are each said by ethnologists to contribute some elements to the life, physical, intellectual and religious of this strange people, and two centuries of uninterrupted commerce between the archipelago and South America has introduced also a strain of American Indian blood into the Filipino race.

The

When we come to analyze the tribes, as far as they are at present known to scientific men, it appears that the Indios, the more or less civilized natives of the archipelago, divide themselves naturally into four groups, namely, Tagals, Vicols, Visayas and Llocanes. Tagals are palpably the most advanced in the arts of life, and number about 1,500,000. Most of them live in the island of Luzon, preferring to settle in the low-lying plains, or near streams and on the seacoast. From Luzon they extend southward, in scattered groups, through Mindoro, Marinduque, and smaller islands farther south. They cultivate the soil, raise large quantities of rice and are bold and skilful fishermen; and this active industrious life shows itself in their vigorous physique and powers of endurance. The Tagalog language is more widely spoken than any other Filipino dialect. The Llocanes, who number over 800,000, occupy territory in the extreme northern peninsula of Luzon. They form but a small tribe, and seem to be distinguished from the Tagals merely by the dialect they use. The island of Visaya is wholly occupied by the tribe from which it takes its name, and the Visayas are said to number some three millions and a quarter and to speak a distinct language which separates them from the other Malayan races of the archipelago. The Vicols number about 560,000 and are scattered over the Camarines peninsula, and occupy also the islands of Catanduanes, Burias, Ticao and a half of the Masbate. In physical type and habits of life they largely resemble the Tagals. The Sulu chain of islands, which stretches between Mindanao and North Borneo, is peopled by the Moros, who are also found on the southwest coasts of Mindanao and Balabec, as well as on the south coast of Palawan, or Paragua Island. Their original seat was undoubtedly Borneo, from which they have derived their Mohammedan faith and most of their social usages. They have nothing in common with the peoples farther north and have stoutly resisted all attempts to Christianize them. They were once the fiercest pirates of the archipelago and lived by ravage and robbery. The natives of the northern islands, upon whom they once preyed, as they learned from the Spaniards the use of firearms and modern methods of warfare, were able successfully to repel the raids of the Moros, whose primitive weapons could not cope with repeating rifles and Gatling guns.

As the mountains are the last refuge of liberty in a conquered country, so also are they the last lurking place of savagery and barbarism. The interior of Luzon and several other islands is mountainous and uncultivated; here lurk the savage tribes whom 200 years of Spanish rule failed to civilize or even subdue. These are reckoned at half a million souls, have many languages and dialects, and are in greatest force among the mountain fastnesses of central Mindanao. While some of these tribes are peaceful and inclined to commerce and industry,

VOL 11-14

a large section shows the warlike spirit that urges them to live on rapine. The Negritos, or Little Negroes, dwell in the higher ranges of Luzon and Negro; they are black in skin, and dwarfish in stature; they are of low mentality, incapable of assimilation and are evidently doomed to early extinction.

The Spaniards appear to have done very little to investigate the antiquities of the Filipino races. There is a vast field of exploration open to ethnologists and archæologists in this remarkable archipelago, which possesses a literature of its own in poetry and folk-lore, and has derived from Malay and Indian invaders such arts as metallurgy and weaving, in both of which arts many of the tribes are exceedingly expert. The ethnologists of the Smithsonian Institution have already turned their attention in this direction, and the United States Treasury Department is putting every possible facility in the way of those who are trying to unravel the story of the savage navigators who first cruised in the channels of the Philippine archipelago. (See PHILIPPINES). Consult Sawyer, F. C., The Inhabitants of the Philippines' (London 1900); Worcester, D. C., The Philippines, Past and Present (2 vols., New York 1914); and The Philippine Islands and their People' (New York 1898); and the publications of the Ethnological Bureau of Washington.

