below the square "Naval Academy"; narrow yellow border.

Secretary of the Interior flag is green with four golden stars (one in each corner of flag) and in centre a buffalo in gold.

The submarine flag is red, in centre two white cannons crossed in saltire, at crossing point a mine topshaped device. Above the cannon the words "Submarine," and below the cannon "Defense"; flag is without border.

The flag and distinguishing mark of the United States flying machines is a circle of blue upon which a large white star appears, whose tips touch the circumference of the circle; in centre of star a red disc or circle. We might add here that our ally's, the French, mark, is a circle divided by three inner circles; the outer one red, the next inner white and the central disc blue. Belgium the outer circle red, next inner yellow and the central disc blue. The British use the crosses of Saints George, Patrick, Andrew on a blue field. Russia a square with three broad stripes, the top white, the centre blue, the lowest red. Italy has a square of green, white and red and has used a red shield upon which is a large white cross.

The hospital flag is white and in the centre is a large red cross.

The ambulance company flag is maroon with the fly end swallow tailed and the medical symbols of serpent entwined on staff with the two wings white to indicate speed. It has the symbolic letters "A. C." on it.

The naval militia flag is blue and in centre a yellow diamond with the anchor of hope in blue.

The United States naval reserve flag is blue with the fly end swallow tailed and, as the device, has the American eagle in white perched on the United States shield in proper heraldic tinctures.

The United States consular flag is blue with a large letter C for consular, and surrounding same the 13 stars in white.

The religious flag is white and in pennant form (triangular) with a large blue cross.

The United States cadet flag is silver with the American eagle perched on the United States shield; below a red scroll, white letters "United States Corps of Cadets." On centre of shield the cap of Mars.

Submarine Warning flag red flag with large white square upon which appears a figure of a torpedo in black.

The wigwag flag of the army and navy is a red square with a white square in centre, onethird the entire width of the red flag. With the use of this flag by a system of dots and dashes words are spelled out by the flourishing of flag either from right to left.

The World War has also given us the service flag, a white field upon which is a red border one-third the width of the white. And for every person who has actually enlisted there is placed a blue star within this field. Firms wishing to indicate their patriotism place one large blue star, with the number of men enlisted in figures below the one blue star. Death to any one of the enlisted men places a gold star above the blue star.

The Red Cross nurse service, also recognized by the War and Navy departments with a white device, upon which is blazoned a red cross for

every person entered from the family. Firms too indicate the number of nurses in service from the firm by a red cross and the number below in figures. Schools, colleges, universities, clubs, lodges and churches have flown the service flag and the red cross nurse device with this same meaning.

State Flags (Part V).- The States of the Union found it of value to possess State flags - and hence the legislatures made the emblems possible; and military progress also approved of these distinguishing devices, especially in interstate parades and drills. Many of these State colors appeared on the battlefields of Europe and State pride contributed much to national valor. Taking them in order in which the States accepted the present Federal Constitution, these State flags in brief description are as follows:

Delaware State Flag.-A blue flag, accepted 1914, has centre a large diamond field or, upon which in centre appears the device of the State Great Seal, in proper colors under it "December 7, 1787.»

Pennsylvania. The State Flag is blue and in centre the device of the State Seal in heraldic tinctures. Adopted 13 June 1907.

New Jersey State Flag, adopted March 1896, is yellow with the devices of the State Seal in the centre.

Georgia State Flag is blue the first third horizontally at pole side upon which appears the State Seal. The remaining two-thirds is divided with three horizontal stripes: upper and lower red, the centre one white. It was adopted in 1879.

Connecticut State Flag is blue with the devices of State Seal at centre.

Massachusetts State Flag is white with the devices of State Seal at centre. Approved 1908.

Maryland State Flag is shield of the State which is the personal shield of Lord Baltimore; the tinctures are red, black, gold and silver. Adopted 1904.

South Carolina State Flag is blue with an Arg. crescent at the point in union and a white palmetto tree in centre of flag. This flag was adopted in 1861.

New Hampshire State Flag is blue and has the State Seal in the centre. It was adopted 1909.

Virginia State Flag is blue with State Seal in centre. Adopted 1861.

