Targum of Numb. 28. 7, where Onkelos and Jonathan have khamar attiq. Marath, pure,' or 'neat,' Jonathan's rendering in Deut. 29. 6; and sikrah, in Prov. 20. 1. GREEK. The Lxx. gives shakar the Greek garb of sikera (except in Judg. 13. 4, where Codex B, methusma, 'strong drink'): methusma, 1 Sam. 1. 15; Micah 2. 11: oinon, wine,' Psa. 69. 12; Prov. 31.4: methee, 'strong liquor,' or 'drunkenness,' Prov. 20. 1; 31. 6; Isa. 27. 8 (once, but Codex A has sikera thrice). 'strong drink,' except Theodotion, Isa. 28. 7; methee (once), 56. 12 [a verse absent from the Lxx. version] LATIN. The common rendering of the Vulgate is sicera, an adaptation from the Hebrew or Greek, except omne quod inebriare potest, 'whatever is able to inebriate,' in Lev. 10. 9; Numb. 6. 3; 1 Sam. 1. 15: qualibet alia potio, any other drink,' in Numb. 6. 3 (second clause): potio, drink,' in Isa. 24. 9: vinum, wine,' in Numb. 28. 7; Psa. 69. 12: ebrietas, 'drunkenness,' in Prov. Of other Greek versions preserved, 20. 1; 31. 4; Isa. 5. 11; 5. 12; 28. 7 the usual renderings are methusma, | (thrice); 29. 9; 56. 12. II. HEBREW WORDS DESCRIPTIVe of Vineyard, Vine, etc. [VINEYARD-MAN] KORAM (pl. KoRAMIM), ‘a vineyarder,' a man employed about a vineyard In the A. V. translated vinedresser' in 1 Kings 25. 12; 2 Chron. 26. 10; Isa. 61. 15; Jer. 52. 16; Joel 1 11. [VINE-FIELD] SHEDAMOTH, used apparently to designate fields planted with vines, in Deut. 32. 32; Isa 16. 8; Hab 3. 17. KANNAH is translated vineyard' in Psa 80. 15, but probably signifies 'a plant.' Gesenius translates it 'protect thou' [VINEYARD] KEREM (pl. KERAHMIM).—A term applied at first to cultivated land appropriated to the growth of fruit-bearing plants, and at length specifically to ground set apart for the culture of the vine, though probably down to a late period the more general meaning was not absent from the word. It is translated vineyard' in the A. V. in Gen. 9. 20; Exod. 22. 5 (twice); 23. 11; Lev. 19. 10 (twice); 25. 3; 25. 4; Numb. 16. 14 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 20. 17 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 21. 22 [Heb. sing. 'vineyard']; 22. 24; Deut. 6. 11; 20. 6; 22. 9 (twice); 23. 24; 24. 21; 28. 30; 28. 39; Josh. 24. 13; Judg. 9. 27; 11. 33; 14. 5; 15. 5; 21. 20; 21. 21; 1 Sam. 8. 14; 8. 15; 22. 7; 1 Kings 21; 1; 21. 2 (twice); 21. 6 (twice); 21. 7; 21. 15; 21. 16; 21. 18; 2 Kings 5. 26; 18. 32; 19. 29; 1 Chron. 27. 27 (twice); Neh. 5. 3; 5. 4; 5. 5; 5. 11; 9. 25; Job 24. 6 (rendered 'vintage' in A. V.); 24. 18; Psa. 107. 37; Prov. 24. 30; 31 16; Eccles. 2. 4; Cant 1. 6 (twice); 1. 14; 2. 15 (twice, and both times vines' in the A. V.); 7. 12; 8. 11 (twice); 8. 12; Isa. 1. 8; 3. 14; 5. 1 (twice); 5. 3; 5. 4; 5.5; 5. 7; 5. 10; 16. 10; 27. 2; 36. 17; 37. 30; 65. 21; Jer. 12; 10; 31. 5; 32. 15; 35. 7; 35. 9; 39. 10; Ezek. 28. 26; Hos 2. 15; Amos 4.9; 5. 11; 5. 17; 9. 14; Micah 1. 