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of Deeping, Lincolnshire. He was born at Gosberton, Lincolnshire, on 14 Feb. 1843, and entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1853. He subsequently studied German at Bonn, with a view to the Indian civil service. After some practice as an amateur he joined Miss Herbert's company at the St. James's, appearing on 27 Feb. 1866 as Hastings in She Stoops to Conquer.' At the Olympic he played in Six Months Ago,' and was Landry Barbeau in 'The Grasshopper' (La Petite Fadette'). On the opening of the new Queen's theatre, 24 Oct. 1867, he was the first Colney Hatch in 'He's a Lunatic,' by Felix Dale (Mr. Herman Merivale). He played, at the Queen's, Kidgely in 'Dearer than Life,' Monks in 'Oliver Twist,' Medlicott in Time and the Hour,' and Gregory Danville in the Lancashire Lass.' At the Gaiety he was, on 27 March 1869, the Earl of Mount Forrestcourt in Robertson's 'Dreams,' and was also Calthorpe in Mr. Gilbert's An Old Score,' Vaubert in the Life Chase,' Joe Lennard in 'Uncle Dick's Darling,' and Victor Tremaine in 'Awaking.' He was seen at the Vaudeville as Joseph Surface, and Dazzle in 'London Assurance,' and at the Lyceum as Louis XIII in 'Richelieu,' and Juan de Miraflores in Mr. Hamilton Aïdé's 'Philip.' At the Princess's he played the brothers in the Corsican Brothers, and Nigel in the 'King o' Scots.' At the Court he was Jaggers in Great Expectations,' Jormell in Craven's Coals of Fire,' and George de Chavannes in 'Lady Flora.' As Hugh Trevor in All for her,' produced on 18 Oct. 1875 at the Mirror, formerly the Holborn, he obtained his greatest success in serious parts. Osip in Lord Newry's version ofLes Danischeffs' (St. James's, 6 Jan. 1877) was also a success, as was his Henry Beauclerc inDiplomacy' at the Prince of Wales's, where he also played George d'Alroy in 'Caste' (January 1879). He was Robert Dudley to the Mary Stuart of Madame Modjeska, in an adaptation by Lewis Wingfield from Schiller. On 24 Sept. 1881 he opened, as Raoul de Latour in 'Honour,' the Court theatre, in the management of which he was joined by Arthur Cecil [q. v. Suppl.] Changing his line, he appeared in comic plays by Mr. Pinero and other writers. He was, 15 Feb. 1882, Chiff in the Manager' and Bartley Venn in My Little Girl,' and was seen subsequently as Charles Tracy in the 'Parvenu,' Sir George Dexter in Comrades,' Rev. Humphrey Sharland in the 'Rector,' Robert Streightley in the Millionaire,' Lewis Long in Margery's Lovers,' Duc de Chevreuse in 'Devotion,' Sir George Carteret in the Opal Ring,' Colonel Lukyn in the

VOL. II.-SUP.

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Magistrate,' Admiral Ranking in the Schoolmistress,' and the Very Rev. Dean Jedd in 'Dandy Dick.' The piece last named was given on 27 Jan. 1887, and was the last production of the management. While touring with it Clayton died, on 27 Feb. 1888, at Canning Street, Liverpool. remains were interred in Brompton cemetery. Clayton married a daughter of Dion Boucicault [q. v. Suppl.], who survives him. He was a good actor, both in drama and comedy, with a bluff, effective, breezy, and powerful, sometimes too powerful, style.

[Personal knowledge; Era, 3 March; Scott and Howard's Blanchard; Pascoe's Dramatic List; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School; Era Almanack, various years; The Theatre, various years; Athenæum, various years.]

