tries in which women over 18 can be employed under prescribed conditions until 11 o'clock at night, but not for more than 60 days during the year, and never for more than 12 hours per day. It may also designate industries to be permanently exempt from all restrictions regarding night work, but the work can in no case exceed 7 hours in the 24. It can, in the same way, grant a temporary exemption to specified industries, and any inspector can grant temporary exemptions for a definite period when work has been interrupted by accident, etc. In France no child under 12 can be employed or admitted in any establishment embraced under the provisions of the act, and no child under 13 who is not furnished with a certificate of primary education, in accordance with the law of March 28, 1882, and a certificate of physical fitness from an authorized examining physician. The factory inspector may also at any time require any child under 16 to be examined for the purpose of ascertaining whether the work given to it is too great for its strength, and in such cases order its employment to be discontinued. Each child under 18 must be provided with a pass book, showing his name, age, place of birth, and present address, and each child under 13 must have a certificate of primary education, which is furnished gratuitously by the mayor to the parents or guardian. Upon the children accepting employment the book must be given into the hands of the employer, who must enter in it the dates at which the child enters and leaves his service.

Germany.-By the law of 1891 all employment of children under 13 in industrial establishments is absolutely prohibited, and children between 13 and 14 can not be employed more than 6 hours per day, which must be broken by a rest of at least half an hour, and children between 14 and 16 not more than 10 hours per day, broken by intervals of rest of at least 1 hour in the middle of the day and half an hour in the morning and in the afternoon, during which intermissions they must not be employed in any way in the factory, and may only be permitted to remain in the workrooms if their own machinery is completely stopped, or when on account of bad weather or sickness. For persons under 16 work must not begin before 5.30 a. mr. nor continue later than 8.30 p. m., nor can these persons be employed on Sundays or holidays or during the time set aside by their pastor for religious service and instruction.

Holland. In the Netherlands the law of 1874 absolutely prohibits the employment of children under 12 in factories and workshops, and the King may, by order, prohibit absolutely or under specified conditions the employment of children under 16 or of women in factories, etc., in certain kinds of work presenting danger to health or life. No children under 16 or women can work before 5 a. m. or after 7 p. m., nor more than 11 hours per day, though the King may vary the hours in certain industries, but in no case shall children under 14 or women be permitted to work before 5 a. m. or after 10 p. m. In exceptional cases the governors of the provinces or mayors of towns may authorize different hours for a small number of days successively. Children under 16 and women must have one hour's rest between 11 a. m. and 3 p. m. They may not be employed on Sunday, and women can not be employed during the 4 weeks following confinement. Children under 16 may not be employed without cards giving the name and address of the child and its guardian and employer, and the date and place of its birth. A list of women and children so employed must be posted in the factory, etc.

I C-VOL XVI--01

The royal orders of July 15, 1891; August 11, 1892; January 21, 1897, and June 24, 1898, prohibit the employment of children under 16 and women in various specified kinds of work in factories, such as oiling and cleaning machinery in motion, or work in places above a certain temperature, or with limited room, etc. Article 2 prohibits the employment of children under 16 or women in various dangerous industries, such as arsenic, white lead, verdigris, phosphorus or chemical matches, zinc, dry polishing, and other industries peculiarly subject to noxious dust or gases. The order also makes provision for air space, etc.-roughly speaking, 247 cubic feet per person. These provisions in detail may be found in U. S. Labor Bulletin No. 30, pages 1037 to 1040. An exception is made providing for Sunday labor of women and children in the case of certain operations in the butter and cheese industries by the Queen's order of March 27, 1897.

In Russia the employment of children under 12 years of age in any industrial establishment, public or private, is absolutely prohibited. Children from 12 to 15 years of age may not be employed more than 6 hours in each 24, exclusive of meal times, school attendance, and rest, with not more than 4 hours' continuous labor at any time, and no work permitted between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m., nor on Sundays or legal holidays. In establishments which are operated for more than 18 hours per day, with two shifts, children may be employed for 9 hours per day, provided not more than 4 hours' continuous work is required. The object of this is to encourage establishments to do away with continuous work for 24 hours, and thus do away with night work and shorten the hours of daily labor to 9 hours per day.

In Russia the law of 1882 prohibits the employment of children under 12 in factories, etc., and limits the hours of labor of children from 12 to 15 to 8 hours per day, and with provision for factory inspection and other protective measures. The law of June 3, 1885, prohibits night work by women and children under 17 in textile industries.