6; Zeph I 13. [See SHEDAMOTH and KANNAH.] The A. V. includes kerem as part of a proper name in Neh 3 14, Beth-haccerem Jer 6 1, Beth-haccerem [literally, baith-hak-kerem, a house of SORAQ is supposed to be derived from the vineyard']. From Kerem comes- | saraq, 'to interweave'; hence soraq, a [VINE] GEPHEN (pl GEPHANIM) strictly signifies a twig,' from gaphnan, 'to be bent,' and hence applied to the vine as the most valuable of flexile plants. It is so applied in the A. V. as follows:-Gen. 40. 9; 40. 10; 49. 11; Numb 6. 4; 20. 5 [Hebrew, 'the vine']; Deut 8 8[Hebrew, the vine']; 32. 32 (twice); Judg. 9. 12; 9. 13; 13. 14; 1 Kings 4. 25; 2 Kings 4. 39 [gephen sadeh, a vine of the field 'a wild vine]; 18. 31; Job 15. 33; Psa. 78 47; 80 8; 85. 14; 105 33; 128 3; Cant. 2 13; 6 11; 7. 8; 7. 12; Isa. 7 23; 16. 8; 16. 9; 24. 7; 32. 12; 34. 4; 36. 16; Jer. 2. 21; 5. 17; 6. 9; 8. 13; 48. 32; Ezek 15 2; 15. 6; 17. 6 (twice); 17. 7; 17 8; 19. 10; Hos 2. 12; 10. 1; 14 7; Joel 1 7; I. 12; 2. 22; Micah 4. 4; Hab 3 17; Hag. 2. 19; Zech 3 10; 8 12; Mal. 3. 11. [See also SORAQ and ZEMORAH ] Vine' is superadded in the A V. in Lev. 25. 5, 11. [VINE-KNIFE] MAZMORAH, the sharp instrument used for detaching the ripe grapes from the vine, translated 'pruninghook,' Isa. 2. 4; 18. 5; Joel 3. 10; Micah 4.3. MAGGOL (from nagal, to cut') is translated 'sickle' in Jer. 50. 16; Joel 3. 13. [VINE-BLOSSOM] SEMADAR is rendered 'tender grape' in the A. V., but may, perhaps, be more properly rendered 'vine-blossom.' It occurs Cant. 2. 13; 2. 15; 7. 12. NATZ, flower,' applied to the vine, Gen. 40. 12, and rendered its blossoms flourished.' PARAKH, 'to bud,' applied to the vine, Gen. 40. 12, 'budded'; Cant. 6. 11; 7. 12, 'flourish'; Hos. 14. 7, 'grow.' [A GRAPE-BERRY] GARGAR occurs Isa. 17. 6. [GRAPE] ANAB (pl. ANABIM-according to the Masorite pointing anahv, pl. anahvim) is derived from a root 'to bind together'; hence the anab or anahv denoted a number of grape-berries joined together a little bunch. In the Hebrew Bible the singular form occurs but once (and then in a collective sense), Deut. 32. 14, and the A. V. uniformly renders anabim by 'grapes':-Gen. 40. 10; 40. 11; 49. 11; Lev. 25. 5; Numb. 6. 3 (twice); 13 20; 13. 23; Deut. 23. 24; 32. 14; 32 32 (twice); Neh. 13. 15; Isa 5. 2; 5 4; Jer. 8. 13; Hos. 3. 1; 9 10; Amos 9. 13 In Hos. 3. I anabim is translated wine,' but the margin gives correctly 'grapes' In the following passages the word grape' or 'grapes is supplied by the English translators, but does not occur in the Hebrew:-Judg. 8 2; 9 17; Lev. 19. 10; 25 11; Deut 24 31; 28. 30; 28. 39; Job 15 33; Cant 77; Isa. 5. 2; 5.4 [after 'wild']; 17. 6; 18. 5; Jer. 25 30; 31. 29, 30; 49 9; Ezek. 19. 12; Obad 5 [CLUSTER] ESHKOL (pl. ESHKOLOTH) primarily denoted a stalk of grapes, and thence a cluster,' i e. an accumulation of the smaller bunches, anahvim. The A. V. translates eshkol, eshkoloth, *cluster,* 'clusters,' in Gen 40. 10; Numb. 13.23; 13 24; Deut. 32. 32; Cant. I. 14, 'a cluster of camphire' (cypress); 7 7; 7. 8; Isa. 65. 8; Micah 7 I. In 1 Sam. 25. 18 and 30. 