J. K.

CLEMENT OF LLANTHONY (d. 1190?), known also as CLEMENT OF GLOUCESTER, theological writer, was probably a relative and possibly a brother of Miles de Gloucester, earl of Hereford [see GLOUCESTER], who was buried at Llanthony in Gloucestershire. He was educated at Llanthony, where he subsequently became canon, subprior, and prior, and witnessed a charter of David, who was bishop of St. David's from 1147 to 1176. He is said to have been negligent of the affairs of his monastery, and to have died, probably about 1190, of a paralytic stroke. Giraldus Cambrensis (Opera, Rolls Ser. vi. 39) speaks highly of his learning, and Osbert of Clare mentions him as one of the most illustrious men of his age (HARDY, Descr. Cat. ii. 424).

To judge from the number of manuscripts of his works which have survived, Clement was one of the most popular theological writers of the middle ages. His principal work appears to have been his Concordia Quatuor Evangelistarum,' manuscripts of which are extant at University College, Oxford (MS. xix. 36), Trinity College, Oxford (MS. ii. 1), Merton College (MS. ccxl. 1), Jesus College (MS. xlix.), Cambridge University Library (MS. Dd. i. 17), in Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 3 A x., and at Pembroke College, Cambridge. This work is said to have been translated by Wycliffe or one of Wycliffe's followers; and in Royal MS. 17 C. xxxiii. is 'Clement of Lantonie's Harmony of the Gospels in 12 books, Englished by John Wiclif;' there is another copy of the same in Royal MS. 17 D. viii., and another English version which does not claim to be by Wycliffe is in the Bodleian (MS. F. ii.); in Lambeth MS. 594 f. 47 is a tract claiming to be Wycliffe's Preface to his Version of the Evangelical Harmony of

D

was appointed first assistant to the resident at Delhi. On 28 June 1831 he was made political agent at Ambála, and then became in succession British envoy at Lahore, where he played a distinguished part, and on 11 Nov. 1846 governor of Bombay. He resigned the last office early in 1848, and, returning to England, was created K.C.B. on 27 April 1848. He declined the governorship of the Cape of Good Hope, but in 1853 undertook the duties of a commissioner for settling the boundary of the colony and arranging for the establishment of inde

Clemens Lanthoniensis.' Clement's work is said to have been completed by William of Nottingham [q.v.], but William's treatise was apparently a separate work. 'The 'tertia pars seriei collectæ quatuor Evangeliorum' is extant in the Bodleian (MS. E. 7; BERNARD), and extracts 'ex Clemente super Evangelia are extant in Cambr. Univ. Libr. MS. Mm. ii. 18. Distinct from the 'Concordia' was Clement's Commentary on the Four Gospels,' extant at St. Mary's College, Winchester, in the cathedral library at Hereford, at Trinity College, Dublin, and among Bishop's More's manuscripts at Nor-pendence in the Orange Free State, and in wich (BERNARD, ii. 1340, 1610, 8245, 8246, 9260); this consists mainly of extracts from the fathers.

1854 handled over the government of the Orange Free State to a convention of Boers. In 1856 he was nominated permanent underOf Clement's other works his 'Commen- secretary to the India board, on the recontarius in Acta Apostolorum' is extant instruction of the India administration, in Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 3 A. x., his 'Commentarius in VII Epistolas Canonicas' is Lambeth MS. 239; and Bodleian MS. E. 5 contains his Explanatio super alas cherubin et seraphin' and 'Liber Psalmorum cum glossa Clementis Lantoniensis.' Other works not known to be extant are ascribed to him by Bale and Pits.

[Historia Lanthoniensis in Cotton MS. Julius D. x; Bernard's Cat. MSS. Angliæ, i. 2312, 2333, 2553, 3650, 5105, ii. 1340, 1610, 8245, 8246, 9260, iii. 327; Coxe's Cat. MSS. in Coll. Aulisque Oxon.; Cat. MSS. in Univ. Libr. Cambr.; Cat. Royal MSS. Brit. Mus.; Todd's Cat. Lambeth MSS.; Hardy's Descr. Cat. ii. 424; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, ii. 322; Dugdale's Monasticon, ii. 66; Tanner's Bibliotheca; Giraldus Cambrensis (Rolls Ser.). vi. 39; Wright's Biogr. Brit. Lit. ii. 265-8; Chevalier's Repertoire; Arnold's Select English Works of Wyclif, Introd. p. v.] A. F. P.

