1877. July Term. Small's adm'r V. Lumpkin's came to Virginia in 1861, and remained in the South during the late civil war. The facts on that question are sufficiently stated by Judge Burks in his opinion. A commissioner was directed to take, among others, an account of the debts due from the estate of Lumpex'x & als. kin. And he made a report disallowing the debt claimed by the plaintiff, and reporting very few debts, and for small amounts, due from the estate. To this report the plaintiff excepted. The cause came on to be heard on the 22d of February 1872; when the court overruled the exception and confirmed the report. And the plaintiff obtained an appeal to this court. Johnson & Royall, for the appellant. J. A. Meredith and E. Y. Cannon, for the appellees. BURKS, J. In a foreign or international war, from the time it is declared or recognized, all the people in the territory and subject to the dominion of each belligerent, without regard to their feelings, dispositions or natural relations, become, in legal contemplation, and so continue to the close of hostilities, the enemies of all the people resident in the territory of the other belligerent; and all negotiation, trading, intercourse or communication between them, unless licensed by the government, is unlawful. Such a war, as between the citizens or subjects of the respective belligerents, ipso facto dissolves all commercial partnerships and all contracts wholly executory and requiring for their continued existence commercial intercourse or communication; and while it does not abrogate, yet it suspends all other existing contracts and obligations and the remedies thereon, and renders all contracts, with rare exceptions, entered into pending hostilities, illegal 1877. and void. July Term. Small's V. These familiar principles of public law, regulating conduct in foreign wars, have been applied by the adm'r courts of this country, state and federal, to the late Lumpkin's war between the United States and the Confederate ex'x & als. States. Griswold v. Waddington, 16 John. R. 438; Prize Cases, 2 Black's U. S. R. 635; Mrs. Alexander's Cotton, 2 Wall. U. S. R. 404; The William Bagaley, 5 Wall. U. S. R. 377; Hanger v. Abbott, 6 Wall. U. S. R. 532; Matthews v. McStea, 91 U. S. Rep. (1 Otto) 7; Billgerry v. Branch & Sons, 19 Gratt. 393; Walker v. Beauchler, 27 Gratt. 511. Limited agencies in the enemy's country may lawfully continue, provided they can be and are exercised without intercourse or communication between the citizens or subjects of the contending powers-such as agencies to collect and preserve, but not to transmit money or property. Buchanan v. Curry, 19 John. R. 136; Ward v. Smith, 7 Wall. U. S. R. 447; Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Warwick, 20 Gratt. 614; Hale v. Wall, 22 Gratt. 424; Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co. v. Atwood's adm'x, 24 Gratt. 497; The N. York Life Ins. Co. v. Hendren, Id. 536. Such agencies, however, to be lawful, must, it seems, be created before the war begins, for there is no power it is said to appoint any agent for any purpose after hostilities have actually commenced, and that to this effect are all the authorities. United States v. Grossmayer, 9 Wall. U. S. R. 72; United States v. Lapine, 17 Wall. U. S. R. 602. Relying upon the principles recognized by these authorities, the counsel for the appellant contends that the decree complained of in this case is erroneous and should be reversed. 1877. July Small's adm'r V. The bill of the appellant was filed against the perTerm. sonal representative and heirs at law of Robert Lumpkin, to recover the amount of a bond alleged to have been given by Lumpkin in his lifetime to the appellant's testator, Thomas B. Small. The defendants Lumpkin's ex'x & als. answered that the debt was paid. The chancellor was satisfied that the defense was made good by the proofs, and decreed accordingly; and in this, I think, he committed no error. Lumpkin was a citizen of Virginia, and died in 1866. Small, a citizen of Maryland, died there in March 1861. He left a wife and two sons (minors), entitled under the laws of Maryland to his estate. After the payment of his debts, which were inconsiderable, and two pecuniary legacies given by his will, the estate was worth upwards of sixty thousand dollars. The widow and two other persons qualified in Baltimore as representatives of the estate with the will of the testator annexed. She also qualified there as guardian of the children. The administration of the estate, except the Lumpkin debt, seems to have been conducted exclusively by her coadministrators. The Lumpkin bond was left with her and committed to her sole management. Some time during the year 1861, the exact date not distinctly appearing, C. W. Small (the elder of the two sons) came to Virginia and enlisted as a soldier in the Confederate army, and continued in that service until the end of the war. While in Virginia, and during the war, he undertook to collect, and did collect, of Lumpkin the amount of his bond. The greater part was collected while he was under age. He became of age on the 30th day of December 1863; and on the 6th day of January 1864 he collected the remnant of the debt, amounting to $1,875.26. The collections were all made in Confederate currency, taken at its July Term. Small's adm'r par value. When he made the last collection he exe- 1877. cuted his covenant to Lumpkin, reciting all the payments made to him, ratifying the collections made while he was a minor, and directing his guardian to charge him with what he had collected as a part of his Lumpkin's distributive share of his father's estate, acknowledging ex'x & als. the receipt thereof as if the same had been paid to him by the representatives of the estate on account of his interest therein. When these payments were made, Lumpkin (the debtor) was residing in Virginia, and Mrs. Small, the guardian of her son and representative of her husband's estate, was a resident of Maryland. In the light of the authorities before cited, it may be conceded, for the purposes of this case, that under the harsh rules of war, the mother and son are to be considered as bearing to each other the unnatural relation of alien enemies; that the occasional correspondence between them, which is proved to have taken place during the conflict of arms then raging, was forbidden and unlawful; and that, pending hostilities, she could confer no valid power upon him, as her agent, to make the collections which he did make. With this concession, however, it by no means follows that the payments make by Lumpkin to C. W. Small were unlawful, and that the obligation of Lumpkin to Small's estate was not discharged. Lumpkin and C. W. Small were both Confederates, both within the territory and under the dominion of the same belligerent power. They, at least, were not alien enemies to each other, and it was therefore perfectly competent for them to deal and contract as between themselves. They did so deal and contract. Let it be, that the communication addressed by Mrs. Small to Lumpkin was no valid authority for him to V. 1877. July Small's adm'r V. Lumpkin's make payment to her son as her agent. At the time Term. this letter was addressed by Mrs. Small to Lumpkin, another was written to C. W. Small by John R. Larus, his half-brother, and the agent of Mrs. Small, advising C. W. Small to make collections of Lumpkin, if pos ex'x & als. sible, in something else than depreciated currency, and warning him over and over again, that if he collected in such currency, it was his "own lookout," it must be on "his own account." After these cautions, repeated in varied language, he concludes that part of his letter which relates to this subject, in these emphatic words: "I think I have written plain enough, and the whole matter is thus left entirely to yourself, to take just as much as you choose, even if it is the whole amount, remembering, of course, that it is on your own account, at its par or nominal value." "The whole matter being thus left entirely to himself," C. W. Small undertook to act for himself and to deal "on his own account.' He did so act and so deal. After attaining full age, he had the right so to act and so to deal, independently of any authority from his mother or her agent; and accordingly when he received the last payment from Lumpkin, in his own name and on his own behalf he ratified all previous payments, dealings and transactions, and personally undertook that what he had received should stand as a payment to him of so much on account of his distributive share of his father's estate, in like manner as if it had been paid to him by his father's personal representative. The war being over he returned to Maryland, and there with his mother and brother, the only parties interested in the estate in the absence of Lumpkin, and without his agency or influence, the whole matter of the Lumpkin debt was satisfactorily arranged and |