12 the word 'clusters' is supplied by the English translators. Eshkol is retained as a proper name, Eshcol,' in Gen. 14 13, 24; Numb, 13 23; 13 24; 32 9; Deut. I 24 ་ The [UNRIPE-GRAPES] BOSER and BASER are used to designate a collection of grapes still unripe, though fully formed A V rendering is once unripe grape,' and otherwise 'sour grape,'-Job 15. 33; Isa. 18 5; Jer. 31. 29, 30; Esek. 18 2 [VINE-FRUIT] TIROSH, the natural fruit of the vine, taken collectively In the order of growth came the budding, perakh; then the blossom, zemadar; next the unripe fruit, boser; and lastly the fully formed fruit, tirosh. In the order of quantity came the single berries, gargarim; the grape-bunches, anabim; the grape-clusters (composed of bunches), eshkoloth; and the collective produce of the vine, tirosh Tirosh, erroneously translated 'wine' and 'new wine' in the A. V., occurs thirty-eight times, for which see page 414. [RAISINS, dried grapes] TZIMMU QIM, from tzamaq, to dry up,' signi fies, literally, dried things, and is trans lated clusters of raisins' in 1 Sam 25 18; 30 12; and 'bunches of raisins' i 2 Sam 16 1; 1 Chron. 12 40 [CAKES, made of pressed grapes or raisins] ASHISHAH (pl ASHISHOTH), incorrectly translated in the A. V. flagon' and 'flagon of wine,' occurs 2 Sam 6 19; 1 Chron 16. 3; Cant 2. 5; Hos 3. 1 See page 417 [THE VINTAGE] BATZIR, from bahtzar, to cut off,' signified the act of time of gathering grapes, which was usually per formed by cutting then. from the vine. The word occurs and is rendered 'vintage' in the A. V Lev 26 5 (twice); Judg. 8 2; Isa 24 13; 32 10; Jer 48. 32; Micah 7 1; Zert. 11 2 [In Isa. 16 10 the word 'vintage' is supplied by the translators In Job 24 vintage' is the rendering, not of batzir, but of krem.] 6 The verb banizer, applied to the vint age, occurs also in Lev. 25. 5; 25. 11; Deut. 24. 11; Judg. 9. 27. QATZIR, generally translated harvest' in A. V., is applied to the vintage in Joel 3. 13 (probably also Joel 1. 11). [VINTAGER, grape-gatherer] BOTZAR (pl. BOTZERIM) was a cutter (i. e. gatherer) of grapes at the time of the vintage, batzir. The A. V. translates by grape-gatherer' in Jer. 6. 9; 49. 9; Obad. 5. [GRAPE-GLEANING] OLLALOTH, used of the vintage season, Judg. 8. 2; Isa. 17. 6; Jer. 49. 9; Obad. 5, where the A.V. has some grapes,' but 'gleanings' in the margin. The verbal form occurs Lev. 19. 10; Deut. 24. 21; Jer. 6. 9 (twice). The verb lahqash is found Job 24. 6, and is translated they gather,' but some prefer they glean.' [WINE-PRESS] YEQEB (or YEQEV), the general name for cavity, coop, or hollow place' where the grapes were first brought together, then trodden, and their juice collected. The A. V. renders it press, wine-press, and wine-vat, and once wine,' Deut. 16. 13. It occurs Numb. 18. 27; 18. 30; Deut. 15. 14; 16. 13; Judg. 7. 25; 2 Kings 6. 27; Job | 24. 11; Prov. 3. 10; Isa. 5. 2; 16. 10; Jer. 48. 33; Hos. 9. 2; Joel 2. 24; 3, 13; Hag. 2. 16; Zech. 14 10. GATH, a place of pleasure' where grapes and olives are trodden, Judg. 6.11; Neh. 13. 