Treaties Made-Battle of Tippecanoe-Formation of Illinois Territory-Government of Illinois. cution of their daring project. Awake to the kindling flame, Governor Harrison, in an address to these two brothers, says: “Brothers, I am myself of the Long Knife fire; as soon as they hear my voice, you will see them pouring forth their swarms of 'hunting shirt men,' as numerous as the musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Brothers, take care of their sting." Treaties were effected and purchases made so that our claims to the western territory might be founded on principles of equity. Of those from whom land was bought were the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Wyandots, Shawnees, Delawares, Miamis, Eel River Indians, Weas and Kickapoos. The first battle, of very great importance, which occurred as the fruit of the schemes of Tecumseh and the Prophet. was that of Tippecanoe, on the upper waters of the Wabash. The particulars of this disastrous engagement are given at length in almost every American History, so that we need not recapitulate. Tecumseh and his friends united with the British in the War of 1812; and fought and died with the bravery of desperation, for with the memorable defeat of his army at the battle of Tippecanoe, his hope of success in his magnificent enterprise seemed to have died within him, and we have good reason to believe that the sequel would have proved far more disastrous to the whites, had he been presént in person to superintend the events of that period. That country lying to the west of Indiana, and known by the name of Illinois, was in 1809 formed into the "Illi nois Territory," and Hon. Ninian Edwards, then Chief Justice of Kentucky, was appointed Governor, and Nathaniel Pope, Esq. of Kaskaskia, Secretary of the Territory. The history of the government of Illinois, up to 1809, runs as follows: Originally, and under French control, Illinois was a portion of ancient New-France. About the year 1715 or 1720, it was made a part of the colony of Louisiana. By the treaty of 1763, in connection with Canada, this country was ceded to British authority. By authority of this power, Captain S erling established the Provisional Government at Fort Chartres, in 1765. The following year, by virtue of the Quebec Bill, Illinois, and the whole Northwestern territory, was placed under the local supervision of Canada. Thus it remained two years, when the conquest of the country, by General Clark, placed it under the jurisdiction of Virginia, which, n October, 1778, organized the county of Illinois. The country was ceded to the Continental Congress in 1784, but the ordinance providing for a Territorial Government was not passed until 1787, and its provisions were not acted upon until 1788; and in 1789 Governor St. Clair organized the county that now bears his name. This had been a part of Indiana Territory from 1800, at which time the government was of two grades; the first constituting the lawmaking power, and consisting of the Governor and Judges; the second grade was the Territorial Legislature, consisting of a House of Representatives elected by the people, and a Council appointed by C First Steamboats on the Western Rivers-Counties Organized-First Territorial Legislature-Earthquakes. the President and Senate. Previous to 1812, the Territorial Government of Illinois was of the first grade. The year 1311 is distinguished as the one in which was built the New- Orleans, the first steamboat ever built beyond the Alleganies. In 1817 the General Pike was built. This steamboat, which was the first to navigate the upper waters of the Mississippi, arrived at St. Louis in the year above mentioned; and in 1819 the Independence was built to ply on the Missouri, and ascended as far as Frauklin and Chariton. On the 28th of April, 1809, Nathaniel Pope, actin Governor, issued his proclamation dividing the Territory of Illinois into two counties-Randolph and St. Clair. These were the only counties in the Territory for the three years preceding 1812. Pursuant to the Governor's proclamation, the first Territorial Legislature assembled at Kaskaskia on the 25th of November, 1812. Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin county, William Biggs of St. Clair county, Samuel Judah of Madison county, and Pierre Menard of Randolph county, took their seats as members of the Council. The following gentlemen took their seats as members of the House: George Fisher, Randolph county; Philip Trommel and Alexander Wilson, Gallatin county; John Grammor, Johnson county; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short, St. Clair county, and William Jones of Madison county. On the night of the 16th of December, 1811, commenced a series of earthquakes, which continued until the following February. In these, the town of New-Madrid was almost entirely de On the 14th of February, 1812, Gov-stroyed; the banks of the Mississippi, in ernor Edwards ordered an election to be any places, gave way in large masses held in each county, on the second Mon- and fell into the river, while the waters day of April, that the people might de- changed to a reddish hue, became thick cide whether they would enter upon the with mud thrown up from the bottom, second grade cf government. It was in and the surface, lashed violently by the the power of the Governor to advance the agitation of the earth beneath, was covterritory to the second degree, but heered with foam, which gathered into chose to be guided by the popular will. The people, by a very large majority, decided the question in the affirmative. In September of the same year, the Governor organized the counties of Madison, Gallatin, Pope and Johnson; and at the same time authorized an election to be held on the 8th, 9th and 10th day of October, to elect members of the Council and House of Representatives.