New York State Flag is blue with the deIvice of the State Seal in the centre. It was adopted in 1909.

North Carolina State Flag, adopted in 1885, has one-third blue (horizontal stripes at pole or hoist side) and upon it a yellow scroll with "May 20, 1775," under this the letters "N. C." divided by a white star; under the foregoing a scroll in yellow with words "April 12, 1776.» The remaining two-thirds divided by two horizontal-stripes, the upper one red, the lower one white.

Rhode Island State Flag, adopted in 1877, is white with anchor in gold. Scroll under it in blue upon which the word "Hope" appears in gold. The entirety surrounded by 13 golden

stars.

Vermont State Flag is 13 stripes alternate red and white with a blue union, and upon which is a large eight-pointed star-like emblem,

in the centre of which is the State Seal. It was adopted in 1862.

Kentucky State Flag is blue, in centre the device of the State Seal. Accepted in 1880.

Tennessee State Flag is red, in centre a circle of blue upon which appears three silver stars; at the fly end is a narrow blue stripe. Adopted in 1905.

Ohio State Flag, adopted in 1902, is pennant formed. At staff or pole side appears a blue triangular field with a circle at centre, of white with red disc, and clustered about the circle which stands for "O" in Ohio are 17 stars; the pennant swallow tailed reaches out full width of the blue triangle and has five stripes alternate red and white.

Louisiana State Flag is blue, and a pelican in white is feeding its young. Below device the words: "Union, Justice and Confidence." Adopted 1912.

Indiana State Flag is blue, in centre a torch in yellow, above the flame a large star above which the word Indiana in gold appears. Surrounding the entirety are 13 stars and within the lower part of this starry circle are five other stars. Adopted 1901.

Mississippi State Flag adopted after the Civil War, is of three stripes, blue, white and red with a red union upon which appears a blue cross of Saint Andrew with 13 white stars.

Illinois State Flag is white with the device of the State Seal in the centre. It was adopted 1915.

Alabama State Flag, adopted 16 July 1895, Saint Andrew's cross in red upon a white field.

Maine State Flag, adopted in 1909, consists of a field of blue upon which in centre is the device of the State Seal.

Missouri State Flag, adopted 1913, is of three stripes, red, white and blue, in the centre a blue broad circle upon which are 24 white stars and within this circle the devices and motto of the State Seal.

Arkansas State Flag is red and a white diamond upon which appears in blue letters the word "Arkansas," a blue star above and two blue stars below that word. Surrounding the white diamond is a blue border upon which are 25 white stars. Adopted 26 Feb. 1913.

Michigan State Flag is blue with the device of the State Seal in centre. The word "Michigan" in white letters under the device · adopted in 1911.

Florida State Flag adopted in 1899 is white with a red Saint Andrew's cross at the centre of which are the devices of the State Seal.

Texas State Flag is of white and red stripe with a broad blue perpendicular stripe at hoist or staff side and upon it a large white star. It was the colors of the embryo republic.

Iowa State Flag, adopted in May 1917, is white with an American Eagle holding in his beak the scroll with letters in blue these words: "Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We Will Maintain." Under these words in red is the word "Iowa."

Wisconsin State Flag, adopted 1913, is blue and in centre the devices of the State Seal. The word "Forward" in red above device.

California State Flag, adopted 1911, is white with a red stripe below and a red star at the union. A grizzly bear at centre of flag, under

that device the words in black, "California Republic."

Minnesota State Flag is blue and at centre devices of State Seal. The tip of the staff has a golden gopher. Adopted 1893.

Oregon State Flag is blue with the devices of State Seal at centre.

Kansas State Flag is blue and in the centre the State Seal appears as the emblem.

West Virginia State Flag is white, in the centre the device of the State Seal appears, under same on a red scroll the words in gold "West Virginia." Adopted in 1904.

Nevada State Flag is blue and in centre the State Seal device appears; arched above it are 18 golden stars and below are 18 stars in silver.

Nebraska State Flag is yellow or gold with State Seal in centre.

Colorado State Flag is of three stripes alternate blue and white; at the hoist end a large red letter, an open "C" for Colorado, embraces or holds a circle of gold. Adopted 1908.

