States were valued at about $1,000,000 in 1912, and exports at about $2,500,000. Formosa controls the camphor markets of the world. The eastern slope of the mountains is covered with the largest camphor forest yet discovered. The value of camphor exported in 1914 was £384,801; and from Formosa alone there is shipped between 6,000,000 and 7,000,000 pounds. Since Formosa was annexed to Japan, the Japanese government has made most successful efforts to preserve the sources of supply of camphor. When the island belonged to China the camphor-trees killed to collect the gum were not replaced and the camphor forests were being destroyed. The Japanese government insists that for every tree destroyed another one must be planted; and it is also establishing camphor plantations, so that in future the Formosa cultivated camphor will be a commodity of commerce. The price of the camphor varies because of the dangers incurred in collecting it. Savage tribes which have never been subdued inhabit the camphor forests, and they never hesitate to attack the camphor gatherers unless the latter are well armed and in bands large enough to protect each other. The Japanese government has now a large armed force of policemen, to protect the camphor gatherers, and the cost of protection is added to the selling price of the gum. The sale of the camphor is a government monopoly; it is not difficult to obtain a permit to gather camphor, but every pound must be sold to the Japanese government, which determines the price. Japan limits the amount to be exported, and will not buy a pound in excess of the limit. The cultivation

of the tea fields is receiving attention from Japan, the export of this product being in 1914 valued at £635,874. The chief town is Kainan City (Pop. 53,794). There were 312 miles of railway and 125 miles of light railway in 1914. Shipping entered at Formosan ports in 1913, 438 vessels with a tonnage of 792,724 tons. The currency is Japanese. Formosa was visited by a disastrous earthquake on 17 March 1906, when over 1,200 persons lost their lives.

The inhabitants, numbering 3,612,184 in 1914, consist of Chinese settlers, some Japanese, and the aborigines. A system of colonization from Japan has been adopted by the authorities. Respecting the ethnological origin of these latter there exists some doubt; they seem to consist of several different tribes, mainly of Malayan and Negrito descent. The Chinese distribute them into three classes, Pepohwan, a race of civilized and sinicized agriculturists; Sekhwan, settled tribes who acknowledge Chinese rule; and Chinhwan, the untamed savages of the mountains. The administrative headquarters were formerly at Taiwan, but on the constitution of the island into an independent province of the Chinese Empire in 1887it had formerly been incorporated with Fûchien on the mainland - they were transferred to Tai-per or Bangka. The island was known to the Chinese before the Christian era, but does not seem to have seriously attracted their attention until the year 605 or 606 A.D. In the 14th century they established several colonies in Formosa, which however, were withdrawn in the middle of the 17th century. Although Portuguese and Spanish navigators began to visit the island a century earlier, the first Euro

pean people to establish themselves on it were the Dutch, who in 1624 built Fort Zealandia, near the modern Taiwan. They were, however, expelled in 1661 by a Chinese adventurer, Koxinga, who retained possession of the island for 22 years. Some years later a regular

Chinese colonization of the western half of the island was carried through, the colonists coming principally from Fu-chien and Kwang-tung. Subsequently the island became notorious for the piracy of its inhabitants and the ill-treatment they inflicted upon navigators who chanced to be wrecked on their coasts. Accordingly in 1874 the Japanese invaded Formosa; but on the Chinese undertaking to check the evils complained of they withdrew. Ten years later the French, during their contest with China in Tongking, held for a time the coal districts of Kelung. The occupation by the Japanese troops did not take place without opposition from the natives and Chinese "Black Flags," but the Japanese were practically in full possession of the island before the end of 1895, and set themselves at once to the work of reorganization. Consult Psalmanazar, 'Description of Formosa' (1705); Cordier, 'Bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs à l'ile Formosa (1903); Swinhoe, Notes (a naturalist's) on Formosa' (1863); Mackay, 'From Far Formosa' (1896); Davidson, The Island of Formosa' (1903); Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch' (1903); Tekekoshi, Japanese Rule in Formosa (trans. by Braithwaite, 1907); Terry, Japanese Empire in Korea and Formosa (1914).