Furthermore, the ministers of finance and of the interior are directed to designate the kinds of work recognized as dangerous to the health of children not yet 15 years of age, to whom such work is accordingly prohibited. Thirty-six categories of industries were thus indicated by the order of May 14, 1893.

Italy. The law of September 17, 1886, absolutely prohibits the employment of children under 9 in industrial establishments, quarries, or mines, and all children under 10 below ground. Children from 9 to 15 may be permitted to work only when provided with physician's certificate, and may not be employed in dangerous or unhealthy work. Children between 9 and 12 must not be employed more than 8 hours per day. By the royal order of September 17, 1886, the law (February 11, 1886) is made to apply to any place where manual labor is executed with the use of mechanical motors, no matter what the number of persons employed may be, or any place at all where at least 10 persons are employed in a permanent manner. Where children are employed a declaration must be made to the local authorities. All children between 9 and 15 so employed must procure from the mayor of their commune a pass book showing date of birth, health, and their period for work according to a medical examination, the names and addresses of their parents or guardians, whether they can read and write, and have been vaccinated. The employer preserves the pass book as long

as the children are in his employ, and a register of all such children is kept posted in the factory. Work performed at night is considered unhealthy work, that is, children under 12 may not be so employed, and children from 12 to 15 may not be employed more than 6 hours at night.

The hours of work of children must be broken by a period of rest for meals when the work period exceeds 6 hours. Children must not take their meals nor remain during such rest period in places where dangerous or unhealthy work is being performed.

The amendment of January 5, 1899, to the law of September 17, 1886, declared night employment "unhealthy," so that it is absolutely forbidden to children under 12 and limited to 6 hours for children between 12 and 15.

Norway. Children under 12 may not be employed in any kind of factory or industrial establishment. Children from 12 to 14 may be employed upon a physician's certificate, but not more than 6 hours per day and light tasks not injurious to health.

No employer may engage a child or young person under 18 without seeing his certificate of birth. He must keep He must keep a record of all such children and young persons employed by him, showing names, ages, residences, dates of commencing and leaving work, the name and social position of their parents or guardians, and, when necessary, the hours set apart for schooling, and records and certificates must always be produced to the inspectors.

Young persons from 14 to 18 must not be employed in night work, nor in any manner of work more than 12 hours in 24.

Sweden. The law of November 18, 1881, prohibits the employment of children under 12 in factories and other industrial establishments. Denmark.-By the law of May 23, 1873, children under 10 years must not be employed in factories. Children between 10 and 14 must not be employed more than 6 hours per day, inclusive of the rest of one-half an hour, and not before 6 a. m. or after 8 p. m. Young persons of both sexes between 14 and 18 must not be allowed to labor more than 12 hours daily, or before 5 a. m. or after 9 p. m., with intervals of rest of not less than 2 hours in all, coming between 8 a. m. and 6 p. m., one-half an hour of which must be before 3 p. m., included. Children, etc., must not be allowed to remain during their meal hours in the workrooms nor be employed on Sundays or church holidays. Women and children must, so far as possible, be kept apart from adult male workers, both during work hours and the rest intervals. In case of especially unhealthy or laborious work the minister of the interior can by order fix stricter regulations than the above, and can entirely prohibit the employment of young persons under 18. He may also grant exemption from the general restrictions, but not to permit children to be employed at night. Denmark has the usual provisions for birth and age certificates of inspection by physicians, school requirements, the keeping of a register by the employer, etc. Children and young persons are not permitted to clean machinery in motion, and the moving parts of machines must be kept screened or protected from them.

New Zealand.-Children under 14 may not be employed in any fac-tory or workroom, except in small factories where not more than 3 persons are employed, in special cases, with the sanction of the inspector. No person under 16 can be so employed unless the occupier of the

factory has obtained a certificate of his or her fitness for employment in that factory, which may be granted by the inspector of the district, and specifies the age of such person and that he is fit for the employment. This certificate must be produced to the inspector at any time. Boys under the age of 16, and all women, may not be employed for more than 48 hours in any one week nor at any time between 6 p. m and 7.45 a. m. Overtime upon written consent of the inspector is allowed for a period not exceeding 3 hours in any day and not on more than 28 days in a year nor on more than 2 consecutive days, and such overtime must be paid for at the rate agreed upon above ordinary rate of wage, but in no case less than sixpence per hour. Written notice of the desire to work overtime must be given the inspector, and the permission granted be posted in the factory. Overtime on half holidays may be allowed on only 5 such half holidays in each year. The inspector keeps a list of the names of all women and young persons for whom permission to work overtime has been granted. New South Wales.—Children under 14 may not be employed in factories, and males under 18 and all women must not be employed continuously for more than 5 hours without half an hour for meal interval. No male under 16 and no female shall be employed more than 48 hours in any one week with 3 hours overtime allowed on not more than 30 days in the year; and males under 16 and females under 18 may not be employed between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m., nor any female during the 4 weeks following confinement.