North Dakota State Flag is blue with a displayed American Eagle, over his head a burst of glory and 13 stars. Under device on scroll of red the words "North Dakota" in white letters. Adopted 1911.

South Dakota State Flag, adopted in 1909, is blue with State Seal at the centre.

Montana State Flag, adopted in 1905, is blue and at centre device of State Seal.

Washington State Flag while not of legislative creation is of military design and consists of a green field of hope upon which in centre is the State Seal which is the front view of the face of George Washington.

Idaho State Flag is blue with device of State Seal at centre. Under same on a scroll of red the words "State of Idaho" in white letters. Adopted 1909.

Wyoming State Flag, adopted January 1917. The flag is blue and has a border of red, and border of white next to the field of blue. In centre a white buffalo on which appears in proper tinctures the State Seal.

Utah State Flag is blue and in centre a golden circle within which are the State emblems in proper heraldic colors, draped on dexter and sinister sides with American flags. It was adopted in 1911.

Oklahoma State Flag adopted 1911 is red with a large white star of blue border, within the star the figures 46 in blue which express that this State was No. 46 to enter the union of States.

New Mexico State Flag is of turquoise blue; as the union appears the American flag with 47 stars; in the upper fly corner the figures 47, in the lower fly corner the State Seal and across the centre of flag in white the words "New Mexico."

Arizona State Flag is of two stripes, upper red and lower blue; the upper stripe is of 13 rays of glory alternate red and yellow. In the centre of the flag a large golden star overlaps the two stripes of which the flag is composed.

District of Columbia Flag as carried by its National Guard is blue; on centre an ax or hatchet, under which are these words on a scroll, "District of Columbia Militia."

Hawaii Flag is of nine stripes alternate,

white, red and blue, and as a union of blue the crosses of Saints George, Patrick and Andrew.

Alaska happens to be the only Territory of the United States without a flag but with propriety could carry a white field (snow covered) with the Alaska seal in yellow or gold.

Philippine Islands use the device American Shield, at centre the ancient arms of Manila. As a crest the American spread eagle. Adopted n 1905.

Porto Rico has the ancient arms of the Spanish colony with letters "F and I," Ferdinand and Isabella. Adopted 1905.

Tokens and Trophies (Part VI).- The Federal government has many flags, banners and standards of historic value; some of odd design, yet filled with American symbolisms and spirit, while others are trophies captured from the enemies. These memorable flags are on exhibition at the National Washington, D. C., Annapolis Naval Academy and West Point Military Academy, and other remarkable flags are displayed at the State Capitol, Albany; Memorial Hall, Chicago; Springfield, Ill.; Madison, Wis.; Trenton, N.

museums

at

Boston, Mass.; Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlanta, Ga.; Nashville, Tenn.; Saint Louis, Mo.; Richmond, Va.; Harrisburg, Pa.; New York city. While all other States, especially such as sent regiments to the wars of the Revolution, of 1812, of 1846 and of 1861 also have trophies and tokens on exhibition. At the Washington, D. C., National Museum can be seen the repaired and restored American flag which floated over Fort McHenry in 1814 and inspired Francis Scott Key to write the National anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner;" this flag has 15 stars and 15 stripes. Many trophies of the Revolution, War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War and of the Spanish-American War are also at this National Museum. The Paul Jones flag of 13 stripes and 12 stars is also here on exhibition. The flag of the Maine, the ship whose sinking precipitated the Spanish-American War, is at Annapolis, Md. The standards Admiral Dewey captured from the Spanish are near by, as are trophies from Santiago and Cuba. At the same Annapolis Naval Academy are the Com. O. H. Perry flag of blue with the dying words of Captain Lawrence: "Don't Give Up the Ship," used by Perry 10 Sept. 1813. Also a royal British flag captured in 1813 when the capital of Canada fell into American hands. There are a few unique or curious flags, which are not in accord with the Continental law of 14 June 1777; as an example, the one hoisted 16 Aug. 1777 at the battle of Bennington, as it contained 13 stripes, seven white and six red, and its union of blue contained 11 seven-pointed stars arched over the figures "76" with one star in the dexter and one in the sinister parts of that azure union. A similar incorrect flag waved at the fall of Yorktown, 19 Oct. 1781; it had the union proper but it contained 13 stripes alternate white and red instead of alternate red and white. The writer made a copy of this flag from the pen and ink sketch left by Major Sebastian Bauman, only officer in the New York regiment of artillery not a native-born American. He was also an original member of the New York Society of the Order of Cincinnati.