FORMOSA, South America, a province of Argentina, in the northeastern portion of the republic, lying between the rivers Pilcomayo and Bermejo. It has an area of 41,402 square miles, and population estimated in 1915 of 27,920. Capitol, Formosa on the Paraguay River (pop. about 6,000).

FORMOSAN DEER, a small spotted deer (Cervus taevanus), allied to the Japanese sika (q.v.) and a favorite pet among the people of Formosa, who catch the fawns in the mountains.

FORMOSUS, Pope: b. about 816; d. 896. He became cardinal bishop of Porto in 864 and succeeded Pope Stephen VI in 891. He condemned Photius, excommunicated the Emperor Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, and nominated in his place Arnoul, king of Germania. Stephen VII had his body disinterred as that of a usurper, but under John IX, in 898, his pontificate was pronounced valid.

FORMS, or QUANTICS, in mathematics, an integral, homogeneous, rational function of two or more variables. According to their dimensions they are named quadric, cubic, quartic, or quintic, etc., denoting forms of the second, third, fourth, fifth degree, etc. Another division, based on their content of variables, is linary, ternary, quaternary, etc. See FUNCTIONS; MATHEMATICS; REAL VARIABLE, THEORY OF, FUNCTIONS OF THE.

FORMS OF ACTION, the classes into which actions are divided in pleading and practice under the common law. See PLEA AND PLEADING.

FORMS OF ADDRESS in the United States are neither so complicated nor so rigidly arranged as in countries where careful grada

Senators and representatives of the United States, or of States," The Hon. By courtesy the title is extended to members of State legislatures.

Ex-Presidents, or ex-officials of any of the ranks above cited." The Hon.

Archbishops, if cardinals,-"His Eminence the Cardinal Archbishop of

Archbishops, if not cardinals,-"The Most Rev. the Archbishop of

Bishops, in the Roman Episcopal Churches,-" The Right Rev. the Bishop of

Catholic and Protestant

Right Rev." or "The

Bishops, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, - "The Rev. Bishop. '

The designation Esquire," once chiefly applied to lawyers, is now frequently employed in addressing gentlemen of position.

The forms of address used in foreign countries, particularly those monarchical in government, are arbitrary and elaborate.

FORMULA, Chemical. See CHEMISTRY. FORMULARY, National, a volume published by a committee of the American Pharmaceutical Association containing prescriptions with directions for making a large number of widely used combinations of drugs. These combinations are the familiar ones that have been used in the treatment of disease for many years.

FORNICATION, illicit carnal intercourse by an unmarried person with one of another sex, whether married or unmarried. It has been the subject of repressive legislation in nearly all countries and in England in 1650 the repeated act of fornication was made a felony without benefit of clergy on a second conviction. In most modern jurisdictions its repression is left to the restraints imposed by public opinion. In some States, fornication is by statute made a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment, but in most it is ignored at common law.

FORNIX. See BRAIN.

FORRER, Ludwig, Swiss statesman: b. Islikon 1845. He received his education at the University of Zürich, entered the police department and served some years as attorney of the canton of Zürich. In 1873 he entered on the practice of law in Winterthur, soon after manifested an interest in political life and in 1891 was made president of the Nationalrat. In 1900 he became director of the central office for railways, two years later was elected to the Bundesrat, in which he led the Radical party. He was president of the Swiss Confederation in 1906 and 1912.

FORREST, Edwin, American melodramatic actor: b. Philadelphia, 9 March 1806; d. there, 12 Dec. 1872. In 1820 he made his first, appearance in public in the part of Douglas in Home's tragedy of that name, and coming before the New York public in 1826 in the character of Othello, at once gained popularity. In 1836 he crossed the Atlantic and entered on a season at Drury Lane Theatre, London. In the parts of Macbeth, Lear and Othello he achieved distinguished success, and acquired the friendship of Macready, Kemble and others.