15; Isa. 63. 2; Lam. 1. 15; Joel 3. 13. (See also PUKAH and YEQEB.] As the name of a Philistine city, 'Gath,' it occurs Josh. 13 3; 1 Sam. 6. 17; 21. 11; 1 Kings 2. 39, 40. As included in the names of three Hebrew towns,-(1) Gath-hepher (wine-press of the well), Josh. 10. 13, where Jonah was born; (2) Gath-rimmon (press of the pomegranate), Josh. 19. 45; and (3) Githaim (two wine-presses), Neh. 11.33. PURAH, from the root, 'to break,' occurs Isa. 63. 3, A. V. 'winepress'; Hag. 2. 16, A. V. 'press,' where some regard it as a denomination of measure. [GRAPE-TREADER] DORAK, from dahrak, to tread, signifies a treader,' and is applied to the treader of grapes in the wine-press, Neh. 13. 15; Isa. 16. 10 (where the A. V. reads 'treaders' instead of 'treader '); Jer. 25, 30. The verb is used in reference to treading grapes in Judg. 9. 27; Job 24. 11; Isa. 63. 2, 3; Jer. 48. 33; Lam. 1. 15; Micah 6. 15. III. HEBREW WORDS FOR LEAVEN (FERMENT), THINGS LEAVENED (FERMENTED), VINEGAR, AND UNLEAVENED (UNFERMENTED) things. 1. SEOR, derived from a root 'to boil | up,' 'to ferment,' denotes a substance fermenting, or capable of producing fermentation. In the A. V. it is translated leaven' in Exod. 12. 15; 12. 19; 13. 7; Lev. 2. 11; and 'leavened bread' in Deut. 16. 4. in Psa. 71. 4; KHAMATZ, 'dyed,' in Isa. 63. 1; and KHAMITZ, 'clean,' in Isa. 30. 24, where something pungent is indicated. 3. KHOMETZ, fermented drink,' is applied to what has undergone the acetous fermentation, and in the A. V. is translated vinegar' in Numb. 6. 3 (twice); Ruth 2. 4; Psa. 69. 21; Prov. 10. 26; 25. 20. 2. KHAMATZ, both noun and verb, denoting whatever is undergoing or has undergone the fermenting process. The 4. MATZAH, pl. Matzoтн, signifies A. V. translates by leavened bread' 'that which is sweet,' and is contrastively in Exod. 12. 15; 13. 3; 13. 7; 23. 18; used to distinguish unleavened articles Deut. 16. 3; by that which is leavened' from those that have undergone ferin Exod. 12. 19; by leavened' in Exod. mentation. In the A. V. it is translated 12. 20; 12. 34; 12. 39; Lev. 7. 13 unleavened bread' (though the Hebrew [where the Hebrew is lekhem khamatz, has the plural form) in Gen. 19. 3; bread leavened ']; Hos. 7. 4; by 'leaven' Exod. 12. 8; 12. 15; 12. 17; 12. 18; in Exod. 34. 25; Lev. 2. 11; 6. 17; 23. 17; 12. 20; 13. 6; 13. 7; 23. 15 (twice); Amos 4. 5; by was grieved' in Psa. 73. 29. 23; 34. 18 (twice); Lev. 6. 16; 8. 21. Analogous words (with a different 2; 8. 26; 23. 6 (twice); Numb. 6. 15 pointing) are KHAMOTZ, translated 'op: (twice); 6. 17; 9. 11; 28. 17; Deut. 16. pressed' in Isa. 1. 17; KHOMATZ, 'cruel,' | 3; 16. 8; 16. 16; 1 Sam. 28. 24; HEBREW WORDS TRANSLATED DRUNKEN, DRUNKENNESS, and Drunkard. 23. 33; 39. 19 [where the A. V. has 'till ye be drunken '—literally, ‘to drunkenness']. In Josh. 15. 11, Shikron appears as the name of a town, Shicron.'" 1. SHAKRAH, 'fulness,' occurs in | Hag. 1. 6, ain le-shakrah, rendered in the A. V. 'ye are not filled with drink'; literally, not to fulness' (or repletion). 