CLERK, SIR GEORGE RUSSELL (1800-1889), Indian civilian, born at Worting House in Hampshire, was the eldest son of John Clerk of Worting House, by his wife, the daughter and coheiress of Carew Mildmay of Shawford House, Hampshire. He was educated at Haileybury College, and entered the service of the East India Company as a writer on 30 April 1817. On 20 Aug. 1819 he became assistant to the magistrate of the suburbs of Calcutta, and in 1820 assistant in the office of the superintendent of stamps. On 30 June he was transferred to Nuddea as assistant to the magistrate, judge, and registrar, and on 13 Nov. he became first assistant to the secretary to the government in secret and political departments. On 28 Nov. 1821 he was nominated second assistant to the resident in Rájputána. On 13 March 1824 he visited England on leave, returning in 1827, and on 17 Aug.

1857 he became secretary of the India board, and in 1858 permanent under-secretary of state for India to Lord Stanley and Sir Charles Wood (afterwards first Viscount Halifax) [q.v.] On 23 April 1860 he was a second time nominated governor of Bombay, but he resigned in April 1862 in consequence of ill-health. He was succeeded by his warm friend Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere [q. v.], and on 14 Dec. 1863 was appointed a member of the Indian council. On the establishment of the order of the Star of India on 25 June 1861 he was made a knight, and on its extension on 24 May 1866 he was nominated G.C.S.I. He died in London on 25 July 1889 at his residence, 33 Elm Park Gardens. He married Mary (d. 26 Nov. 1878), widow of Colonel Stewart.

[Times, 27 July 1889; Men of the Time, 1887; Dodwell and Miles's Bengal Civil Servants, 1839; Statesman and Friend of India, 4 Feb. 1888; Roberts's Forty-one Years in India, 1897, i. 440; Martineau's Life of Frere, 1895; Noble's South Africa, 1877, pp. 156–62.] E. I. C.

CLOSE, JOHN (1816-1891), 'Poet Close,' born at Gunnerside, Swaledale, on the estate of Lord Wensleydale, in 1816, was the son of Jarvis Close, a butcher, who was well known all over the countryside as a Wesleyan local preacher. Soon after 1830, while still a butcher's lad, Close began issuing little paper tracts of verse of the cheap-jack order-Sam Dowell,' 'The Little Town Poet,' 'Dr. Caxton and Dr. Silverpen,' 'The Old Farm House,' 'The Satirist,' 'Book of the Chronicles,' 'A Month in London,' 'Adventures of an Author,' and many fly-sheets. In 1846 he established himself as a printer in Kirkby Stephen. He had not a spark of literary talent of any kind, but his assiduity in be