He again visited England in 1845, and on this occasion quarreled bitterly and causelessly with Macready, whom he accused of trying to damage his reputation from professional jealousy. This quarrel crossed the Atlantic, and when Macready was playing in the Astor Place Theatre, New York, in 1849, the partisans of either actor stirred up a riot that was accompanied by serious loss of life. Between 1853 and 1860 he retired from professional life, but when he returned to the New York stage he filled the rôle of Hamlet with all his former acceptance. His last engagement was in 1871. He was a man of fine presence, well equipped for his profession, naturally frank and engaging. He left a large fortune. Consult Rees, The Life of Edwin Forrest' (1874); Alger, 'Life of Edwin Forrest' (1877); Barrett, Edwin Forrest' (1882).

FORREST, French, American naval officer: b. Maryland 1796; d. 1866. He served as midshipman in the War of 1812 and won distinction at the battle of Lake Erie. Five years later he was commissioned lieutenant, was made commander in 1837 and captain in 1844. He was adjutant-general during the Mexican War. He threw in his fortunes with the Confederates on the outbreak of the Civil War and was made commandant of the navy yard at Norfolk, later serving as acting Assistant Secretary of the Confederate Navy.

FORREST, SIR George William, British public official and historian: b. Nusseerabad, 8 Jan. 1846. He was educated at Cambridge University, read for the bar in 1870-72 and contributed to the Saturday Review and other London journals. He was appointed by the Secretary of State for India to the Bombay Education Department in 1872; acted as Census Commissioner at Bombay in 1882; was employed on special work in connection with Bombay Record. In 1887 he was appointed professor of English history at Elphinstone from College and 1884 to 1888 was director of records at Bombay. He is assistant secretary to the government of India and was knighted in 1913. His publications include (Selections from the State Papers preserved in the Bombay Secretariat'; 'Selections from the State Papers preserved in the Foreign Office Government of India, relating to Warren Hastings); The Administration of Warren Hastings'; 'Selections from the State Papers preserved in the Military Department of the Government of India, relating to the Mutiny (2 vols.); The Administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne'; 'Sepoy Generals'; Cities of India'; History of the Indian Mutiny) (3 vols.); 'Life of Sir Nevile Chamberlain' (1909); Life of Lord Roberts' (1914).

FORREST, SIR John, Australian explorer and politician: b. Western Australia, 22 Aug. 1847. He entered the survey department of Western Australia in 1865, and in 1874 was at the head of a party which explored the interior from Champion Bay on the west to the overland telegraph line connecting Adelaide on the south with Port Darwin on the north coast. After holding various government posts he was returned unopposed in 1890 to the first Western Australia legislative assembly for Bunbury, and was premier and treasurer 1890

1901. He was Postmaster-general of Australia 1900-01; Minister of Defense 1901-03; Minister for Home Affairs 1903-04; Treasurer 190507, and again in 1909-10, and 1913-14; and since 1901 has represented Swan in Parliament. He was acting Prime Minister of the Commonwealth from March to June 1907. He represented Western Australia at Queen Victoria's two jubilees, 1887 and 1897; and attended as a privy councillor the coronation of King Edward VII 1902, and of King George V in 1911. His publications are 'Explorations in Australia' (1876); and 'Notes on Western Australia (1884-87).

FORREST, Nathan Bedford, American soldier: b. Bedford County, Tenn., 13 July 1821; d. Memphis, Tenn., 29 Oct. 1877. Moving with his father to Marshall County, Miss., he was in a short while, by the death of his father, left to support his mother and family with a small hill farm. He undertook this work with devotion and energy, and, getting into business in Memphis, became able to purchase a large plantation, and was at the outbreak of the Civil War one of the wealthiest planters in Tennessee. Circumstances had forced him to neglect his own education, though he provided liberally for that of his brothers and sisters. On 14 June

