IV. ROAD PERSONNEL.

GATE KEEPERS.

ART. 14. The regular hours of service are 14 in every 24.

ART. 15. The personnel must be accorded daily a continuous rest of a minimum duration of 7 hours, in addition to the time required for going to and from their homes.

ART. 16. In the case of track men, who also serve as gate keepers, the regular hours of service per day must not exceed 13 and the continuous rest must be not less than 8 hours, besides the time necessary to go to and from their homes.

FEMALE GATE KEEPERS.

ART. 17. The regular hours of service must not exceed 12 per day, with a continuous rest at night of not less than 9 hours, which time may be reduced to 8 hours during the summer season.

V. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

ART. 18. The present regulations apply to the personnel expressly specified in the same, also when employed in other work not having a direct connection with the safety of the train service. They apply, moreover, to employees of other classes when assigned to the performance of the duties above specified.

ART. 19. In exceptional instances, and when special circumstances require it in the case of the locomotive and train personnel when away from home, and in the case of stations having but one administrative employee, a deviation from the minimum of 7 hours of continuous rest may be made, if the difference is compensated for by a longer rest either before or after the deviation from the rule, but it must not be below 6 hours.

In this case the working turns of the locomotive and train personnel and that of the stations to which this provision applies must be approved by the governmental inspector-general.

ART. 20. In case of inclement weather, accidents, delays, and other exceptional circumstances extraordinary services may be required of the personnel.

The personnel must not in any case quit the service on account of a prolongation of labor for such a cause.

ART. 21. The operating company must post a schedule and notice of the working turns in such a way that the personnel may take cognizance of it.

It must also transmit a copy of this schedule and notice to the district offices of the royal inspector-general of railways.

(U. S. Labor Bulletin, No. 31, p. 1219.)

BAKERIES, LAUNDRIES.

In Great Britain, where bakehouses are subject to the factory acts, a male young person above the age of 16 years may, nevertheless, be employed in the process of bread baking between 5 a. m. and 9 p. m., provided there is allowed between the above-mentioned hours time for meals and absence from work not less than 7 hours. Women may be employed overtime, and children, young persons, and women an extra half hour at the end of the day for the purpose of completing a process that is unfinished, as in the case of factories; but the meal provisions of factory acts requiring employees to have their mealtimes at the same hour, and not to be employed and to remain in rooms in which work is being done during such mealtime, do not apply.

In Great Britain laundries are also subject to regulations by special code. The period of employment, exclusive of mealtimes and absence from work, must not exceed 10 hours for children, 12 hours for young persons, and 14 hours for women in any consecutive 24 hours, nor a total of 30 hours for children and 60 hours for young persons and women in any 1 week, in addition to overtime work as may be permitted. A child, young person, or a woman shall not be employed

continuously for more than 5 hours without an interval of half an hour for a meal, and no child under 11 years of age may be employed in a laundry, nor any woman within 4 weeks after she has given birth to a child. Women employed in laundries may work overtime. They may not work more than 14 hours per day, nor more than 2 hours' overtime per day, and not more than 2 days in a week or 30 days in a year. There are various other provisions of sanitary regulations for such shops. In Germany the law of March 4, 1896, provides that bakeries and confectioneries where work is done at night-that is, between 8.30 p. m. and 5.30 a. m.-the duration of the work shift of employees shall not exceed 12 hours per day except when it is broken by a rest of 1 hour, when it may equal 13 hours, including the hour for rest. No employee shall work more than 7 shifts per week. Supplementary work is allowed. The hours of labor must be 2 hours less during the first year of apprenticeship and 1 hour less during the second within the usual hours. Overtime work is allowed on holidays and other special occasions with permission of the authorities, but not on more than 20 days per year, as selected by the employer. In those establishments in which employees are allowed a period of rest 1 day in the week of not less than 24 hours the length of the labor shift on the 2 preceding days may be increased 2 hours.

The

Norway. The law of August 16, 1897, prohibits all work in bakeries, with the exception of the preparation of yeast, on Sundays or holidays. from 6 p. m. of the preceding day until midnight of the Sunday or holiday, and upon ordinary days between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. hours of labor may not exceed 12, including rests, and at least 1 hour must be allowed for dinner. Night work must not be required or permitted for more than 6 nights in 2 weeks. No children under 14 can be employed.

SEC. 5. HOURS OF WOMEN AND MINORS IN FACTORIES AND OTHER SPECIAL OCCUPATIONS.

Great Britain.-The American factory acts were founded on the British acts and naturally resemble them, though they have usually raised the limit of age and in some cases shortened the number of hours permitted. The English law is substantially as follows (U. S. Labor Department Bulletin No. 25, pp. 799 to 806): "Throughout the laws relating to factories and workshops the division of the protected class into children, young persons, and women is always maintained and the conditions of the employment of each are usually different. A 'child' is a person under the age of 14 years. As the employment of children under 11 years of age in a factory or work shop is prohibited, 'child' as used in the acts refers to a person 11 years of age but under 14 years of age; a young person' is one 14 years of age and under 18 years, and a woman' is a female 18 years of age or over."