rhyming his friends and neighbours, and Liverpool on 20 Jan. 1820. Arthur Hugh more especially the gentlefolk of the dis- Clough [q. v.], the poet, was her brother. trict, won him patrons who in April 1860 In 1822 James Clough took his family to obtained for him a civil list pension of 50%. Charleston, South Carolina, where they on the recommendation of Lord Palmerston. remained for fourteen years. Anne, who The bestowal of such recognition on so in- during that period was solely educated by competent a writer excited widespread her mother, spent the summers of 1828 and amazement. In the House of Commons on 1831 in England. She has well described 2 May 1861 William Stirling asked the first her childish experiences at Charleston in lord of the treasury if a pension of 50%. had the 'Poems and Prose Remains' of her been recently granted to J. Close of Kirkby brother, Arthur Hugh Clough (cf. pp. 3-9). Stephen, who styled himself' Poet Laureate She returned to Liverpool in 1836, and reto his Majesty the King of Grand Bonny' sided there for the next sixteen years. Her (Hansard, 3rd ser. clxiv. 1375). Palmer- intention was to become a writer, but she ston replied that he had conferred the pension occupied herself mainly in teaching, taking upon the recommendation of Lord Carlisle, classes at the Welsh national school founded Lord Lonsdale, and other gentlemen. Lons- by her father, at a Sunday school, and holding dale remained faithful to his 'lake-poet,' but school on her own account at home for older most of Close's other noble patrons, after girls. When her father failed in 1841 Anne, the fusillade of banter and quotation in the in order to help pay off some of the debts, London press, seem to have grown ashamed started a regular school, which she conof the countenance they had given to such tinued until 1846. Her father died on 19 Oct. a doggerel bard, and Close had to exchange 1844. She found time for private study, his pension (the warrant for which was although in addition to the school duties cancelled in May 1861) for a grievance, of she had to help her mother in domestic which he made the best possible use. He work. Her brother had a high opinion of received a grant of 1001. from the Royal her capacity, and desired a wider sphere of Bounty in June 1861, as a measure of comaction for her. His letters to her show pensation, but he continued for thirty years deep interest in her work and aims (cf. longer to issue little pamphlets of metrical CLOUGH, Poems and Prose Remains). In balderdash, interspersed with documents re- 1849 she spent three months in London, lating to his wrongs, from the Poet's Hall,' and attended the Borough Road, and then Kirkby Stephen, and a little stall near the the Home and Colonial School, to acquire landing stage, Bowness; by these means he something of the technical training necesextorted shillings from thousands of sum- sary to teachers. In 1852 she removed to mer visitors to Windermere, and stamps Ambleside, where she spent ten years. At from numerous sympathisers all over the first she collected round her a few pupils country. He may be termed a survival of drawn from residents in the neighbourhood, the old packman-poet in the last stages of among them being Miss Mary Arnold, now his degradation. He died at Kirkby Ste- Mrs. Humphry Ward, but she soon deterphen on 15 Feb. 1891, and was buried on mined to establish a regular school for the 18 Feb. in the cemetery there; he left a children of the farmers and tradespeople. widow, a married daughter, and two sons. She related her experiences in an article The amusing reference to Poet Close' in entitled Girls' Schools' in 'Macmillan's Ferdinando and Elvira; or, the Gentle Magazine' (October 1866). Pieman,' is familiar to readers of Mr. W. S. Gilbert's 'Bab Ballads.'

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After the death of her mother in 1860, Miss Clough ardently desired to enlarge the scope of her life. The death of her brother Arthur at Florence in 1861 somewhat modified her plans, and in 1862 she gave up her school at Ambleside to Mrs. Fleming (the school still exists), and went to live with her brother's widow in order to help in the bringing up of her nephews and nieces. Her thoughts now turned to reforms in the edu

cation of women of the middle class, and she became acquainted with others, such as Miss Emily Davies, Madame Barbara Leigh Bodichon [q. v. Suppl.], and Miss Buss, who were working in the same direction. She was instrumental in founding the North of Eng

land council for promoting the higher education of women, and was its secretary from 1867, the year of its establishment, until 1870, and its president from 1873 to 1874, in which year it was dissolved. It led to the organisation of local lectures by the universities. The higher local examinations for women had been started in 1869, and in 1870 Henry Sidgwick [q. v. Suppl.] suggested that lectures should be given in Cambridge to assist the candidates. The plan was most successful, women coming long distances to attend the lectures. It was therefore determined to open a house of residence in Cambridge to accommodate the students, and Miss Clough was asked to be its head. She began work at a house in Regent Street, Cambridge, in October 1871 with five students, and out of that beginning was evolved Newnham College. In 1872 Miss Clough removed to the more convenient premises known as Merton Hall, but the number of students so increased that in 1874 a new house again became imperative. It was decided to build one; a sum of 10,000l. was subscribed by friends of women's education. Newnham Hall, the old hall of the present Newnham College, was opened in 1875. More room was, however, soon needed, and Newnham College was established on its present basis, under the principalship of Miss Clough, in 1880. As the college developed Miss Clough acquired the position of a recognised leader in the education of women, and many things now regarded as a matter of course are due to her initiative. In 1888 her strength began to show signs of failure; she died at Cambridge on 27 Feb. 1892, and was buried in Grantchester churchyard on 6 March.