1861 he entered the Confederate service as a private in White's Mounted Rifles, but soon obtained authority to raise a regiment, which he did, purchasing at his own private expense its equipment in Louisville, Ky. These supplies he carried to Memphis, displaying remarkable ingenuity and daring both in eluding the Federal authorities and in defeating a body of their troops with 75 Kentucky Confederates who had come to his assistance. Joining his regiment to the force defending Fort Donelson in February 1862, he was distinguished in the fighting at that point, and, when his superiors had determined upon surrender, led his men through a sheet of icy water past the Federal lines and escaped. Joining Albert Sidney Johnston (q.v.), he was distinguished at Shiloh, where he received a painful wound, which, however, did not long keep him from the field; and by a series of successful movements in Middle Tennessee, then occupied by the Federals, he rapidly rose to great distinction as a cavalry leader, and on 21 July 1862 was promoted brigadier-general. During Bragg's Kentucky campaign he performed great services both on the advance and retreat. Among his most famous exploits in Middle Tennessee was the expedition in which, with less than 1,000 men, he captured McMinnville, and, surprising a garrison of 2,000 Federals at Murfreesboro, captured all the survivors of the fight, including General Crittenden. On 8 May 1863 he captured a raiding force of Federals under General Streight, near Rome, Ga., the Federal force being so much larger than his own that he pressed into service all the citizens in reach in order to form an adequate guard.

After highly distinguished service at the battle of Chickamauga, he was so dissatisfied with the failure to reap the full fruits of that great victory that he tendered his resignation. This was not accepted, but, instead, he was promoted major-general and assigned to the command of all the cavalry in West Tennessee and North Mississippi. Entering West Tennessee

with a small force, he was reinforced by several thousand hardy volunteers, who, with his veteran troops, were soon welded into an invincible body known as "Forrest's cavalry." In February 1864 he routed Gen. S. Smith at Okatona, Miss.; then swept northward through Tennessee to the Ohio River, capturing Fort Pillow, Union City and other posts, with their garrisons. In June 1864, with a much smaller force than the enemy, he defeated General Sturgis at Brice's Cross Roads (or Tishamingo Creek), near Guntown, in North Mississippi, capturing all his trains and a third of his men. Gen. A. J. Smith then advanced against him, but after fighting a desperate battle at Harrisburg, near Tupelo, in Mississippi, retreated. Receiving reinforcements from Memphis, Smith advanced again, but Forrest foiled him by making a 60-hour ride to Memphis with half of his force, and by his daring entry into that city compelled Smith's rapid retreat. Then Forrest made havoc with Federal transportation, capturing garrisons and depots in Tennessee, and crowning his exploits by the capture and destruction of $6,000,000 worth of Federal supplies and a gunboat fleet at Johnsonville. Sherman wrote of this as a feat of arms which excited his admiration. joined him at Florence and performed importUpon Hood's advance into Tennessee, Forrest ant services. As commander of the rear guard of the Confederate army during the retreat from Nashville, his display of heroic qualities and brilliant leadership increased his already great fame. In February 1865 he was promoted lieutenant-general, and to him was assigned the duty of guarding the Confederate frontier from Decatur, Ala., to the Mississippi River. The surrender of the remnant of his command took place on 9 May 1865. During his career he had captured 31,000 prisoners. After the war he returned to civil life.

JOSEPH T. DERRY, Author of The Story of the Confederate States.

FORREST CITY, Ark., city and countyseat of Saint Francis County, 90 miles northeast of Little Rock, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads. It is the seat of Crowley Ridge Institute and has manufactures of cotton, veneers, ice, spokes, lumber, etc. It has a large trade in the agricultural products and live stock of the surrounding district. The city owns the electric plant, waterworks and sewage system. Pop. 2,484.

FORRESTER, Fanny, pen-name of EMILY CHUBBUCK JUDSON (qv.).