FILIPPI, fe-lip'pē, Filippo de, Italian ex- . plorer: b. Turin, April 1869. Becoming a member of the Alpine Club he made several Alpine ascents and accompanied the Abruzzi expedition to Alaska, of which he later wrote the narrative. He accompanied the Duke of Abruzzi to Ruwenzori, Africa, in 1906 and five years later went to Kashmir. He published accounts of these expeditions and in 1913-14 organized a second expedition to Kashmir.

FILITE. See EXPLOSIVES..

FILIX. See FERN, MALE.

FILLANS, James, Scottish sculptor: b. Wilsontown, Lanarkshire, 27 March 1808; d. Glasgow, 12 Sept. 1852. After acquiring some local celebrity in Paisley by his portrait-busts, he proceeded to Glasgow. He subsequently visited Paris to improve himself in his art and in 1836 took up his abode in London. A life-size group in marble, the 'Blind Teaching the Blind,' was exhibited by him in Glasgow and produced a great sensation. Other admirable works of his are "The Boy and Fawn,' a statue of Sir James Shaw (in Kilmarnock) and a bust of Professor Wilson.

FILLE DE MADAME ANGOT, fey'dě mạʼdäm õn’gō, La. Opera bouffe in three acts by Charles Lecocq (libretto by Clairville, Siraudin and Konig) first produced at Brussels in November 1872 and shortly thereafter at Paris. With this operetta Lecocq placed himself well in the forefront of the group of gifted men, of whom Jacques Offenbach was the leader who contributed so much to the gaiety of the Second Empire. Indeed the music was so lively, clever and characteristic and made such a hit (the original production ran 500 consecutive nights), that Offenbach's laurels seemed to be endangered. The plot, laid in Paris, in the period of the French Revolution, is chiefly concerned with the doings of Clairette, child of the market and daughter

of the late Madame Angot and Ange Pitou, a revolutionary street singer, whose political songs invariably get him into trouble. Their paths cross those of Larivaudière, a powerful police official and Mlle. Lange, comédienne and favorite of Barras. But all the complications are at last happily disentangled in a more than ordinarily coherent manner. There is not a dull page of music in the score and many of the numbers are familiar even to those who have never heard a performance of the operetta. The couplets that tell the story of Madame Angot ("Marchande de marée") and the Revolutionary song ("Jadis les rois, race proscrite"), in the first act, the charming sentimental duet of Clairette and Mlle. Lange, the irresistible chorus of conspirators ("Quand on conspire") and the waltz finale of the second and in the third act the sparkling quarrel couplets ("Ah! c'est donc toi") of Clairette and Mlle. Lange and the "Mme. Angot was my mother" are only a few of the many bright numbers.. LEWIS M. ISAACS. FILLE DU REGIMENT, La. See DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT, THE.

FILLET. (1) In ordinary language, a narrow band of metal linen, or ribbon worn round the head. Sacred fillets were those worn by the priests of Greece and Rome. Also portions of meat or fish removed from the bone and served either flat or rolled together and tied. (2) In architecture a small flat face or band used principally between moldings to separate them from each other in classical architecture; in the Gothic, Early English, or decorated styles of architecture, it is also used on larger moldings and shafts. Also the projection between the flutes of a column. (3) In anatomy, that part of the sensory nervous tract lying in its passage from the decussation of the sensory columns to the internal capsule. Disease or disturbance of the fillet usually results in a form of generalized anæsthesia. See HEMIANÆSTHESIA; HEMIPLEGIA.

FILLEY, Chauncey Ives, American politican: b. Lansingburg, N. Y., 17 Oct. 1829. He received a private and academic education and entered commercial life as a clerk. He designed and controlled his own pottery patterns and became the largest importer and distributor of queensware in the Mississippi Valley. He became interested in politics and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions from 1864 to 1896 and was a member of the National Committee of his party in 1876-92. In 1863-65 he was mayor of Saint Louis and was a member of the convention which abolished slavery in that State. In 1873-78 he was postmaster of Saint Louis. He did much to improve the politics of his city and State.