YOL. 11 21

His drawing of this unique flag is in the collection of the New York Historical Society.

At the State House, Annapolis, is exhibited an original 13-star, 13-stripe American flag of pattern form, law of 14 June 1777.

The Philadelphia Light Horse flag, earliest colonial flag to have the 13 stripes of blue and white, is deposited in the safe of that troop.

The entire Peter Force flag collection of captured naval ensigns, recently donated to the Library of Congress, has been deposited in the National Museum. Here too is the flag of the Kearsarge in use at the time of surrender of the Confederate cruiser Alabama. Also the first flag of the United States of America to be raised over Richmond after its surrender to the Federal troops. A score or more Spanish flags are here as trophies, but the token which attracts great attention is the pennant which was flown on the Brooklyn during the naval battle off Santiago.

An interesting item relates to the placing of the stars and stripes in Saint Paul's Cathedral, London, in honor of the American Legion composed of Americans who were fighting in the British army before the United States joined the Allies. The members of the legion hailed from the United States and crossed the Atlantic to assist in defeating the Germanic designs against freedom. Öther American flags have been deposited in English historic buildings, notably as a decoration in the Guild Hall, London,

The American flag is receiving equally memorable consideration in France and Belgium; in the former at Paris in innumerable places of note the American flag is donated and deposited as a heritage of the spirit of liberty. The American flag of the Foreign Legion, composed of Americans serving in the French divisions, was requested by the French government as a token of fraternal spirit and was deposited in the museum of the army in the Hotel des Invalides, Paris.

Trophies also which have a pathetic interest in American progress and unity are those of the Confederate States flags. See FLAGS, CONFEDERATE,

BERNARD J. CIGRAND,

Lieutenant United States Navy; Author Real History of United States Flag'; History of American Emblems, etc.; Member of Faculty University of Illinois; former President of the Chicago Public Library.

Its

FLAGELLANTS, flaj'e-lants (Lat. flagellare, to lash or scourge), a sect which arose in 1260 at Perugia, called by the French Perouse, and spread throughout and beyond Italy. adherents, said to have numbered 10,000, attempted to expiate their sins and obtain mercy by self-inflicted suffering. They ran through the cities scourging their bare shoulders and exhorting bystanders to repentance. Led by priests bearing banners and crosses, they moved in procession through the streets. They could be seen going about by night as well as by day, even in the cold of winter. They went in thousands from country to country begging alms. In 1261 they crossed the Alps in Alsatia, Bavaria, Bohemia and Poland, and found there many imitators. In 1296 a small band of Flagellants appeared in Strassburg, who, with covered faces, whipped themselves through the

city, and at every church. At first the Flagellants were noted for sanctity, and made many converts even from the most abandoned classes, but doubtful characters beginning to join their ranks, they fell into disrepute, and were restrained from their processions by the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, and the sect gradually died away. The terror produced by the dreadful disease called the black death, which destroyed many millions of people in Europe in the middle of the 14th century, produced a revival of the flagellation mania, which spread over most of Europe and was attended by greater extravagances than before. In the reign of Edward III, a band of 120 Flagellants, male and female, made their appearance in London on a missionary enterprise, but had to leave the country without having made one proselyte. In 1349 Clement VII declared the Flagellants heretics and took steps to repress them. In 1360 an effort was made in Thuringia to revive them, under a form marked by

