded Christian of a high and humble type, a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. A statue of him by Saint Gaudens stands in Madison Square, New York; one by Kitson in Boston; another by Vinnie Ream Hoxie in Washington. In the church of the Incarnation, New York, is a mural tablet, with a bas-relief, of the admiral by Launt Thompson. Consult Life and Letters, by his son; Mahan, Admiral Farragut' in the 'Great Commanders Series'; Barnes, Admiral Farragut'; Spears, David G. Farragut (1905); Parker, Battle of Mobile Bay'; Brady, The Southerners.'

FARRAND, Max, American educator: b. Newark, N. J., 29 March 1869. He was graduated at Princeton University in 1892 and received the degree of D.Ph. from that university in 1896. He is a graduate student of history of the universities of Princeton, Leipzig and Heidelberg. From 1896 to 1901 he was successively instructor, associate professor and professor of history at Wesleyan University, From 1901 to 1908 he was professor and head of the department of history at Leland Stanford Junior University. In 1905-06 he was acting professor of American history at Cornell and in 1908 was appointed to the chair of history at Yale University. He has published 'Legislation of Congress for the Government of the Organized Territories of the United States, 1789-1895 (1896); translation of Jellinck's 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens' (1901); 'Records of Federal Convention of 1787) (3 vols., 1911); The Framing of the Constitution' (1913), and contributions to the American Historical Review and other historical periodicals.

FARRANT, făr'ant, Richard, English composer: b. 1530; d. 1580. Very little is known of his history. He was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal for some time up till 1564, when he became organist and choirmaster of Saint George's, Windsor, but in 1569 he was again appointed to the Chapel Royal. His music is ecclesiastical, and is distinguished by purity, simplicity, tenderness and elevation of tone. The anthems 'Call to Remembrance,' and 'Hide not Thou Thy Face,' composed by him, are well known and highly esteemed by lovers of good music. The exquisitely beautiful anthem, 'Lord, for Thy Tender Mercies' Sake,' has been attributed to him, but also by early writers to John Hilton.

FARRAR, Adam Story, English clergyman: b. London, 20 April 1826; d. Durham, England, 11 June 1905. He was graduated at Saint Mary's Hall, Oxford, 1850; M.A. Queen's College 1852; B.D. 1864; Michel Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1852-63; public examiner in classics and mathematics 1854-56; tutor at Wadham College 1855-64; select preacher at Oxford 1856-57, 1869-70; Bampton lecturer 1862; select preacher at Cambridge University 1875, 1881. From 1864 until his death he was professor of divinity and ecclesiastical history in the University of Durham. He was succeeded by R. J. Knowling. He was made canon of Durham in 1878. His most important work is 'A Critical History of Free Thought in Reference to the Christian Religion' (1862).

FARRAR, Edgar Howard, American lawyer: b. Concordia Parish, La., 20 June 1849. He was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1871 and studied law at the University of