COCHRAN-PATRICK,

ROBERT WILLIAM (1842-1897), under-secretary of state for Scotland, only son of William Charles Richard Patrick (afterwards Cochran-Patrick) of Waterside, Ayrshire, and Agnes, eldest daughter of William Cochran of Ladyland and Belltrees, was born at Ladyland, Ayrshire, on 5 Feb. 1842. Having received his early education from private tutors, he matriculated at Edinburgh University in 1857, where he secured prizes in classics, logic, and moral philosophy, graduating B.A. in 1861, and passing first in metaphysics and logic. In 1861 he entered at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he had as friends among the residents Henry Fawcett [q. v.], Mr. Leslie Stephen, and Lordjustice Romer. He became captain of one of the boats of the Hall, and carried off the university challenge cup for walking and other athletic prizes. As a volunteer he shot in a winning four with Edward Ross, the first queen's prizeman, and was a member of the amateur dramatic club, then under the management of Mr. F. C. Burnand. In 1864 he graduated LL.B. Leaving Cambridge, he returned to Edinburgh for a year, with a view to qualifying for the Scottish bar, an idea soon abandoned.

In 1866 he married and settled at Woodside in Ayrshire, a property left him by his grand-uncle. With a strong bent for sport and natural history, Cochran-Patrick was in his element as a country gentleman, also throwing himself with vigour into local and county business. He became a captain in the militia, chairman of the parish school and parochial boards, served as convener of the finance committee of the county, and occupied other public posts. Taking up the study of arHer strong personality, high aims, and chæology, he became a fellow of the Society lofty principles enabled her to overcome of Antiquaries of Scotland, and contributed defects in her that might have jeopardised a large series of most valuable papers to the the success of her work. She was no orga- 'Proceedings' of the society. In 1871 he niser; her want of method, a very serious was elected a fellow of the Society of Antidrawback, of which she was well aware, is quaries of London, and in 1874 he was sent to be attributed to lack of early training. to Stockholm to represent Great Britain at She endeared herself to the students, and the international congress of archæology. had an excellent influence on young women. In 1874 he was one of the founders of the The portrait which hangs in the library Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Archæological of the college was subscribed for by the Association. To the collections of this sostudents, and painted by Sir W. B. Rich-ciety he contributed numerous able articles. mond in 1882. Another portrait which hangs in the college hall was subscribed for by friends and students, and painted by Mr. J. J. Shannon in 1890.

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But it is as a numismatist that Cochran-
Patrick is best known, and his collection of
Scottish coins was wellnigh unrivalled. On
this subject in 1876 he published his first
book, entitled 'Records of the Coinage of

Scotland from the earliest Period to the
Union,' 2 vols. This he followed up in 1878
with 'Early Records relating to Mining in
Scotland,' in which he gave an account of

Cochran-Patrick

the discovery of gold in Scotland, and descriptions of the lead and silver mines.