authorities to suppress them. (See FLAGELLATION). Consult Boileau, J., Historia Flagellantium' (Paris 1700); Collas, G. F., 'Geschichte des Flagellantismus, etc.) (in progress, Leipzig 1913); Cooper, W. M., Flagellation and the Flagellants (London 1898); Deane, I., The New Flagellants' (in Catholic World, Vol. XXXIX, p. 300, New York 1884); Döring, G. C. W. A., 'Die Geisselfahrt) (Frankfort-onMain 1833); Förstemann, E. G., 'Die Christlichen Geisslergesellschaften' (Halle 1828); Runge, P., ed., 'Die Lieder und Melodien der Geissler des Jahres 1349, etc. (Leipzig 1900); Schneller, C., Statuten Einer Geissler-Bruderschaft in Trient aus dem 14. Jahrhundert (in Zeitschrift des Ferdinandemus Geschichtliche Abteilung, Series III, part 25, p. 3, Innsbruck 1881).

FLAGELLATA, a group of Protozoa, sometimes regarded as a division of the class Infusoria, sometimes as a distinct class by itself. The group is characterized by having a body

Various Flagellata. A, Bicoseca; B, Englina vividis D, Ceratium tripos (Dinoflagellate).

wild fanaticism and by strange doctrines which were condemned by the Council of Constance. The burning alive of their leader, Conrad Schmidt, and 90 of his followers, in 1369, partially checked the project, though the extirpation of the sect was found a work of extreme difficulty. One form of fanaticism which marked some of the Flagellants was violent hatred and persecution of Jews. Generally speaking the Flagellants gradually disappeared, beginning with the 14th century. There were, however, spasmodic and more or less isolated revivals, as in France in the 16th century, in Germany in the 17th century, and in various countries outside of Europe, especially in South America, frequently as a result of over-zealous attempts at conversion on the part of religious orders. The most striking example, perhaps, of this last type of Flagellants were the Hermanos Penitentes amongst converted Indians of New Mexico and Colorado who as late as the end of the 19th century practised ceremonial flagellation going frequently to great excesses in spite of attempts of civil and ecclesiastic

(Autoflagellatis); C. Noctiluca miliaris (Cystoflagellate);

form usually fixed and definite for the species, and by having as organs for locomotion and taking of food one or more long vibratile whiplash-like processes, the "flagella." Like all Protozoa (q.v.) the body is composed of a single cell. The group is divided into three orders: Autoflagellata, Dinoflagellata and Cystoflagellata. In the Autoflagellata the body is usually oval and has both nucleus and contractile vacuoles; sometimes the body is naked and capable of amoeboid motions, but usually it has a cuticle, and enveloping cases are not uncommon. In one sub-order (Choanoflagellata) a peculiar collar-like structure is developed around the flagellum. Some of the group closely approximate plants, some forms like Euglena and Volvox being claimed by the botanist. A few are human parasites. The Dinoflagellata have a firm external armor of hard cellulose plates, divided by a groove around the body, and with a second longitudinal groove. At the junction of the two grooves are the two flagella, one lying in the circular groove, the other projecting freely. These forms occur in

salt and fresh water. In the Cystoflagellata the large gelatinous body is enclosed in a stout membrane. The best-known form is Noctiluca (q.v.), noted for its phosphorescent powers. These minute creatures exist in countless

swarms and form the food of a host of marine creatures a little larger or higher in rank of organization.

FLAGELLATION, scourging or whipping, either self-inflicted or administered by another .. person, especially as a religious practice. Originally it was used primarily as a corrective penalty for clerics. Its use spread with the gradual growth of monastic institutions. Its application as a means of religious penance is an old Oriental custom, admitted into Christianity partly because self-torment was considered salutary as mortifying the flesh, and partly because both Christ and the apostles underwent scourging. It was also practised as a devotional measure toward certain deities in Greece and Rome. From the 1st century of Christianity religious persons sought to atone · for their sins by voluntary bodily torture. Like the Abbot Regino, at Prum, in the 10th century, many tried to imitate the sufferings of Christ, in order to make themselves the _more certain of forgiveness through him. It became general in the 11th century, when Peter Damian of Ravenna, abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Santa Croce d'Avellano, near Gubbio, in Italy, afterward cardinal bishop of Ostia, zealously recommended scourging as an atonement for sin, to Christians generally, and, in particular, to the monks. His own example and the fame of his sanctity rendered his exhortations effective. Clergy and laity, men and women, began to torture themselves with rods, and thongs and chains. They fixed certain times for the infliction of this discipline upon themselves. Princes caused themselves to be Scourged naked by their father confessors. Louis IX constantly carried with him for this purpose an ivory box, containing five small iron chains, and exhorted his father confessor to scourge him with severity. He likewise gave similar boxes to the princes and princesses of his house, and to other pious friends, as marks of his peculiar favor.