In England, children in textile factories must be employed either upon the half-day system, that is in morning or afternoon sets, or on alternate days. The period of employment for a child in the morning set shall, except on Saturdays, begin at 6 a. m. or 7 a. m. and end at 1 p. m., or at the beginning of the dinner time. In the afternoon set, except on Saturdays, work begins at 1 p. m. and ends at 6 p. m. or 7 p. m., according to the time of beginning in the morning. On Saturday, work must begin either at 6 a. m. and end at 12.30 p. m., in the

case of manufacturing processes, and 1 p. m. for other purposes, or, if not less than 1 hour is allowed for meals, at 1 p. m. in manufacturing processes and at 1.30 p. m. for other purposes; or it may begin at 7 a. m. and end at 1.30 p. m. or 2 p. m., respectively, with at least one-half an hour for meals. In no case may a child be employed in two successive periods of 7 days in a morning set, nor in two successive periods of 7 days in an afternoon set, nor on two successive Saturdays, nor on Saturday in any week, if on any other day in the same week the period of employment has exceeded 5 hours. When a child is employed on the alternate-day system the period of employment for such child and the time allowed for meals must be the same as if the child were a young person, but the child shall not be employed on two successive days, and must not be employed on the same day of the week in two successive weeks. Under either system a child must not be employed continuously for any longer period than he could be if he were a young person, without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal. In nontextile factories and workshops children must be employed according to the system of morning and afternoon sets, except in the case of a factory or workshop in which not less than 2 hours are allowec for meals on every day, except Saturday, where the system of employment on alternate days may be followed. The morning set must begin at 6, 7, or 8 a. m. and end at 1 p. m., or dinner time. The afternoon sets begin at 1 p. m., or dinner time and end at 6, 7, or 8 p. m., accordingly. On Saturday the afternoon set must end at 2 p. m., or, if the period on other days ends at 8 p. m., then at 4 p. m. A child must not be employed in two successive periods of 7 days in a morning set, nor in two successive periods in an afternoon set, nor on Saturday in any week in the same set in which he has been employed on every day in the same week. When a child is employed on the alternate-day system work must begin at 6, 7, or 8 a. m., and end at 6, 7, or 8 p. m., except Saturday, when it must end at 2 p. m., or 4 p. m. when work begins at 8 a. m. During this work a period not less than 2 hours must be allowed the child for meals, except on Saturday, when one-half hour will suffice. In no case shall a child be employed on two successive days, nor on the same day in two successive weeks. Under either system a child must not be employed for more than 5 hours without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal.

The foregoing provisions apply to ordinary workshops. In 'domestic workshops" the following regulations prevail: Children must work according to the morning and afternoon set system, the alternate-day system not being permitted. The work period is from 6 a. m. to 1 p. m., or from 1 p. m. to 8 p. m., or on Saturday afternoon from 1 to 4 o'clock. Children must not be employed before 1 p. m. in two successive periods of 7 days, nor after that hour in two successive periods in 7 days, nor can a child be employed on Saturday before that hour if on any other day in the same week he has been employed before that hour, nor after that hour if on any other day of the same week he has been employed after that hour. A child may not be employed continuously for more than than five hours without half an hour interval for a meal.

In Great Britain in nontextile factories the work period for women and young persons, except on Saturday, shall be from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m., or 7 a. m. to 7 p. m., with not less than 2 hours, of which at least

In

1 must be before 3 p. m., for meals. On Saturday the work period must either (1) begin at 6 a. m. and end at 12.30 p. m. for manufacturing processes or 1 p. m. for other purposes, or if not less than 1 hour is allowed for meals 1 p. m. for manufacturing processes and 1.30 p. m. for other purposes; or (2) begin at 7 a. m. and end at 1.30 p. m. for manufacturing processes and 2 p. m. for other purposes. either case not less than half an hour must be allowed for meals. In no case shall a woman or young person be employed continuously for more than 4 hours without an interval of half an hour for a meal. In nontextile factories and workshops where women and young persons are employed the work period, except on Saturday, must be from 6 a. m. or 7 a. m. to 7 p. m., or 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., with at least 1 hours, of which 1 hour must be before 3 p. m. for meals. On Saturday the work period must be from 6 a. m. to 2 p. m., or 7 a. m. to 3 p. m., or 8 a. m. to 4 p. m., with at least half an hour for meals. The work period on Saturday may, however, be from 6 a. m. to 4. p. m., provided not less than 2 hours are allowed for meals and the women and young persons so employed are not employed for more than 8 hours on any day in the week, and notice of such nonemployment has been affixed in the factory or workshop and served on the inspector. In no case shall a young person or woman be employed in a nontextile factory or workshop for more than 5 hours continuously without an interval of at least half an hour for a meal.

