Another policy which Great Britain has pursued is condemned in even stronger terms (p. 391):

We should add, with the strongest reprobation, that by Art. 47 of the Declaration of London, a member of the belligerent armed forces may be forcibly taken from on board a neutral merchant ship. Since the foreign captor cannot be contradicted, this opens up the way to the most violent abuses, and is in conflict with all that has been maintained by America and Great Britain in the controversies regarding impressment and the Trent respectively. There is little doubt, as Dr. T. A. Walker says, that Britain was wrong in 1807 and right in 1862. The inviolability of the neutral flag, except under due sentence of a prize court, cannot be too firmly maintained. It is here set at nought in a quite anachronistic fashion.

It would thus appear that Great Britain has little legal ground to stand on. It is interesting to note that the full development of British maritime policy has not shaken Dr. Baty's convictions, for in this JOURNAL for January, 1916, he criticises this policy with great frankness and severity. The reader lays down the volume with the conviction that laws, national and international, are made for peace and that war is anarchy. Inter arma leges silent.

JOHN H. LATANÉ.

International Cases, Arbitrations and Incidents illustrative of International Law as Practised By Independent States. Volume II. War and Neutrality. By Ellery C. Stowell and Henry F. Munro. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company: pp. xvii, 662. $3.50 net. There is no date on the title page, an omission to be regretted, but the date of the preface is "November 1916."

The work is one of 662 pages and it is the second volume in a series. The preface sets out as follows the advantages thought to appertain to a collection of this sort made while war is in progress.

In time of war acts of governments and those for whom they stand responsible are to be judged upon the facts as they appear at the time, especially when the government concerned makes no effort to furnish the evidence which it has at its disposal or which it might procure. Hence it is that a collection of cases to serve as a basis for the study of the law of war and neutrality ought to be made flagrante bello. With the return of peace any incident of a controversial nature can be subjected to a post mortem examination, studied and dissected, but it can no longer serve as a living example.

With this thought in view we have endeavored to make a full collection of the material relating to the war in course and take advantage of the moment which will not return to make "the volume a wartime publication."

This intention of the learned editors gives character to the whole work. The leading older cases and examples are largely omitted. The current cases and diplomatic declarations and correspondence are extensively transcribed and included. The result is that while the view of the authorities is by no means comprehensive and compendious, yet it is modern and contemporaneous and gives much of high value not yet accessible in the standard works.

Many subjects take on new importance through practices and inventions which are novel, or, if not wholly so, have been greatly amplified in the present war.

To illustrate the predominance of new material, under the title "Occupation," which includes 19 references, 14 have to do with the present war and five with those of the past. Of ten references under the title "The Status and Treatment of Noncombatants, Nonintercourse, Guides, Human Screens, Levees en Masse," all ten pertain to the present war.

Among the many precedents and practices of novel extensions, at least in modern war, which are treated, is the expulsion or internment of alien enemies at the outbreak of the war, a doctrine of vast import to us if we become parties belligerent. Among those incidents or expedients included and illustrated by recent events or themselves important acts in the great struggle, the following are conspicuous: "The Use of Asphyxiating Gases; The Lusitania; Prisoners Used to Screen a Pontoon Bridge; The Execution of Captain Fryatt; Belgian Protest regarding the Removal of Railways; Illegal Requisition of Stud Horses, Mares and Colts; A System of General Terrorization; Poisoning Wells; Wireless Messages; The Deutschland (dealing with the rights of submarines); The Doctrine of Ultimate Consumption, as a new extension of that of continuous voyage; Neutral Mails; The Blacklisting of American Merchants; and many more involving doctrines, perhaps not less important and not less new either in theory or extent and application. No opinion as to the justice and legality or humanity of these doctrines or practices is commonly intimated in this work. The diplomatic statement on one or both sides is quoted, often a transscript of the facts or negotiations is printed from a government publication, the New York Times, the London Times, or other like source. The student's approval or disapproval is left to such uncolored recitation.

In 1893 Dr. Freeman Snow, of Harvard, published his Cases and

Opinions on International Law, and in 1902 Dr. James Brown Scott published his Cases on International Law based on Dr. Snow's work. The purpose of Dr. Scott was to derive and exhibit the principles of international law mainly from judicial decisions. In this he was most successful, and his valuable work is yet the leading case-book on this profound subject.

Messrs. Stowell and Munro by no means place the accent on judicial 'decision. They place it rather on recent practice in the field of war and on diplomatic and official correspondence between belligerent and neutral nations. Their work is of high interest and value, quite indispensable to the rapid investigator in these lines at the present time. It has of necessity, however, a temporary character and will require extended revision after the close of the great war and the adjustment of pending questions.

Professor Stowell was educated at Harvard and in the Universities of Berlin and Paris and in the diplomatic section Ecole libre des sciences Politiques of Paris. He was a limited participant at the Second Hague Conference and at the Conference of London. His more extended expression of opinion on the topics included would have been gladly received and valued had his plans permitted. However, the compilation offered is welcome, convenient, and, as has been said, almost essential to those who seek to follow and to try to understand the myriad modifications, extensions, and often perversions which the old rules of international law are suffering in the present desperate belligerency of more than half the world.

CHARLES NOBLE GREGORY.

PERIODICAL LITERATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

[For Table of abbreviations see Chronicle of International Events, p. 424.]