2. SHAHKAR-connected as root or derivative with shakar, 'sweet drink' strictly implies, as Gesenius states, to drink to the full,' generally with an implied sweetness of the article consumed, whether the sweet juice of the grape or other fruits. Whenever the juice had fermented, or had become intoxicating by drugs, this plentiful use would lead to intoxication, and give to the verb the secondary sense of inebriation in the drinker. Inebriation, however, must not be inferred unless the context suggests such a condition. It is translated 'drunk,' 'drunken,' 'drunken man,' or 'drunkard,' in the A. V. in Gen. 9. 21; Deut. 32. 42; 1 Sam. 1. 14; 25. 36; 2 Sam. 11. 13; Job 12. 25; Psa. 107. 27; Prov. 26. 9; Isa. 19. 14; 24. 20; 28. 1; 28. 3; 29. 9; 49. 26; 51. 21; 63. 6; Jer. 23 9; 25. 27; 48. 26; 51. 7; 51. 39; 51. 57; Lam. 4. 21; Joel 1. 5; Nah. 3. 11; Hab. 2. 15. It is translated 'were merry' in Gen. 43. 34; 'drink abundantly in Cant. 5. 1. [In Psa. 69. 12, where the A. V. gives 'drunkards,' the Hebrew is 'drinkers of shakar'] 3. SHIKKOR (fem. shikkorah, 'drunk,' occurs in I Sam. 1. 13; 1 Kings 16. 9; 20. 16. 4. SHIKKAHRON, or SHIKKRON, 'drunkenness,' occurs Jer. 13. 13; Ezek. 5. RAHVAH signifies to drink largely,' 'to be filled with drink,' without the reference contained in shahkar to the sweetness of the liquid imbibed. In the A. V. it is rendered 'made drunk' in Jer. 46. 10 and Lam. 3. 15; but other renderings, expressive of simple abundance, are given in Psa. 23. 5; 36. 8; 65. 10 [abundantly']; 66. 12 ['wealthy']; Prov. 5. 19 ['satisfy']; 7. 18; 11. 15 (twice); Isa. 16.9; 34. 5 ['bathed ']; 34. 7; 43. 24; 55. 10; Jer. 31. 14; 31. 25. 6. RAHVEH.-This adjective is rendered drunkenness' margin, the drunken'-in Deut. 29 19,—drink-hard; 'watered' in Isa. 58. 11; Jer. 31. 12. 7. RI (an abbreviation of REVI) is rendered watering' in Job 37. 11. 8. SAHVAH (connected with SOVEH) signifies to suck up,' 'to soak.' In the A. V. it is rendered drunkard,' Deut. 21. 20; 'bibbers,' Prov. 23. 10 ['winebibbers' sovai-yayin, soakers-ofwine']; 'drunkard,' Prov. 23. 21; 'we will fill ourselves with,' Isa. 56 12; Sabeans'—margin, ‘drunkards,'-Ezek 23. 42; 'drunken' and 'drunkards' in Nah. I. 10. ་ 9. SHETHI (from shahthah, 'to drink') is translated 'drunkenness' in Eccles. 10. 17, where the sense seems to require some general term, such as 'carousing' or 'revelry.' V. HEBREW WORDS DESCRIPTIVE OF THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF INTOXICAT ING DRINK. Avoi, sorrow. Prov. 23. 29, 'who | 2. 5, 'he transgresseth by wine,'—rather, hath sorrow?' Bahla, to swallow down. Isa. 28. 7, 'they are swallowed up of wine.' 'wine is a defrauder.' Dahlaq, to burn, inflame. Isa. 5. 11, 'wine inflames them.' Hahmah, to rage. Prov. 20. 1, 'strong drink is raging'; Zech 9. 15, and they shall make a noise as through wine,'better, they shall rage as wine.' Gahash, to shake, reel. Jer. 25. 