several times. How to group students, how to keep students interested, are parts of the same problem. On the whole, however, the tone of all the reports on intramural programs was most hopeful.

The program of physical education for women has always developed separately from that for men. The coeducational institutions consciously or unconsciously modeled their programs for their women students on those of the segregated women's colleges, which were pioneers in instituting courses in physical education. In all of the land-grant institutions having any considerable number of women students, the physical education department is separate from that for men. In only three, do men handle any part of the work with the women students, and in two of these it is only a nominal supervision. In 12 of the land-grant institutions, however, physical education for women is treated as a part of the entire division of physical education and is not a separate department.

The training of the staff in physical education for women is rather better than that of the staff for men. Only 14 of the landgrant institutions report no one in their departments of physical education for women holding a degree above the bachelor's while 24 showed this situation in the department for men. The heads of the departments for women, however, do not show so marked a difference. Two have no degrees; 20 have the bachelor's degree; 12 the master's; 1 the Ph. D.; and 1 the M. D. Faculty rank is accorded to 12 heads of the department as professors. Two are given the indeterminate title of director, while 7 although they are heads of the department, are given only the rank of instructor.

The required physical examination of all entering women students in 27 of the land-grant institutions that reported, is made in the physical education department for women; in 11 it is made by the health service. Even the 27 which report that they make the examination and keep the records, indicated cooperation with the health service or the college physician on the medical part of the examination. In only one institution was the medical part of the examination made by the family physician of the student before she arrived at the college, and the findings of that examination were accepted by the institution and filed as a part of the student's health record. It would seem highly desirable to center this physical examination in the health service with the cooperation of the department of physical education, in view of the small staffs that were reported in the department of physical education for women. There were only 7 women holding M. D. degrees on this staff in all of the reporting institutions, and of these 2 each were in two institutions, only 3 being distributed among all the rest. Aside from the question of the fitness of the staff to give this examination there

is a consideration already mentioned in discussing the health serv ice the desirability of cutting the amount of red tape which the student must inevitably go through in the process of registration, by having the entire examination in one place, and that place the one where the student can be assigned at once to the specialists and those giving the further examinations which are necessary in many individual cases. From every standpoint, therefore, it would seem to be desirable practice to shift all physical examinations of entering students to the health service as rapidly as possible. This implies, of course, increasing the adequacy of that service in the institutions where it is not yet up to standard.

Aside from the cooperation with the health service there was little interrelation between the physical education department for women and any of the other departments on the campuses of the institutions. Only five indicated any close connection between the physical education department and that of home economics. Such cooperation consisted largely in the giving of a course in nutrition or some lectures in nutrition in the course of hygiene. One institution mentioned that students showing marked nutrition defects were referred to a consultant in the dietetics department. One institution mentioned frequent conferences between the dean of the division of home economics and the head of the department of physical education; another reported that the department of physical education is under the supervision of the dean of home economics. The hygiene courses were offered as a part of the work of the physical education department for women in 26 of the institutions reporting, while they were given elsewhere in 14.

All women students are required to take definitely assigned work in the physical education department in 36 of the institutions. Only three institutions reported negatively on this point. In five of the land-grant institutions which replied to this portion of the survey, there were either no women students or so few as to be negligible. The same situation exists here as in the departments of physical education for men; all of those institutions which require it prescribe it for two years; four go so far as to require it through all four years of college. Nineteen of the institutions replying required their women students to take physical education for three hours per week; 18 for two hours per week; and only 2 required it for but 1 hour a week. Only four gave no actual credit for the work even though it was required. Just as with the men's department, in most of the cases where credit was given toward graduation, the number of hours allowed for credit in physical education was added to the total number of hours in academic work required. Just as in the men's department too, were offerings of sports and games which could be substituted for the formal gymnasium requirement. Many of these were listed in the various institutions, with basketball, tennis, field hockey, swimming, and various types of dancing decidedly in the lead. The preponderance of those sports which are recognized as recreation in adult life was striking.

While the departments of physical education for both men and women offer their students the opportunity of majoring in this sub;

ject in courses that lead to a definite degree, this work is almost universally included in the school or department of education. It does not seem fitting, therefore, to discuss it in any detail here. It is interesting to note briefly, however, that while the aim of these major courses for both men and women might be considered the same, that of preparing teachers of physical education for the secondary schools, the emphasis in the two cases is altogether different. The courses for men emphasize coaching primarily and go into considerable detail in their offerings of coaching practice for all the sports. Their emphasis on teaching physical education itself is decidedly secondary, while a few pay passing attention to preparing men for such community recreational work as scouting and community playground leadership. In the women's departments, on the other hand, the emphasis is strongly marked in the other direction. The courses are apparently primarily designed to produce teachers of physical education and health and only secondarily to give training as camp leaders and recreational directors of playgrounds.