FILLMORE, Millard, American statesman, 13th President of the United States: b. Summer Hill, Cayuga County, N. Y., 7 Feb. 1800; d. Buffalo, 8 March 1874. He was descended from New England parentage and reared to the hard life of a frontier farm in western New York. He studied law at Buffalo and began the practice of his profession in 1827 in the neighboring town of Aurora. In 1830 he moved to Buffalo and formed, with Nathan K. Hall and Solomon G. Haven, a law partnership which soon became well-known

throughout the region. But he had already served two years in the New York legislature and identified himself with the repeal of the harsh law of the State for the imprisonment of debtors. In 1832 he was sent to the national House of Representatives as a follower of Henry Clay. During the next decade he alternated between membership in the House and the work of his profession, building all the while a state-wide reputation as a political leader. As a result of the "landslide" of 1840 he found himself in Congress and chairman of the House committee of ways and means and as such he drew the tariff bill of 1842 which became a law and also set in motion the free trade influences of the lower South. He was thus a representative of the industrial and financial interests of the North against which the South and West made an alliance in the presidential campaign of 1844. He became a candidate for the governorship of New York upon the retirement of William H. Seward in 1844 and was defeated by Silas Wright, the democratic candidate. Three years later he was elected comptroller of the State of New York from which office he was chosen in 1848 to be a candidate for the vice-presidency with General Taylor. Taylor and Fillmore were elected. By this time a sharp difference of opinion between the Seward and the Fillmore men had developed. Seward, Wed and Greeley labored hard and long to gain the favor of the new President. They were successful. Fillmore naturally tended to a closer support of Clay, who manifested a hearty ill will toward Taylor. Fillmore was inaugurated vice-president in March 1849; Seward became a member of the Senate in December following. The division in the Whig party of New York was typical of the larger division in the party as a whole. When President Taylor took a vigorous stand against the threats of Southern leaders to secede in 1849-50, Seward and most of the Northern Whigs supported him and seemed ready to take the chance of civil war. But Fillmore drew still nearer to Clay and the southern Whigs, endeavoring to avoid conflict by compromise. Thus when Congress took up the problem of restricting slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico, the administration took one view while the great leaders of the party in Congress took another. Fillmore's position as president of the Senate was, therefore, very difficult. After several months of debate and an apparently complete deadlock, President Taylor suddenly died. Fillmore succeeded to the presidency on 9 July 1850. The Taylor cabinet promptly resigned. A new one was formed with Webster at its head. Clay was now in close touch with the administration, if he did not actually advise and direct its course. There was no longer a question of the peaceable solution of the pending issues. Clay, Webster, Fillmore and the Southern Whigs, aided by the Northern Democrats, arranged for the admission of California, the organization of New Mexico, the payment of the Texan claims, the prohibition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia and the return of fugitive slaves. Although Clay died two years later the popular hero of the compromise struggle, Webster and Fillmore lost standing in the North. When the next Whig convention met, Fillmore endeavored to secure the nomination for the pres

idency. Webster's friends pressed his claims, but Seward and the irate Northern Whigs would not permit either nomination. The foreign policy of the Fillmore administration was strong and vigorously American, although it was not expansionist like so many others of that period. Fillmore indicated to Europe very plainly that American ideals were still strongly democratic through Webster's famous Hulseman letter in which the government of Austria was told that the people of the United States always sympathized with democratic revolutions, especially with the Hungarian uprising against government imposed from without. There has never been a stronger presentation of the American attitude than that put forth by Fillmore and Webster in 1852. At the close of the administration Fillmore returned to Buffalo where he spent the remainder of his life except two or three prolonged visits to Europe. In 1856 the American or Know Nothing party nominated him for the presidency but he re ceived only a small popular vote and the electoral votes of a single State, Maryland. He and his_supporters in the North, men like Edward Everett and Robert Winthrop, were known as the Silver Grey or Cotton Whigs. But when President-elect Lincoln passed through Buffalo on his way to Washington in 1861 Fillmore was chosen to greet him on behalf of the city. Nor was there ever any question of his loyalty to the cause of the Union. There is no good life of Fillmore, although a great many of his papers have been published in volumes X and XI of the Buffalo Historical Society publications. Consult also Rhodes, J. F., History of the United States' (Vol. I), and Bancroft, Frederic, 'Life of William H. Seward' (Vol. 1).