The expectation of being purified from sin by flagellation prevailed throughout Europe in the last half of the 13th century. "About this time," says the monk of Padua in his chronicles of the year 1260, "when all Italy was filled with vice, the Perugians suddenly entered upon a course never before thought of; after them the Romans, and at length all Italy. Men of noble and ignoble birth, old and young, traversed the streets of the city naked, yet without shame. Each carried a scourge in his hand, with which he drew forth blood from his tortured body, amidst sighs and tears, singing at the same time penitential psalms." The penitents united into fraternities called the Flagellants (q.v.). After the Council of Constance (1414-18) both clergy and laity gradually abandoned flagellation. The Franciscan monks in France (Cordeliers) observed the practice longest.

Flagellation was sometimes voluntary and sometimes imposed as a penance. Henry II of England allowed himself to be scourged at the tomb of Thomas à Becket (q.v.). In its theological aspect flagellation has no especial merit

in itself and is classed merely as a form of penance or self-mortification. It is meritorious only as a means of expiation of sins repented for and absolved, or as a method of mortification of the flesh for the suppression and control of the passions. Any excess in it is prohibited. (See PENANCE). For an exhaustive bibliography on this topic consult Haupt, H., 'Flagellation (in Schaff-Herzog, Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,' Vol. IV, New York 1909).

FLAGELLUM DEI, flā-jěl'lum dā'ê ("Scourge of God"), a title commonly bestowed on Attila, King of the Huns.

FLAGEOLET, flaj'ō-let, a small wind-instrument, the notes of which are exceedingly clear and shrill. It is a sort of whistle with a mouth-piece that is usually inserted in a bulb. In appearance, etc., it may be said to belong to the flute family of musical instruments; but it is always used in a vertical instead of horizontal position. It is generally made of box or other hard wood, though sometimes of ivory, and has six holes for the regulation of its sounds, besides those at the bottom and mouthpiece, and that behind the neck. Its compass is two octaves, and a set of five different sizes is needed to take all the semitones in this range. Its inventor is said to have been Sieur Juvigny in the latter part of the 16th century. Previously, however, similar instruments had been used for many centuries by a number of peoples of comparatively primitive civilization, as the North American Indians. The use of the flageolet is never indicated in orchestral scores, though it was used with considerable frequency both as a solo instrument and in small wind bands in England and in most countries of the continent for more than 200 years. It became more or less obsolete in the beginning of the 19th century. Occasionally, in the French and English provinces, it is still employed chiefly for dance music. Very little music has ever been composed for it. Double and triple flageolets, slightly more complicated variations of the single instrument, have been built, but are seldom used. Consult Burney, Charles, 'A General History of Music, etc.' (4 vols., London 1776-89); Cresson, H. T., Construction of Ancient Terra-Cotta PitchPipes and Flageolets) (in American Naturalist, Vol. XVIII, p. 498, Philadelphia 1884); Greeting, T., Pleasant Companion; or New Lessons and Instructions for the Flageolet' (London 1675); Mersenne, M., Harmonie Universelle (Paris 1636).

FLAGET, flä-zha, Benedict Joseph, American Roman Catholic bishop: b. Contournat, Auvergne, France, 7 Nov. 1763; d. Nazareth, Ky., 11 Feb. 1850. He was educated in France, joined the order of Sulpicians and after his ordination taught for some years at the theological seminary at Nantes. În 1792 he came to America and was assigned by Bishop Carroll of Baltimore to the mission of Vincennes, Ind. His work as a missionary in what was then the outposts of white civilization was highly successful, both amongst the white settlers and the Indians. In 1795 he joined the faculty of Georgetown College. From 1798-1801 he was in Havana, Cuba, and from 1801-09 he taught at Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. In