FORSBERG, Nils, Swedish artist: b. Riseberga, Skåne, 1842. He came of peasant stock and was made a house-painter's apprentice at Göteborg. He executed a statue of Minerva which attracted very favorable notice and secured for him a government pension. He went to Paris in 1867 and there studied painting under Bonnat. He sketched many military scenes of which he was an eyewitness during the siege of Paris. His works include 'An Acrobat Family,' in Göteborg Museum; A Hero's Death,' in the Museum of Stockholm. His later work has been chiefly in historical subjects and portraiture. In 1901 he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

FORSKÅL,

Swedish

fôr'skål, Peter, botanist; b. Helsingfors, 11 Jan. 1736; d. Djerim, Arabia, 11 July 1763. În 1761 he was selected by Frederick V of Denmark to join the scientific expedition to Arabia, to take charge of the department of natural history. He set out on this expedition with Niebuhr, Von Haven and Kramer, and collected plants in the environs of Marseilles, of which he published a 'Flora' at Malta. Neibuhr collected Forskål's papers, accompanied them with remarks, and published them under the titles 'Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Inspectorum, quæ in Itinere Orientali observavit P. Forskal' (1775); (Flora Ægyptiaco, Arabica, etc.; Icones Rerum Naturalium, quas in Itinere Orientali depingi curavit Forskal' (1776).

FORST, Prussia, town on the Neisse, in the province of Brandenburg, 44 miles south of Frankfort-on-Oder. It contains two schools, two hospitals and four churches. Cloth manufacture is the principal industry, but spinning, the making of artificial flowers and dyeing are also important industries. It was founded in the 13th century, became part of electoral Saxony in 1740 and was ceded to Prussia in 1815. Pop. 33,875.

FÖRSTER, fer'ster, Heinrich, German Catholic prelate: b. Grossglogau 1800; d. 1881. He received his education at Breslau, was ordained to the priesthood in 1825 and subsequently became chief preacher at Breslau Cathedral. He was elected bishop of Breslau in 1853, and in the subsequent religious strife in Germany proved himself a staunch advocate of the Roman Catholic Church. At the Vatican Council he opposed the promulgation of papal infallibility, but submitted to the will of the majority. During the Kulturkampf of the seventies he was frequently embroiled with the authorities because of his excommunicating priests who submitted to the May laws. He was deposed by the state in 1875. He published 'Der Ruf der Kirche in die Gegenwart' (4th ed., 1879); 'Die christliche Familie (6th ed., 1893); Kardinal Diepenbrock' (3d ed., 1878); 'Gesammelte Kanzelvorträge) (5th ed., 1879). Consult Franz, A., Förster, Fürstbischof von Breslau' (Breslau 1875).

FORSTER, Johann Reinhold, German naturalist: b. Dirschau, Prussia, 22 Oct. 1729; d. Halle, 9 Dec. 1798. In 1753 he became pastor at Nassenhuben, but devoted most of his time to the study of mathematics, natural philosophy, natural history and geography. In 1772 he received the offer of naturalist to Captain Cook's second expedition to the South Seas. In association with his son, he published a work on the botany of the expedition, and 'Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World.' He wrote also 'Introduction to Mineralogy'; 'Flora of South America'; 'Zoology of India,'

etc.

FORSTER, John Cooper, British surgeon: b. Lambeth 1823; d. London, 2 March 1886. He entered Guy's Hospital in 1841, was made demonstrator of anatomy in 1850, assistant surgeon in 1855 and surgeon in 1870. In 1844 he became a member of the College of Surgeons, was Fellow in 1849 and president in 1884. He was a prompt and efficient operator and per

formed practically the first gastrostomy in England. He wrote many papers on acupressure, syphilis, hydrophobia, intestinal obstruction, cancer, etc., and the work 'Surgical Diseases of Children (1860).