The provision for intramural sports for women is very different from similar provision for similar sports for men students. There are no intercollegiate athletics for women in the sense that there are intercollegiate contests for men. Only seven of all the reporting institutions mentioned any sort of intercollegiate competition among the women students, although four others reported telegraphic track and rifle meets conducted on the individual campuses simultaneously. While this form of competition preserves some of the values of increased rivalry, team play, and competition in the name. of the school, it does away with many of the undesirable accompaniments that have grown up around intercollegiate athletics. Seven institutions reported actual intercollegiate competition between teams of women students. The sports included were basketball, tennis, and track. The competing teams were always close neighbors, so that the trips were neither long nor costly, and in no case was there any particular outside interest in attendance at the games. The institutions which permit intercollegiate contests for the women students were asked what advantages they saw in them. Two reported that the advantages were "doubtful" or "few." but the remainder asserted "all that any sport has, plus those of education and travel," "the broadening of the women's circle of friends," "college spirit and incentive to train and take regular exercise." Travel is an educator," said another, and still another replied that "being hosts and guests was a form of education." Three felt that intercollegiate contests stimulated interest in the sport and were valuable in developing social relations.

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When the women went on intercollegiate trips the head of the department was responsible for their welfare in four cases, the dean of women in one, and the medical officer of the institution in another. The small number of institutions which sanctioned intercollegiate contests for women and the tone of their replies is a significant indication of the attitude of those responsible for the physical education of women students in our colleges.

Although this discussion of intercollegiate sports for women does not perhaps belong in a discussion of the intramural situation, it seemed wisest to dispose of it before taking up the more comprehensive program of sports for women in the land-grant institutions. Forty provide a definite intramural sports program for their women students and in all but two this work is supervised by members of the physical education staff for women. In all but three there are also student managers of the various sports cooperating with the faculty members in charge of the entire program. In 29 of the institutions reporting there is some sort of athletic association for the women students. The usual name of this organization is the Women's Athletic Association. Its basis of membership varies. In a few institutions every woman student enrolling is automatically a member of the association. In most institutions, however, the membership of the Women's Athletic Association is based on some attainment of proficiency or faithfulness of participation in some of the activities of the organization and is on a voluntary basis. The Women's Athletic Association is managed by a board of students elected by its own membership who cooperate closely with a group of faculty advisers. There is usually one student head for each of the major sports. She is in charge of the program for that sport, making up teams, scheduling events, and in general arousing the interest of the students in her particular activity.

Twenty-nine of the institutions reported some sort of point system for recognizing athletic achievements of the women students. Only one reported that it had had such a system and discarded it because it aroused an undesirable spirit. In most schools the point system was used as the basis for the awards of numerals, insignia, letters, and the higher awards such as the Women's Athletic Association seal, the most coveted distinction in athletics open to women students.

The Women's Athletic Association usually finances itself by some sort of selling campaign-sometimes its members are given the concessions at the stadium during the football games, sometimes they sell tickets not only for their own events but for other games in the athletic department.

Other ways mentioned were by holding dances; by selling apples; by giving circuses and penny carnivals; by selling balloons at the time of the homecoming games (it is a custom in some institutions for the spectators to release balloons at the first kickoff); by maintaining a small supply store in the gymnasium department where the girls can purchase pins, hairnets, hosiery, etc.; by maintaining a weighing machine from which they get a percentage of the profits; and others too numerous to mention.

The money is used to buy the very inexpensive medals, cups, letters, and insignia that are awarded to winners, to promote the sports, and to send one or two delegates to the annual meeting of student heads of the Women's Athletic Association. In one school the money thus raised also supports a scholarship for a student who is majoring in physical education.

The physical education department for women is usually responsible, wholly or in part, for such pageants and festivals as the institution may give. Eight reported some form of May fête in which interpretative dancing and folk dancing played large parts; three reported water festivals or carnivals; several reported an outdoor performance sponsored jointly by the dramatic and physical education departments. Nowhere was there any report of a collaboration between the English department and the department of physical education in the presentation of these festivals, although one institution described a pantomime, A Roman Wedding, given in cooperation with the Latin department. Nine institutions give no public exhibition in any way approaching the formality of those mentioned.

In looking at the field of physical education for women the ideal voiced by the Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation, "A team for every girl and every girl on some team,' seems far nearer realization for the women than for the men. In this field where women were the pioneers they have not lost their leadership but are developing their fundamental theme soundly and successfully.

Hygiene

The course in hygiene is the answer of the college to the insistent demand that students should know more about wise living and the care of their bodies. Theoretically it should be the most useful course in the whole curriculum, and yet 27 of 44 land-grant institutions that reported do not make such a course a universal requirement. In two institutions it is required for the women but not for

the men. It is absurd to assume that men have no need for the same type of information. The reports from the student health services would indicate that fully as many men students as women students are subject to disorders incurred either through the lack of this knowledge or its application in their own individual cases. No department could be more fruitful for good in its lasting results on the individual students than one in which hygiene, the health service, and physical education all work together to train the individual student in his own proper care. A course in hygiene is offered in 28 of the institutions reporting, but no report showed what proportion of the student body elected it. Its usual duration is one period a week for one semester. In 14 of the institutions it was given purely as a lecture course, with some demonstrations and charts. In four a textbook was used. It was reported as a laboratory course in only four institutions. It is given as a separate course for men