* *Western Annals. masses and floated along on the trembling surface. Its vibrations were felt all over the valley of the Ohio, as far up as Pittsburg.* In the year 1712 occurred the massacre of Chicago. A small trading post had been established at this point by the French, but no village had been formed. By the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the Indians had relinquished a piece of land *Dr. Hildreth. The Massacre at Chicago-Dispatches from Gen. Hull-Attack by the Indians. six miles square, at the mouth of Chica- ever, he advised that it be done immego river. In 1804, a small fort was erec-diately, as the Indians were ignorant of ted here by the United States Government, and called Fort Dearborn. In 1812, the fort was occupied by a small garrison, few of the men being effective. John H. Kinzie and his family were residing at the fort, as well as a few Canadians and their wives and children. west. his mission, and a forced march might be made through their country. Captain Heald, however, disregarded this advice, and resolved to carry out the orders he had received. By this means the Indians were informed of their intentions, and prepared to massacre them. On the 13th, the goods were distributed, the extra ammunition being thrown into an old well, and the spirits poured upon the ground. On the 17th of April, a band of Wianebagoes attacked Mr. Lee's settlement at Hardscrabble, about four miles from Chicago, and killed a Mr. White and a Frenchman in his employ. There were On the morning of the 15th of Ausigns of hostile Indians for some days gust, the party set out, accompanied by after this, but the whole passed off in five hundred Pottawatomies, who had quietness until all alarm had disappeared. pledged their honor to escort them safely. On the 17th of August, Winnemeg, a On reaching a range of sand hills within trusty Pottawatomie chief, arrived at the the present limits of Chicago, the Potfort, with dispatches from General Iull, tawatomies defiled to the right, so as to the Commander-in-chief in the North- bring the sand hills between them and From these dispatches Captain the Americans. They had marched a mile Heald, commander of the fort, learned and a half from the fort, when Captain that war had been declared between En- Wells, who, with his Miamis, was in adgland and the United States; that Gen-vance, rode back and exclaimed, "They eral Hull, at the head of the army in the are about to attack us; form instantly Northwest, was on his way from Fort and charge upon them." He had scarceWayne to Detroit; and that the British ly finished speaking when a volley of troops had taken Mackinac. General balls was showered upon them. Hull's orders to Captain Heald were, "to troops charged up the bank, and the batevacuate the post, if practicable, and in tle became general. The Miamis filed at that event, to distribute the property be the first ontset, though Captain Wells longing to the United States, and in the used every endeavor to make them stand fort, and in the factory or agency, to the their ground. Overpowered by numbers, Indians in the neighborhood." the whites surrendered after the loss of two-thirds of their force, stipulating for the preservation of their lives and those of the remaining women and children, and for their delivery at some of the British posts, unless ransomed by traders in ( After having delivered his dispatches, Winnemeg privately informed Mr. Kinzie that he knew their contents, and strongly advised that the post should not be vacated. If it was to be done, how The Revenue of Illinois in 1811-14-Admission into the Union-Julien Dubuque-Treaty of 1804. the Indian country. Notwithstanding these stipulations, the wounded were horribly mutilated and inhumanly killed, and the children, twelve of whom were placed together in a baggage wagon, were butchered by the merciless savages. The next morning the fort was burned by the Indians. The prisoners were afterwards liberated. In the Territorial Legislature of 1814, the Committee on Kevenue reported that from January 1st, 1811, to November 8th, 1814, the revenue from taxes received was $4,875.45; of which there had been paid into the Treasury $2,516.89, and remained in the hands of delinquent Sheriffs, $2,378.47. As a matter for comparison, we may state here that the total amount collected for the various revenue purposes, in the State of Illinois, for the year 1858, was $4,867,792.90! On the 18th of April, 1818, the people of Illinois were authorized by Congress to form a State Constitution, and 42 deg. and 30 min. north latitude was fixed upon as the Northern boundary. For this purpose a convention assembled in July following, at Kaskaskia, where fifteen counties were represented, viz: Johnson, Edwards, St. Clair, Randolph, Madison, Gallatin, White, Monroe, Pope, Jackson, Crawford, Bond, Union, Washington