ZOOLOGY

Professors: C. A. KOFOID, W. E. RITTER, J. C. MERRIAM, S. J. HOLMES, J. F. DANIEL, J. GRINNELL, J. A. LONG.

Acting Instructor: PIRIE DAVIDSON.

Facilities.-The department of zoology is at present housed in East Hall, occupying 25,000 square feet, including a large lecture room provided with a reflectoscope, two well equipped laboratories for general work, laboratories for experimental zoology, advanced vertebrate zoology, protozoology and parasitology, embryology and cytology, special laboratories for research students, and an animal room. In the attic of the building two well equipped rooms for breeding rodents, where a considerable number of rats and mice are kept, are provided.

The laboratories in zoology are equipped with high-grade microscopes of foreign and American makers, with microtomes, electric ovens, photographic apparatus, an Edinger projection apparatus, ample glassware and reagents, and all apparatus necessary for morphological work and for work along some experimental lines.

The ample grounds of the University at Berkeley, containing about 600 acres, reservoir, streams, wooded slopes and cañons, afford a greatly diversified biological environment and considerable range for study and observation.

The location of the University near the shores of San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean gives an immediate access to the life of the sea. The explorations carried on by the department of zoology on the coast of California for a number of years have provided a rich collection of invertebrates and fishes representative of the marine fauna of the Pacifie Coast from San Diego to Alaska. This affords opportunity for investigation and greatly enriches the resources for biological investigation along morphological, systematic, and ecological lines. The collections of plankton are extensive and represent the seasonal, local, and vertical distribution of the pelagic life of the Pacific off the coast of California, affording exceptional opportunities for the study of the ecology of the sea.

A teaching museum of the local fauna and of typical material is maintained in the department. A considerable collection of models of Ziegler, Auzoux, and others is provided. The department is equipped with charts of Leuckart and Nitzche, Pfurtscheller, Hartmann and Donitz, Haecker, and others specially made.

A collection of zoological, embryological and histological preparations including approximately 15,000 slides for instruction and investigation is available for use. The department also has an exceptionally large number of slides illustrative of the Protozoa and of human and comparative parasitology.

Library.--The library facilities at the University for research in biological lines include the leading current periodicals and complete sets of nearly all the most important serials on biological subjects. The library of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco affords additional facilities in certain lines. An exceptionally complete private library in protozoology and parasitology is accessible to research students.

Publications.-Facilities for publication of research work carried on in this department are offered in the University of California Publications in Zoology. This series began in 1902 and the twenty-second volume is now in course of publication. Facilities for publication are also afforded elsewhere, especially in the Journal of Animal Behavior, Acta Zoologica, the Condor, the Internationale Revue der Hydrobiologie, of which members of the staff are editors.

Research. Research work done in the department in recent years embraces a variety of subjects. The fauna of the state has engaged considerable attention, and papers have been published on the marine protozoa, especially the dinoflagellates, the hydroids, the jelly fish, the bryozoans, the mollusks, the tunicates, the pycnogonids, the crustaceans, and on certain groups of worms. By the combined efforts of the Scripps Institution at La Jolla, California, and the department of zoology much progress has been made toward a systematic description of the marine animals of the coastal waters of the state. The department of zoology in coöperation with the United State Bureau of Fisheries has recently made a systematic biological and physiographic survey of San Francisco Bay, and its results are in process of publication.

The laboratory of the Division of Parasitology of the California State Board of Health is located in East Hall under the direction of Professor Kofoid and affords opportunity and material for research in human parasitology.

A number of papers have appeared on parasitic protozoa and other parasitic animals and on various aspects, statistical and ecological, of the plankton, both marine and fresh-water. The department has made contributions to the morphology of the Protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, tunicates, and several other groups. In the past years papers have been published on animal behavior, experimental morphology, and the distribution of animals.