FÖRSTER, Wendelin, German philologist: b. Wildschütz, Bohemia, 1844. He received his education at the University of Vienna, and from 1874 to 1876 he was professor there and at the University of Prague; after 1876 he taught at the University of Bonn. He definitely established the Breton origin of the Arthurian legend. His publications include 'Elie de Saint Gille' (1876-82); 'Li Chevaliers as deus espees' (1877); Altfranzösische Bibliothek' (Vols. I-XI, 1879-87); 'Romanische Bibliothek' (Vols. I-XX, 1888-1913); 'Die sammtlichen Werke von Christian von Troyes' (Vols. I-IV, 188499); Wörterbuch zu Christian von Troyes' (1914).

FORSTER, William Edward, English statesman: b. Bradpole, Dorsetshire, 11 July 1818; d. London, 5 April 1886. He was educated at the Friends' School at Tottenham, and was active in the woolen trade in Bradford. In 1850 he married the eldest daughter of Dr. Arnold of Rugby. In 1865 he became undersecretary for the colonies; in 1868 was appointed vice-president of the council on education and a privy councillor; and in 1870 accepted a seat in Gladstone's Cabinet, and carried through Parliament the Elementary Education Bill (1870) and the Ballot Bill (1872). In 1880 he accepted the post of chief secretary for Ireland at a time when that country was distracted by political and agrarian tumults. To mitigate the severity of the numerous evictions he introduced a Compensation for Disturbance Bill (1880), which was rejected by the House of Lords. The following year he introduced a Land Bill and a Coercion Bill, both of which were passed, and in order to check the growing power of the Land League he declared that organization illegal, and imprisoned Parnell and other members of his party. In April 1882 the government resolved to release the Parnellites and adopt a more conciliatory policy, whereupon he resigned his office. Subsequently he was often found acting in opposition to the government, chiefly in reference to foreign affairs, and he was also opposed to a separate Irish Parliament in Dublin. His opinion on the latter question carried great weight because of his well-known sympathy for Ireland, his abilities as a statesman, his experience in affairs and his unquestioned honesty. Consult Reid, Wemyss, 'Life of Forster' (1888).

FORSYTH, Andrew Russell, English mathematician: b. Glasgow, 18 June 1858. He was educated at Liverpool College and at Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1881 to 1910 he was Fellow of Trinity; from 1884 to 1895 was university lecturer in mathematics, and from 1895 to 1910 was Sadlerian professor of pure mathematics at Cambridge. He is chief professor of mathematics in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, since 1913. He became Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886, was president of the London Mathematical Society in 1904-06, and is member of many scientific bodies of England and the colonies. His publications include "Treatise

on Differential Equations) (1885); Treatise on the Theory of Functions' (1893); 'Lectures on Differential Geometry' (1912); Lectures on Functions of two or more Complex Variables' (1913). He edited Cayley's Collected Mathematical Papers (1895-98), and has published mathematical papers in various transactions and journals.

FORSYTH, George Alexander, American military officer: b. Muncy, Pa., 7 Nov. 1837; d. Rockport, Mass., 12 Sept. 1915. He served with distinction in the Civil War; was brevetted colonel for gallant services at Five Forks, and brigadier-general in 1868 for his action in an engagement with hostile Indians. He was a member of the board of officers to inspect the armies of Europe and Asia in 1875-76, and on staff and frontier service till 1890, when he was retired on account of disability due to the effect of wounds received during the Civil War and in subsequent Indian campaigns. He has published Thrilling Days in Army Life' (1900); The Story of the Soldier) (1900).

FORSYTH, James William, American soldier: b. Ohio 1836; d. 1906. In 1856 he was graduated at the United States Military Academy and in the Peninsular and Maryland campaigns of the Civil War was captain on the staff of General McClellan. For bravery at Chickamauga he was brevetted major and in 1864-65 he was chief of staff to General Sheridan. In 1866-67 he was assistant inspector-general of the Gulf Department and from 1869 to 1873 served as aide to Lieutenant-General Sheridan, From 1873 to 1878 he was secretary of the Missouri Division, was made colonel of the 7th Cavalry in 1886, brigadier-general in 1894 and was retired in 1897 with the rank of majorgeneral.. With F. D. Grant he published Report of an Expedition up the Yellowstone River (1875).