and Franklin. CHAPTER VI. At a council with the Indians in 1786, Julien Dubuque procured a grant of 140,000 acres of land, including the present city of Dubuque, near which lie the remains of this hardy pioneer. In the possession of this grant, which, however, was to revert to the Indians at his death, he married an Indian woman, adapted himself to their style of life, and amassed immense wealth by mining and trading with them. Dubuque's first visit to the Upper Mississippi country was made as early as 1786. He died in 1810, and was buried about a mile below the present city of Dubuque, where his grave may still be seen. In 1804, General Harrison purchased from the Sac and Fox Indian tribes, treating with Quash-que-ma, or Pumpkin Chief, a tract of land fifteen miles square, on the east side of the Mississippi, where the city of Galena is now situated. For this the Indians did not receive all their pay until 1829, and in this negligence may lie one of the causes which led to the War of 1812. As this action of Quashque-ma was done without consulting Black Hawk, the great chief felt himself insulted; for he, as he had been aid-decamp to the brave Tecumseh, was certainly a man of dignity, and was not thus to be passed over as a cypher in the prominent transactions of his nation. Dissensions therefore arose, and a temporary division was made. Keokuk, a cotemporary of Black Hawk, became chief of the southern portion of the nation, Black Hawk retaining supervision of the northern. They made yearly visits to the diggings, and thus having a good opportunity, they could watch the movements of the whites with all the carefulness that jealousy might dictate. Trading Post on Fever River-Discovery of Galena Lead Mines-Early Pioneers in the Mining Region. About the month of April, 1819, Jesse W. Shull established a trading post on an island a few miles above the mouth of the Mecapiasipo, the Indian name for Fever River. He was soon after informed that the Indians had discovered a lead near where Galena now stands, and as this promised to be something of importance-which proved true, as it turned out to be the noted "buck lead"—at the request of the Indians he moved down to the point. Here he was joined in the following summer, by Mr. A. P. Van Metre, and a little later by Dr. Samuel Mure, who has the honor of giving Galena its Previous, however, to either of these, a gentleman named Boutillier built and occupied a shanty on the east side of Fever River during the summer of 1819, and to him must be given the honor of being the first white inhabitant of Galena. In regard to the first settlements of the city and its vicinity, we quote from the matter-of-fact Red Clay correspondent of the Galena Sentinel, to whom we are indebted for much valuable information: "In the fall of the year 1819, our old friend Captain D. G. B. started frem St. Louis, with a French crew, for Fever River, Upper Mississippi Lead Mines. His vessel was a keei boat, the only way of conveyance, then, for heavy burthens on the Upper Mississippi, and boatmen in those days were some of them *Doubtless from the Greek, Galanas, a name applied to a "particular species of lead-ore." Whether the mineral in the vicinity of Galena is the same as the "particular specie" to which the ancients applied this name, we are unable to say. half horse, half alligator;' but the merry French, after arriving off Pilot Knob, comAfmenced their march for Fever River. ter a search of three days, they found the mouth; and on the 17th of November, after pushing through the high grass and rice lakes, they arrived safe at where Galena now stands, where they were greeted by some of the natives, from the tall grass, as well as by our old acquaintances, J. B. Shull and A, P. Van Metre, who had taken to themselves wives of the daughters of the land, and were traders for their brethren. They were received in the true spirit of the age. As the French have more tact with the Indian character than others, they caused feasting rather than envy. Dr. Mure, likewise, was just establishing a trading house; he had been induced, while in the army, to take a wife of the aborigines; associated with an Indian trader at Rock Island, Davenport, they made up the principal head men and chiefs now in the diggins with uncle Day's crew. Captain B., after disposing of or leaving his cargo in exchange for lead, furs, &c., returned to St. Louis for another cargo. The next year he had awakened a spirit of enterprise. Col. J. Johnson, with no small pomp, for those days, had procured permission, either directly from the President or Secretary of War-as the war department sometimes assumes the prerogative here-(Mr. Calhoun, I think,) Col. J. claimed almost the exclusive privilege of mining. The Col. started with two large barges and some seventy men. Our friend Meeker had proeured permission from headquarters to mine and smelt about this time. He was accompanied by Mr. Harris and family. B. Hunt, J. S. Miller and family, J. Smith, now at Dubuque. By this time our Capt B. has made a second trip, concludes to settle, turn into mining, merchandising and smelting. He formed an addition-Toulison, a Frenchman, A. Farran, and perhaps Harvey. They were closely allied to the Indians, and looked quite savage atJohnson's crew, Lieutenant Burdwins, having the appointment |