In a workshop which is conducted on the system of not employing children or young persons, and the occupier has notified an inspector of his intention to conduct his shop on that system, the period of employment for a woman shall, except on Saturday, be a specified period of 12 hours, between 6 a. m. and 10 p. m., with a specified interval of not less than 1 hours for meals and absence from work. On Saturday the specified period must be for not more than 8 hours, between 6 a. m. and 4 p. m., with a specified period of not less than half an hour for meals and absence.

In domestic workshops there are no restrictions with regard to the employment of women. The period of employment for young persons therein must, with the exception of Saturday, be between the hours of 6 a. m. and 9 p. m., with not less than 4 hours for meals, and on Saturday be between 6 a. m. and 4 p. m., with not less than 24 hours for meals. Overtime is allowed as to children, young persons, and women in certain nontextile factories and workshops designated by the secretary of state when necessary to complete an incomplete process, 1 extra half hour at the end of the day, provided, in the case of children, this extra time added to the total hours for the week does not exceed the limit prescribed by law. In the case of women and young persons, when factories driven by water power are liable to be stopped by a drought or flood, under special permission from the secretary of state such operatives may be employed from 6 a. m. to 7 p. m., except on Saturday. When drought is apprehended the special exception shall not be for more than 96 days; in the case of floods for not more than 48 days in any year, and in no case for a longer period than was lost by such causes during the preceding 12 months. Overtime is also allowed in certain special cases to prevent damage. The overtime employment of women is permitted, in addition to the cases mentioned above, in certain specified nontextile factories, workshops, and warehouses when materials are liable to be spoiled

by weather, or when there is a press of work at certain seasons, or a sudden press of orders from unforeseen causes. In these cases women may be employed from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m., from 7 to 9, or from 8 to 10, provided 2 hours, of which half an hour must be after 5 p. m., are allowed for meals; but in no case for more than 3 days in a week or 30 days in a year, and only after permission from the secretary of state. In certain nontextile factories and workshops in which the articles dealt with are of a perishable nature, women may be employed from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m., or from 7 a. m. to 9 p. m., with the same provision for mealtimes. In these cases the women can not be employed overtime more than 5 days in any 1 week nor more than 60 days in a year, and always with permission from the secretary of state. Overtime work on Saturday is in no case permitted to women, young persons, or children.

Changes of hours, that is of the time of beginning and ending work, may generally be authorized in special cases by the secretary of state. When a child, young person, or woman is employed in a factory or workshop contrary to the provisions of the factory acts the occupier is liable to a fine not exceeding £3, or if the offense was committed during the night £5 for each child, young person, or woman so employed. In the case of domestic workshops the fine is not exceeding £1, or £2 if the offense was committed during the night, for each person. The parent of each young person is liable to a fine not exceeding £1 for each offense.

In Great Britain all children, young persons, and women employed in factories or workshops must have the time allowed for meals at the same hour of the day, and none of these three classes shall be employed or be allowed to remain in a room in which a manufacturing process is being carried on during any part of the time allowed for meals.

France. The act of November 2, 1892, applies to all labor of children, female minors, and women in workshops, factories, mines, quarries, yards, or premises belonging to the same, of whatever nature, whether public or private, only excepting establishments where none but members of the family are employed under the direction of the father, mother, or guardian, and no steam or other mechanical power is used, and which are not classed as dangerous or unhealthy.

No woman over 18 years of age can be employed at actual labor for more than 11 hours per day, broken by one or more intervals of rest of a total duration of at least 1 hour.

In Germany the Bundesrath has provided special legislation concerning the hours and conditions of labor of women and children in the following industries:

India-rubber works (order of July 21, 1888); glass works (order of March 11, 1892); wire-drawing mills (order of March 11, 1892); chicory works (order of March 17, 1892); sugar refineries and factories (order of March 24, 1892); forges and rolling mills (order of April 29, 1892); textile factories in hackling and other preparing rooms (order of April 29, 1892); spinning works (order of December 18, 1893); preserving factories (order of March 11, 1898); brick and tile works (order of October 18, 1898). (See U. S. Labor Bulletin No. 27, pages 356 to 363.)

No distinction is made between girls and boys under 16. Women over 16 may not be employed more than 11 hours per day, or 10 hours on the days preceding Sundays and days preceding holidays nor at night between 8.30 p. m. and 5.30 a. m., or on Saturdays or days preceding holidays after 5.30 p. m., and women must be given 1 hour's rest in the middle of the day, and women over 16 who have