The American Constitution: Cases and Materials

action activities Amendment appellate applied authority basis burden cause charged citizens City claim clause clear commerce clause concerned conclude Congress considered constitutional conviction counsel course criminal danger decided decision defendant denied determine direct dissenting due process effect enforcement equal established evidence exercise existence express fact federal Fourteenth Amendment freedom give granted ground held hold immunity important imposed interstate commerce involved issue judge judgment judicial jurisdiction jury Justice L.Ed labor legislative legislature liberty limited majority matter means measure ment merce nature Notes officers operation opinion Party person petitioner police political practice present principle privilege problem production prohibition protection provisions question reason regulation relation result rule S.Ct secure speech standards statute supra Supreme Court sustained taxation tion trial United valid violation York