WILLIAM E. Dodd, Professor of History, University of Chicago. FILM, a transparent, flexible substance used as a substitute for glass plates for portable photographic work. It consists of a strip of celluloid which is treated with a sensitized coating, the same as is used on plates. (See PHOTOGRAPHY). The strip is wound on rollers and so placed in the camera that it may be unwound from one roller, exposed, and rolled on another. The ordinary photographic film is made from liquid cellulose, formed by dissolving gun-cotton in amylacetate or other solvent. It can be made in any length desired by stripping the liquid from polished surface by a revolving wheel. The introduction of the photo-picture gave a great impetus to the manufacture of photographic films; and much experimenting had been done in 1917 with a view to producing a non-inflammable film. Though the object had not been attained the quality of the films produced had been improved.

FILMER, SIR Robert, English political writer of the Caroline age: d. 1653. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became an active Royalist. He wrote in advocacy of the divine right of kings and was knighted by Charles I. His uncompromising defense of absolutism made him a marked man and his views were strongly controverted by Algernon Sidney and Locke. Undoubtedly his most important work is Patriarcha; or the Natural Power of Kings' (1680).

FILMY FERNS. See FERNS AND FERN ALLIES, Filicales (7).

FILON, fe-lôn, Auguste, French historian: b. Paris, France, 7 June 1800; d. there, 1 Dec. 1875. A commanding point of view and alluring style are conspicuous throughout his 'Comparative History of France and England' (1832); The Spiritual Power in its Relations with the State' (1844); History of the Roman Senate (1850); History of the Athenian Democracy (1854); and several other important historical works.

FILON, Pierre Marie Augustin, French critic: b. 1841. He is the son of A. Filon (q.v.), and was tutor of the Prince Imperial 1867-70. He is the author of 'Guy Paton' (1862); 'Les mariages de Londres (1875); Histoire de la littérature anglaise (1883) 'Prosper Mérimée) (1894); English Profiles 'Le Théâtre anglais) (1896): De Dumas Rostand) (1898); 'La caricature en Angleterre' (1902).

FILTER and FILTRATION. In chemical technology the process of filtration consists in passing a liquid through a porous or fibrous body such as paper, cloth, felt, or biscuit pottery, for the purpose of removing certain solid substances from the liquid. In chemical analyIsis in the wet way, filtration is resorted to continually, in order to separate precipitates from the liquids in which they are floating. The filters used for this purpose consist of sheets of a special kind of bibulous paper, which consist of almost absolutely pure cellulose, so that it will leave practically no ash when burned. The precipitate, when it has all been deposited upon the filter paper, and has been thoroughly washed, is transferred, together with the paper, to a platinum crucible, in which it is heated until the paper has become entirely burned away, and nothing is left but the precipitate that is to be weighed. Gelatinous precipitates filter very slowly, and for this reason it is usual for chemists to pay careful attention to such little details of manipulation as tend to cause the precipitate to take as granular a form as possible, so that the filtration may be performed rapidly. When the object of the filtration is merely to remove solid particles that are suspended in a liquid, and it is the liquid and not the solids which is important, other materials than paper are often used as filtering media with advantage. Thus the liquid may be passed through plugs of asbestos fibres, or of glass wool, these particular substances being very useful when the liquid to be filtered is of a corrosive nature, like a strong mineral acid. Filter "stones" are in common use in chemical factories. These are of pottery make, the clay being mixed with sawdust or cork filings. When the stones are "fired" these combustible substances are burned away leaving large porosities. Filtration through porous plugs is often hastened by creating a partial vacuum on that side of the plug toward which it is desired that the liquid shall flow, and aspirators, or special filter suction pumps, are constructed for this purpose. Filtration is also carried on under pressure, the filter being placed in a pressure box, and the liquid fed to it from a height corresponding to the pressure desired. This idea is utilized on a large scale in the filter press, which is a series of many individual