SEC. 6. DANGEROUS MACHINERY IN FACTORIES.

Great Britain.-A child or young person is not allowed to clean any part of the machinery in a factory while the same is in motion by the aid of steam, water, or other mechanical power. A young person or woman shall not be allowed to clean such part of the machinery as is mill gearing, the means by which power is transmitted, while in motion. In using self-acting machines no child, young person, or woman may work between the fixed and traversing part of any selfacting machine while in motion. Nor shall any person be allowed to be in the space between the fixed and traversing portions of a self-acting machine unless the machine is stopped, with the traversing portions on the outward run. And the act of July 6, 1896, provides that the traversing carriage of any self-acting machine shall not be allowed to run out within a distance of 18 inches from any fixed structure not being a part of the machine, if such space is one over which any person is liable to pass.

In Great Britain the employment of children and young persons is prohibited in any part of a factory or workshop in which there is carried on the process of silvering mirrors by the mercurial process or the making of white lead. A child or female young person shall not be employed in any part of a factory in which the process of melting or annealing glass is carried on. A girl under the age of 16 years shall not be employed in a factory or workshop where the making or finishing of bricks or tiles, other than ornamental tiles, or the making or finishing of salt is carried on. A child shall not be employed in the part of a factory or workshop in which any dry grinding in the metal trade or the dipping of lucifer matches is carried on. A child, young

person, or woman shall not be employed in any part of a factory in which wet spinning is carried on unless sufficient means be employed and continued for protecting the workers from being wetted and where hot water is used for preventing the escape of steam into the room occupied by the workers.

Places prohibited for meals.-The order of March 23, 1896, extends the prohibition (for women and children to eat their meals) to a long list of factories or processes of manufacture in rooms.

In France the employment of both women and children is prohibited in unhealthy or dangerous establishments except under special conditions determined by Government regulations, and the Government may absolutely forbid the employment of women and children in work involving danger, a too great expenditure of strength, or influences prejudicial to morality.

Holland. The royal decree of January 31, 1897, creates a list of many kinds of employment in which the labor of boys and girls under 16 is forbidden in a general way, corresponding to our list against their employment upon dangerous machinery in mills or in begging, immoral occupations, etc. The Dutch law is perhaps the most complete and thoroughly systematized that can be found upon this subject, and may be found in the Belgian Labor Annual for 1898, pages 267 to 276.

In Italy children must not be employed in tending motors or cleaning machinery or means of transmitting power while in motion.

In Norway women and children may not be employed in cleaning or oiling machinery or in visiting the recess in which machinery moves while it is in motion or in changing belts, pulleys, etc. Young persons under 18 must not be employed in tending steam boilers or machines requiring great care.

In Norway the King may promulgate orders for industries which are considered especially dangerous or fatiguing to prescribe special measures of precaution, the maximum duration of labor of children and young persons, to prohibit absolutely the employment of children and young persons or of women before confinement in all respects stricter than the general law requires.

New Zealand.-In New Zealand persons under 18 may not be employed in parts of factories or work rooms in which there is carried on the process of silvering mirrors by the mercurial process or the process of making white lead. Boys under 14 and girls under 18 in such places where the process of melting or annealing glass is carried on; girls under 16 not where the making or finishing of bricks or tiles, not being ornamental tiles, and the making and finishing of salt is carried on. Neither boys nor girls under 16 where any dry grinding in the metal trades or the dipping of lucifer matches is carried on. No child can be employed in any grinding in the metal trades other than dry grinding or in friction cutting. No woman or person under 18 can be employed where wet spinning is carried on unless sufficient means be employed and continued for protecting the workers from being wetted and from preventing the escape of steam.

No girl under 15 shall work as typesetter in any printing office. New South Wales.-The law is substantially identical with that of New Zealand as set forth above.