Aland, Isles of. Question (La) des Iles d'Aland. Baron L. de Staël-Holstein. Revue politique int. 6:181. Dec.

Albania. Albania and the Balkans. Constantin A. Chekrezi. J. of Race Development, 7:329. Jan.

American Institute of International Law.

Havana meeting of the American Institute of International Law. Final Act. Advocate of Peace, 79:77. March. Appam, The. Case of the "Appam." E. Maxey. Canadian L. Times, 36:961. Dec. Arabia. New Arab kingdom takes its place among near Eastern nations. Charles Chaille-Long. N. Y. Times, March 4, 1917, p. 9.

Arabic, The. Cases of the "Arabic." Edwin Maxey. Canadian L. Times, 36:471. Armed Neutrality. Armed neutrality leagues. R. of R., 55:305. March.

Neutrality, armed neutrality and war. Albert Bushnell Hart. N. Y. Times, March 4, 1917, p. 2.

Law (The) of armed ships. George W. Wickersham. N. Y. Times, March 6-17.

Armed Merchantmen. Status of armed merchantmen. H. J. Conant. Central L.
J., 83:39.

Austria. Austria and Europe. H. Wickham Steed. Edinburgh R., 225:1. Jan.
New (The) reign in Austria-Hungary. Economist, 84:11. Jan.
Belgium. Avenir (L') de la Belgique et de la Suisse. M. W. Martin. Revue politique
int., 6:124. Dec.

Belgium's agony.

Protests from all the neutral governments against

forcible deportations. Current History, 5:674. Jan.

Enslavement of the Belgians. New documents in the case. Current History, 5:881. Feb.

Forcing Belgians to work in Germany. Text of German memorial defending Belgian deportations. Belgian Legation's reply to the German memorandum. Current History, 5:1106. March.

Text of Allies' declaration regarding the present state of Belgium. Current History, 5:886. Feb.

Blockades. Sous le blocus: fraude et contrebande. Leonce Grasilier. La Nouvelle R., 27(1):45. Jan.

Evolution of commercial blockade. Edward S. Roscoe. N. Amer. R., 205:345. March.

China. Germans (The) in China. E. C. Cooper. London Q. R., 1917:19. Jan. Citizenship. Citizenship, expatriation, suffrage. H. E. Ashmun. California L. R., 4:238.

Claims. British authorities and the settlement of French claims made by French subjects in France. Law Times, 140:363.

Commerce. - Conditions (Les) nouvelles du commerce international. L'évolution du commerce international independamment de la guerre. Braid d'Aunet. Le Correspondant, 227:247. Jan.

Consuls. Special powers and privileges of United States consuls in extraterritorial countries. A. H. Putney. Case and Comment, 22:656. Contraband. Essence of contraband. T. Baty.

Univ. of Penn. L. R., 64:335.
Yale L. J., 25:666.

Is cotton contraband? Edwin Maxey. Costa Rica. Derechos (Los) de Costa Rica. La sentencia de la corte de justicia Centroaméricana. El Foro, 12:353.

Danish West Indies. Sale (The) of the Danish West Indies. Economist, 83:1175. Dec. Diplomacy. Diplomacy as a profession. H. D. Jacobs. Case and Comment, 22:651. Diplomatic Agents. Immunities of diplomatic agents. Edwin Maxey. Case and Comment, 22:643.

Eastern Question. Eastern (The) Question. Graham Wallas. New Republic, 9:348. Jan.

European War. American (an) judgment of Germany's cause. Jos. W. Pennypacker. Open Court, 81: 89. Feb.

Diplomacy of the European war of 1914. Andrew H. Allen. Case and Comment, 22:638.

Economic aspects of the war. John B. C. Kershaw. Fortnightly, 101:155. Jan. Economic programmes after the war. Francis W. Hirst. Atlantic, 119: 243. Feb.

Future (The) of Germany. Kuno Francke. Atlantic, 119: 267. Feb. Germany and the Entente Powers. E. J. Dillon. Fortnightly, 101:4. Jan. Germany convicted out of her own mouth. [Documents.] H. W. Wilson. National R., 67:626. Jan.

Germany's effort to avert the war. First full and accurate text of von Bethmann Hollweg's reply to Viscount Grey. Current History, 5:867. Feb. New (The) map of Europe according to the Allies. Independent, 89:131.

Jan.

Prince von Bülow's vindication of England. Sidney Low. Fortnightly, 100:974. Dec.

Reply (A) to Bethmann Hollweg's speech. F. H. Howard. Current History, 5:871. Feb.

Responsibility for the war. Ellery C. Stowell, New Republic, 9:328. Jan. Rome (The) conference and bonds of alliance. Spectator, 118:86. Jan. Scrap (The) of paper episode. Official narrative of British ambassador to Germany viewed by a midwesterner in the light of events. Richard Dobson. Current History, 5:728. Jan.

War finances in Europe. Current History, 5:624. Jan.

Expatriation. Expatriation resulting from marriage to alien husband. W. W. Schroder. Michigan Law R., 14:233.

Far East. Far (The) East after the war. K. K. Kawakami. R. of R., 55:176. Feb. Germany. Ambiciones (Las) coloniales de Alemania. Marqués de Dampierre. Cuba Contemporanea, 13:182. Feb.