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COCHRANE-BAILLIE,

ALEXANDER DUNDAS ROSS WISHART, first In 1880 Cochran-Patrick contested North BARON LAMINGTON (1816-1890), politician Ayrshire in the conservative interest, and and author, was eldest son of Admiral of the defeated Mr. J. B. Balfour (now lord-presi- Fleet Sir Thomas John Cochrane [q. v.] and dent of the court of session) by fifty-five Matilda, daughter of Lieutenant-general Sir votes. He was a frequent speaker in parlia- Charles Ross, seventh baronet of Balnament, especially on education matters. In gowan, by his first wife (daughter and 1884 he published his third work, Cata- heiress of General Count James Lockhart logue of the Medals of Scotland,' containing of Carnwath). Lady Cochrane, Cochranea learned account of Scottish medals, of Baillie's mother, was heiress of the lands of which he preserved the best collection ex- Old Liston in the county of Edinburgh. Her tant. In 1885 he was defeated for North father's mother, Elizabeth, daughter of RoAyrshire by the Hon. H. F. Elliot. In 1886 bert Dundas (1713-1787) [q.v.] of Arniston, he became assessor to St. Andrews Uni- by Henrietta Baillie, daughter and heiress versity, and in 1887 a commissioner to inquire of Sir James Carmichael of Bonnington, into the working of the Scotch Education inherited, in addition to the lands of BonAct. Shortly afterwards he joined the fishery nington in Lanarkshire, the estate of Lamingboard of Scotland, and was granted the ton in the same county as heiress of her degree of LL.D. from Glasgow University | grandmother, Margaret Baillie of Lamingin consideration of his scholarly attainments. In December 1887 he was appointed permanent under-secretary for Scotland, an office in which he rendered most valuable assistance in the promotion of Scottish business, notably the Local Government (Scotl.) Act, 1889. On 15 June 1892 he resigned his appointment owing to failing health, and retired to his seat at Woodside. In 1894 he acted as a commissioner to inquire into the Tweed and Solway salmon fisheries, visiting the border towns, taking evidence, and inspecting the rivers. In 1896 he became vicechairman of the Scotch Fishery Board. As a freemason he was for many years provincial grand master of Ayrshire. On 15 March 1897, after returning from a meeting of the fishery board in Edinburgh, he died suddenly of heart disease at Woodside. Cochran-Patrick married, 31 Oct. 1866, Eleanora, younger daughter of Robert Hunter of Hunterston, Ayrshire, having by her (who died in 1884) a son, William Arthur, who died in 1891, and a daughter, Eleanor Agnes, who married in 1895 Neil James Kennedy, advocate, who assumed the name of Cochran-Patrick in terms of the entail of the property.

Besides the works named, CochranPatrick was the author of: 1. Unpublished Varieties of Scottish Coins,' 2 parts, 1871-2. 2. Notes on the Annals of the Scotch Coinage,' 8 parts, 1872-4. 3. 'Notes towards a Metallic History of Scotland,' 1878. 4. Mediæval Scotland,' 1892-a reprint of articles published in the Glasgow Herald.'

[The Scottish Review, January 1898; obituary notices in the Scotsman and Glasgow Herald, 16 March 1897; Burke's Landed Gentry.]

G. S-H.

ton, wife of Sir James Carmichael. Lady Cochrane's father (Sir Charles Ross) left no male heir by his first wife; on his death in 1814 he was succeeded in the baronetcy by Charles (then a boy of two), son of his second marriage with Lady Mary Fitzgerald, and thus Lady Cochrane's half-brother. When the boy's grandmother, Lady RossBaillie, died in 1817, the estates of Lamington and Balnagowan were placed under trust till he should attain his majority in 1833, and exercise his choice of succeeding to the possession of the lands of Balnagowan in the county of Ross or Lamington in the county of Lanark. He chose Balnagowan, on which the lands of Lamington devolved on the son of Lady Cochrane, his half-sister, the subject of this memoir.

Born on 27 Nov. 1816, Baillie-Cochrane, as the name was then written, was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A. 1837). He sat as conservative member for Bridport from 1841 to 1852, when he was defeated in a contest for Southampton. He was one of the most active members of the 'Young England' party in the House of Commons, whereof Disraeli was the chief and Lord John Manners (now Duke of Rutland) the vates sacer, and he is said to have been the original of Buckhurst in' Coningsby' (Life of H. C. Childers, i. 158). In 1857 he was returned for Lanarkshire, and from 1859 to 1868 he sat for Honiton. In the autumn of 1868 he was offered the governorship of Cape Colony, but Disraeli's administration fell before the appointment was completed. In 1870 he was returned for the Isle of Wight, which he continued to represent till 1880, when he was raised to the peerage as first baron Lamington. He died at 26 Wilton Crescent, London, on

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