University of Delaware.-The head of the department of education in the university is the director of the summer school. For the most part, the courses given in the summer session are the same as those given in the regular sessions. The instructional staff in the summer session is made up very largely of members of the regular university staff.

Georgia State College of Agriculture.-A 6-week and a 9-week session both begin on June 24.

University of Hawaii.—A 6-week session under the control of a director who is responsible directly to the president.

University of Idaho.—The summer school is directed by the school of educa

tion.

Purdue University.-The head of the department of education is director of the summer session, and has the same authority over the session that a school head has over his school, except that he is responsible directly to the president and not to a dean.

Massachusetts Agricultural College.-The summer school along with the winter school and the Stockbridge School of Agriculture (2-year course) are conducted by the director of short courses, through the short-course officer. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.-Salaries and fees are set by a committee. Other administration details conducted same as regular session. Michigan State College.-Michigan State College offers nine weeks of work in modern languages for a year's credit of four hours. This course meets three hours five days a week from June 25 to August 23. A student may take first or second year French, German, or Spanish.

University of Nebraska.-Under the direction of the summer-school director subject to approval of chancellor and board of regents.

University of Nevada.-The summer session is managed by the dean of the school of education under the general supervision of the president. The registrar is the registrar of the regular session. All classes except laboratory classes are held in the education building.

University of New Hampshire.-Members of staff who are on 12 months' contract assist in summer school if needed.

Cornell University.-Besides the summer session proper (offering courses largely in arts and sciences, a few in engineering) there is, at Cornell, a New York State summer session (offering courses in agriculture and home economics) operating on a separate budget and a summer school of biology, having also a separate budget. These three schools work together and are described in the one pamphlet. Quite distinct is the summer session of the law school, June 25 to September 7.

North Carolina State College. The faculty council which is the executive body of the college has the same relation to the summer school. The director administers the school under the general direction of the council.

North Dakota Agricultural College.-Summer school committee, provides a degree of separate administration, in connection with special expenditures for instructors and incidentals.

Ohio State University.—The general direction is under the director of the summer school (also dean of school of education) who works with the president in organizing the summer school. The program within each school is under the direction of the dean of that school.

Pennsylvania State College.-Each school functions independently in the registration of its own regular students. Summer registrants who are not

regular classified students are almost entirely teachers and are registered for the summer by and in the school of education. The dean of the school of education is director of the summer session but is chiefly a coordinating officer.

University of Tennessee.-Director consults with heads of departments as to faculty members and courses. Budget made by director and approved by president.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.-The executive committee of the college is also the executive committee of the summer session.

Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. The summer session is in charge of a chairman and committee from the faculty appointed by the presi Ident of the institution.

State College of Washington.-Regular organization functions in the planning of summer session. It is supervised by the dean of the school of education who is director of the summer session.

University of Wisconsin.-Departmental organization and control are the same, except that budget, staff, and program are approved by the director of the summer session instead of by the college deans.

Sixteen institutions report 6 weeks' summer session with 28 to 30 days given to instruction, excluding 6 to 13 holidays and Sundays. Two report 8-weeks' summer sessions with 44 days of instruction and 8.5 Sundays and holidays. Five report 9-weeks' sessions with 43 days of instruction and 14 Sundays and holidays. The University of Wisconsin reports 10-weeks' session with 50 days of instruction. Sixteen report double sessions; averages for the first session indicate that 30.8 days are given to instruction with 6.5 Sundays and holidays, and for the second session 32.5 days for instruction and 6.6 Sundays and holidays. From 6 to 9 and from 10 to 20 term-hour credits are possible to be earned during this period by students who register. The minimum number of semester or term hour credits for which a student may register is generally two or three.

Table 2.—Average number of days devoted to instruction and to holidays and number of credits that may be earned during the summer session.

Direction of Summer Sessions

The president of the institution has the general direction of the administration of summer schools in 25 institutions, but not in 6 others. In 13 the general direction is delegated to a special committee. In the University of Georgia this committee is composed of the chancellor, president of the State College of Agriculture, dean of the university, president of State Teachers College, and director. In the University of Illinois the executive committee of the session is appointed by the president. Theoretically its members have general direction but practically they limit their duties to the division of the appropriations among the departments. In Iowa State College this committee serves in an advisory capacity. In Massachusetts Agricultural College the general committee passes on courses of study to be offered. In Massachusetts Institute of Technology the committee sets salaries and fees and appoints staff members. Such a committee in the University of Minnesota holds advisory powers. In the University of Nevada all arrangements are made by the dean of the school of education; when he wishes to do so he is actually director during the session, otherwise he nominates another for this responsibility. The administrative board at Cornell University is appointed by the trustees, chairman, secretary, three deans, and director of New York State summer session. General control, except discipline, is handled by a regular committee on student affairs. In North Dakota Agricultural College a typical committee of college council is charged with the duty of promoting the summer session. In the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas final approval of finances such as pay roll, budget, etc., is left to the president; the executive committee passes on the list of courses, teaching staff, and prepares budget and pay roll to be approved by the president. In Utah and Vermont the committee serves in an advisory capacity. The committee in Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College has general supervision of the educational program and administration of the budget, and in West Virginia University the committee approves dates and courses offered.