There is work now in progress in protozoology, especially on marine Protozoa, and on human Protozoa, flagellates of the vertebrates, of the

Hemiptera and of the termites, in parasitology, cytology, embryology, especially the earlier phases of the development of mammals, morphology, especially of the elasmobranchs, ecology, and animal behavior, the hereditary influences of alcohol, inheritance in man and in animals, the systematic zoology of various groups, and various problems in experimental morphology and in eugenics.

The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.-The California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology was founded in March, 1908, by Miss Annie M. Alexander, then of Oakland, and has been continuously supported by her as a constituent part of the University up to the present year (1919) when she has provided a permanent endowment for it.

The Museum occupies a separate fire proof building having about 10,000 feet of floor space. It contains rooms for large skins of mammals, for skulls and skeletons, for alcoholic specimens and for supplies as well as rooms for research workers and the staff.

The objects of the Museum are to collect and preserve in condition suitable for future study, specimens of recent vertebrate animals (other than fishes), especially those from the Pacific coast region of North America; to gather all available data relating to these forms; to study the systematic, distributional, ecological, and economic problems relating to the vertebrate fauna of this coast; and to make the results of such study available to those interested in the special fields enumerated.

The collections in the Museum have for the most part been gathered by trained field naturalists organized into "expeditions." Each expedition has studied intensively the vertebrate fauna of some restricted area. To date (1919) there have been more than twenty formal expeditions besides numerous smaller trips for the gathering of specific material. The regions worked include Southeastern Alaska, central Vancouver Island, northeastern Nevada, portions of Arizona and extensive areas in California. The material collected is all provided with the data such as to make it satisfactory for the study of problems in systematic and faunal zoology. The collections are housed in the most modern of storage cases designed to preserve the material in the best possible conditions. Appropriate card catalogues facilitate reference to material sought for study.

Subsequent field work is planned so as to throw greater light on material previously collected, so that with growth the entire collection appreciates in value in elucidating the problems offered by the fauna as a whole. It is becoming possible to trace out with increasing detail the local distribution of many species and hence to make possible comparison of adjacent faunas with greater and greater assurances of accuracy. The collections serve as historic pictures of the vertebrate fauna at the time when the material was collected and will be of great value in subsequent

years in tracing the effects upon the original fauna of deforestation, cultivation and settlement of the region.

In December, 1919, there were catalogued 30,519 specimens of mammals (skins with skulls and often with skeletons), 31,347 birds (mostly study skins), and 7163 reptiles and amphibians (in alcohol). There were 1804 sets of bird eggs and nests, 3228 negatives and photographs relating mostly to regions visited and species collected, and over sixty volumes of original field notes containing descriptions of regions visited by expeditions, animals seen and collected.

This material lends itself to study along the lines already mentioned for both scientific and practical purposes. It affords basis for studies upon the more general problems of zoology such as isolation, adaptation and speciation. The foundation study for breeding experiments with native forms can be gained from it for many groups.. The nature and quantity of the material is such that the subject of variation, in its numerous aspects, can be studied to advantage, and osteological and anatomical researches upon Pacific Coast species can be successfully prosecuted.

Practical training in certain phases of economic zoology, such as is needed for work in game administration, preservation and culture, and control of rodent pests, is well provided for. The prospective teacher of vertebrate zoology will find here excellent resources for preparing himself for this calling.