16, 'and they shall be moved.' Halal, to trill, sing, shout, rave. Jer. 25, 16, and they shall be mad '; Jer. 51. 7, 'the nations are mad.' Khahgag, 'to be giddy.' Psa. 107. 27, 'they reel to and fro.' Khallah, to be sick (ill). Hos. 7. 5, the princes have made him sick.' See below. Khakliluth, redness, lividness. Prov. 23. 29, who hath redness of eyes?' (livid circles round the eyes). Khamah, inflaming heat, such as is produced by poison, and symbolical of rage, fury. Deut. 32. 33, their wine is the poison of dragons'; Isa. 51. 17, 'the cup of his fury; Isa. 51. 22, 'the cup of my fury'; Isa. 63. 6, I will make them drunk with my anger'; Jer. 25. 15, 'take the winecup of this fury'; Jer. 51. 39, 'in their heat'; Hos. 7. 5, the princes have made him sick with bottles of wine' (should be with inflaming-heat of wine'); Hab. 2. 15, that puttest thy bottle to him' (should be pouring out thy inflaming-drink'). [Khamah occurs in the following other places:-Deut. 32. 24, the poison of serpents of the dust'; Job 6. 4, the poison drinketh up my spirit'; Psa. 58. 4, 'their poison is like the poison of a serpent'; Psa. 140. 3, 'the poison of adders is under their lips.'] Latz, a mocker, scorner. Prov. 20. 1, 'wine is a mocker,' or 'scorner.' Midrahmim, contentions, strifes. Prov. 23, 29, who hath contentions?' Nakhash, serpent. Prov. 23. 32, 'it biteth like a serpent.' Nua, to sway to and fro, to stagger. Psa. 107. 27, and stagger'; Isa. 24. 20, 'reel to and fro' (lit. 'reeling,' | shall reel '); Isa. 29. 9, they stagger, but not with strong drink.' Oi and hoi, woe, lamentation. Prov. 23. 29; Isa. 5. 11; Isa. 5. 22; Isa. 28. 1; Hab. 2. 15. Petzahim, wounds. Prov. 23. 29, 'who hath wounds without cause ? Phahrash, to pierce. Prov. 23. 32, 'and stingeth (pierceth) like an adder.' Rual, trembling. Zech. 12. 2, 'a cup of trembling.' [See täralah.] Rosh, gall, poppy. Deut. 32. 32, 'grapes of gall'; Deut. 32. 32, venom (gall) of serpents'; Psa. 69. 21, they gave me also gall for my meat.' Shahgag, to go astray, to transgress. Prov. 20. I, and whosoever is deceived by it is not wise'; Isa. 28. 7, they have erred through wine; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink; they err in vision.' Shammah, desolation; Shemahmah, astonishment. Ezek. 23. 33, 'the cup of desolation and astonishment.' Shuk, to bite. Prov. 23. 32, 'at the last it biteth like a serpent.' Siakh, brawling, babbling. 29, who hath babbling?' Prov. 23. Tahah, to wander, to stray. Job 21. 25, he maketh them to stagger like a drunken man'; Isa. 19. 14, they have caused Egypt to err, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit'; Isa. 28. 7, through strong drink they are out of the way; . . . they are out of the VI. OTHER HEBREW WORDS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES. [The figures refer to the pages of the Commentary.] Agganoth, bowls, 165. Ahdam, to be red, 136, 180. Ahmah, weariness, sorrow, 143. Ahsaph, to scrape together, to gather, 52, 56, 198. Ahval, to hang down to mourn, 165. Ain, eye or fountain, 22, 65, 136, 137. |