FORSYTH, John, American politician: b. Fredericksburg, Va., 1780; d. Washington, 21 Oct. 1841. He was graduated at Princeton College in 1799, and was admitted to the bar in Augusta, Ga., in 1802. He was elected attorneygeneral of the State in 1808, representative in Congress in 1812 and United States senator in 1818. In 1820 he was sent to Spain as resident minister, where he conducted the negotiations concerning the ratification and execution of the treaty by which Florida was ceded to the United States. In 1823 he was again chosen to the House of Representatives, and was one of the main supporters in Congress of Governor Troup of Georgia in his contest with the national government concerning the removal of the Creek and Cherokee Indians. He became governor of Georgia in 1827, and in 1829 was again returned to the United States Senate. He opposed the South Carolina movement of nullification from its beginning, and voted in favor of Mr. Clay's compromise act of 1833. In the debate in 1834 on the removal of the deposits from the United States Bank, he supported the President, who afterward appointed him Secretary of State, an office which he retained till the retirement of President Van Buren in 1841.

FORSYTH, Peter Taylor, English NonConformist divine: b. Aberdeen 1848. He was educated at the Grammar School and University of Aberdeen, and later studied under Ritschl at

Göttingen, and at New College, Hampstead. He held ministries at Shipley, Hackney, Manchester, Leicester and Cambridge, and in 1901 was made principal of Hackney Theological College, Hampstead. In 1907 he delivered the Lyman Beecher lectures on preaching at Yale University, published as 'Positive Preaching and Modern Mind. His other publications include 'Children's Sermons'; 'Religion in Recent Art'; 'The Charter of the Church'; 'The Holy Father and the Living Christ'; 'On Christian Perfection; Rome, Reform, and Reaction'; 'Taste of Death and Life of Grace'; 'Missions in State and Church'; 'The Cruciality of the Cross'; 'The Person and Place of Christ'; 'The Work of Christ' (1911); Faith, Freedom, and the Future) (1912); The Religion and Ethic of Marriage (1912); The Principle of Authority' (1913); Theology in Church and State' (1915); The Christian Ethic of War (1916); The Justification of God' (1916); The Soul of Prayer (1916); "The Church and Sacraments) (1917), and articles in the Contemporary Review, London Quarterly, Hilbert Journal, etc.

FORT. A permanently garrisoned post in the United States. For the various individual posts, their location, armament, etc. see MILITARY POSTS.

FORT ADAMS, R. I., United States military post established 1841, at Brenton's Point, R, I., near Newport. There was a garrison here during the Revolution. It is the headquarters of the coast defenses of Narragansett Bay and has a garrison of five companies of coast artillery.

FORT ANCIENT. See MOUND BUILDERS AND MOUNDS.

FORT ANDERSON. See WILMINGTON, CAPTURE OF.

FORT ANN, N. Y., village and former fort in Washington County, on Wood Creek and Champlain Canal, 67 miles north of Troy, on the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. It has manufactories of condensed milk, lumber mills and knitting mills. It is popular as a summer resort. A fortified camp was erected here in 1690 by Fitz-John Winthrop and in 1709 Fort Peter Schuyler was erected. This was rebuilt in 1757 and the name changed to Fort Ann. Nearby engagements were fought during the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. The fortifications were partially dismantled by the British in 1777. Pop. 436.

FORT ATKINSON, Wis., city in Jefferson County, 54 miles southwest of Milwaukee, on the Rock River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. It has meat-curing establishments, knitting mills, farm implement works, carriage factories and creameries. The government is vested in a mayor, elected for a term of two years, and a council. The waterworks and electric-lighting plant are the property of the municipality. In 1836 a military post was established here by General Atkinson during the Black Hawk War. Pop. 3,877.

FORT BARRANCAS. See NEW ORLEANS, CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE of.

FORT BLAKELY, Siege and Capture of. Fort Blakely was erected by the Confederates as one of the inland defenses of Mobile, on the