In 10 institutions the summer session is administered under the immediate direction of the dean or head of teacher training. The list includes the University of Arkansas, University of Delaware, University of Florida, University of Idaho, Louisiana State University, University of Nevada, Rutgers University, University of North Carolina, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, and South Dakota State College.

The head of the summer session is selected generally by the president of the institution. Sometimes the president recommends and

the board of control elects, and sometimes the dean of the college of education is automatically appointed as director; rarely the board itself selects.

Among other duties of the head of the summer school, the following are significant:

Prepares budget for submission to president__
Responsible for summer-school program....

Fixes salaries for summer school teaching staff.
Appoints clerical help for summer session____

Number of institutions

34

29

25

Joint responsibility with heads of other colleges or units for summerschool program_

Prepares budget for submission to trustees

สสสส

16

9

Program

Between June 10 and 18, 21 summer sessions open in the landgrant institutions, 8 open before and 10 after these dates. Of the 16 which have 2 summer sessions, 12 second sessions begin between the middle and the end of July, 3 before and 1 on August 4. Classes generally begin the day following registration, but in a few cases two days later when registration day falls on Saturday. The single sessions vary from 6 to 8 weeks in length, while the double sessions are from 9 to 12 weeks in length and 15 in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The detail of summer-session programs will be discussed later but mention should be made here of the principal factors which restrict development and those which determine expansion of summer educational programs. To show these trends it is necessary to give the views of each institution reporting.

Principal Factors Restricting Development of Summer Schools

Alabama Polytechnic Institute.-Limited finances; summer session has to be practically self-supporting.

University of Arkansas.—Summer session must be largely supported by student fees.

Colorado Agricultural College.-Limited number of teachers in vocational education to which an appeal can be made. So few cultural courses are offered by the institution. Teachers of general education do not wish to go to an agricultural college for teacher training. Several largely attended schools offering general education in immediate vicinity.

University of Delaware.-Lack of financial support.

University of Florida.-Increased attendance; 922 students in 1926 which grew to 1,269 in 1927 and to 1,686 in 1928, but board of control refused increase of money. Increases largely cared for by larger classes.

Georgia State College of Agriculture.-Lack of funds.

University of Hawaii.-Lack of money. All expenses paid out of student fees. Offerings limited to expected income.

University of Idaho.-Finances.

University of Illinois.-Larger appropriations would make possible the employment of more major professors, which would of course influence enrollment. Purdue University.--Budget limitations.

Iowa State College.-Very little restriction.

Kansas State Agricultural College.-Finances.

University of Kentucky.-Funds with which to develop.

Louisiana State University.-Need of additional funds for expansion. Massachusetts Agricultural College.-Small enrollment and impression that an agricultural college program must contain only strictly agricultural subjects. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.—None.

Michigan State College.—Lack of permanent policy and especially a permanent director. The appointments in the past four years have been for one year only. No director can plan; he simply drifts along on the impetus of preceding years.

University of Nebraska.-Lack of funds.

University of Nevada.-Lack of funds and lack of any great demand. University of New Hampshire.-Competition of other schools; conservatism of administration.

Rutgers University.-Space; equipment and funds.

Cornell University.-Principally the necessity of making the summer session meet its expenses without drawing on general university funds. This policy, however, may be modified in the future. In the meantime additions to the work now offered are likely to be made slowly and tentatively. Even now the work of the summer session and the enrollment in courses, though somewhat fluctuating from year to year, are by no means discouraging.

North Carolina State College.-Lack of knowledge of what the summer session offers.

North Dakota Agricultural College.-Seasonal employment of college students and the number of summer schools open in the territory.

Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College.-Lack of a separate budget for summer session. Lack of interest on part of faculty members due to lack of separate budget. Oklahoma climate in July and August.

Oregon Agricultural College.—General restriction of field allowed institution as a whole.

Pennsylvania State College.-Lack of funds.

Clemson Agricultural College.-Lack of dormitories for women. Too small an enrollment to justify overhead.

South Dakota State College.-Division of labor for State educational institutions by board of regents-Rules 1923-" The primary purposes of each of the State's institutions in the teacher-training field shall be as follows and shall be so advertised: State College-The department of education of State College shall concern itself chiefly with the preparation of Smith-Hughes vocational teachers of agriculture, home economics, and the industries."

University of Tennessee.-Lack of funds to include other departments and

courses.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.-A limited budget which prevents our offering more courses.

Agricultural College of Utah.—Lack of funds.

University of Vermont.-Financial limitations; limited facilities.

Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.-Limitation of funds.

State College of Washington.—Restricted finances; location in small town and sparsely settled region.

West Virginia University.—None.