Publications. The principal publications in the past two years are as follows: the subclavian vein and its relations in elasmobranch fishes (J. F. Daniel); the musculature of Heptanchus maculatus (P. Davidson); the period of synapsus in the egg of the white rat, Mus Norvegicus Albinus (B. H. Pratt and J. A. Long); the rôle of the auditory sensory epithelium in the formation of the stapedial plate (F. P. Reagan); experimental inhibition of neural concrescence and some conditions resulting (F. P. Regan); the approaching extinction of the Mayflower descendants (S. J. Holmes and C. M. Dowd); social ameliorations and eugenic progress (S. J. Holmes); the transmission of nervous impulses in relation to locomotion in the earthworm (J. F. Bovard); the function of the giant fibers in earthworms (J. F. Bovard); demonstration of the functions of the neuromotor apparatus in Euplotes by the method of microdissection (C. V. Taylor); a synopsis of the bats of California (H. W. Grinnell); the Pacific Coast jays of the genus Aphelocoma (H. S. Swarth); evidence of the food hawks and owls in California (H. C. Bryant); excavations of burrows of the rodent Aplodontia, with observations on the habits of the animal (C. L. Camp); bird migration in its international bearing (J. Grinnell); the game birds of California (J. Grinnell, H. C. Bryant, and T. I. Storer); three new subspecies of Passerella iliaca (II. S. Swarth); recent additions to the California state list of birds (J. Grinnell); natural history of the ground squirrels of California (J. Grinnell and J. Dixon); notes

on the elegant tern as a bird of California (J. Grinnell); an unusual extension of the distribution of the shipworm in San Francisco Bay, California (A. L. Barrows); description of some new species of Polynoidae from the coast of California (Christine Essenberg); the factors controlling the distribution of the Polynoidae of the Pacific Coast of North America (Christine Essenberg); new species of Amphinomidae from the Pacific Coast (Christine Essenberg); a quantitative analysis of the molluscan fauna of San Francisco Bay (E. L. Packard); the occurrence of a rockboring isopod along the shore of San Francisco Bay (A. L. Barrows); the marine decapod Crustacea of California (W. L. Schmitt); the plankton of the San Joaquin River and its tributaries in and near Stockton, California, in 1913-a quantitative and statistical study (W. E. Allen); the cercaria of the Japanese blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada (W. W. Cort); notes on the eggs and miracidia of the human schistosomes (W. W. Cort); a new cercariaeum from North America (W. W. Cort); adaptability of schistosome larvae to new hosts (W. W. Cort); methods of studying living trematodes (W. W. Cort); the excretory system of a stylet cercaria (W. W. Cort); excretory system of Agamodistomum marcianae (La Rue), the Agamodistome stage of a fork-tailed cercaria (W. W. Cort); homologies of the excretory system of the fork-tailed cercariae -a preliminary report (W. W. Cort); a museid larva of the San Francisco Bay region sucking the blood of nestling birds (O. E. Plath); the life cycle of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich) (J. C. Johnson); flagellate affinities of Trichonympha (C. A. Kofoid with O. Swezy); biological and medical signicance of the intestinal flagellates (C. A. Kofoid); intestinal parasites in overseas and home service troops of the U. S. Army with especial reference to carriers of amebiasis (C. A. Kofoid with S. T. Kornhauser and J. T. Plate); a new nematode infection of man (C. A. Kofoid with A. W. White); on the treatment of giardiasis in rats with arsenobenzol (C. A. Kofoid with W. C. Boeck, D. E. Minnich, and J. H. Rogers); rapid method for detection of ova in intestinal parasites in human stools (C. A. Kofoid with M. A. Barber); criterions for distinguishing the Endamoeba of amoebiasis from other organisms (C. A. Kofoid with S. T. Kornhauser and O. Swezy); structure and systematic relationships of the "iodine cysts" from human feces (C. A. Kofoid); mitosis in Giardia microti (W. C. Boeck); Crithidia euryophthalmi, sp. nov. from the hemipteran bug, Euryophthalums convivus Stal (Irene McCulloch); a rapid method for the detection of protozoan cysts in mammalian faeces (W. C. Boeck); the neuromotor apparatus of Euplotes patella (H. B. Yocom); the significance of skeletal variations in the genus Peridinium (A. L. Barrows); studies on Giardia microti (W. C. Boeck); a comparison of the life cycle of Crithidia with that of Trypanosoma in the invertebrate host (Irene McCulloch); binary fission in Collodictyon tricilatum Carter (R. C. Rhodes); studies on the parasites of the termites. I. On Streblomastix