1. They wouldn't surrender.

2. Stopping a runaway.
3. Saving his chum.

4. When the canoe overturned.
5. When the barn caught fire.
6. Why he lost the prize.
7. He told the truth.

Sometimes it requires courage to tell the truth and accept punishment. Do you know the story about George Washington and the colt? Perhaps your teacher will tell it or read it to you.

50

WRITING TITLES

When Washington was a young man, he was called Mr. Washington. Later on when he was fighting the French and Indians, he was addressed as Colonel Washington. In the Revolutionary War he became General Washington, and in 1789 when he became our first President, he was called President Washington. You see that he had many titles.

The titles Mr. and Mrs. are always abbreviated, but the title President is never abbreviated. It is better also to write General Pershing, Colonel Roosevelt, Major Scott, Captain John Smith, Lieutenant Gordon. You will, however, sometimes see these military titles abbreviated in this way:

With what kind of letter does a title begin? By what mark must an abbreviation always be followed?

51

USING CAPITAL LETTERS

NAMES OF POLITICAL PARTIES

All of our Presidents since the Civil War have been either Republicans or Democrats. McKinley was a Republican; Cleveland was a Democrat.

Republican and Democrat begin with capital letters because they are the names of political parties. Write the name of the political party to which:

1. Your father belongs.

2. The mayor of your town or city belongs.

3. The governor of your state belongs.

4. The President of the United States belongs.

The name of a political party begins with a capital letter.

52

STUDYING THE COMMA WITH QUOTATION MARKS DAYBREAK

A wind came up out of the sea,

And said, "O mists, make room for me."

It hailed the ships, and cried, "Sail on,
Ye mariners, the night is gone."

And hurried landward far away,
Crying, "Awake! it is the day."

It said unto the forest, "Shout!
Hang all your leafy banners out!"

It touched the wood-bird's folded wing,
And said, "O bird, awake and sing."

And o'er the farms, "O chanticleer,
Your clarion blow; the day is near."

-Henry W. Longfellow.

Read the first stanza. What does the wind say to the mists?

What marks are placed before the word O and after the word me?

What do these marks show?

Read in each stanza the words the wind uses.

Where are the quotation marks placed?

Notice that the quotation marks always travel in pairs.

What other mark is placed before the word O? Why? Notice that in each stanza this mark occurs before the words that the wind speaks.

Quotation marks are used to inclose the exact words of the person speaking.

A comma separates a quotation from the rest of the

sentence.

53

USING THE COMMA WITH QUOTATION MARKS

Copy the sentences that follow, putting commas and quotation marks where they belong.

1. Nothing is given to us unless it is of some use said the fairy.

2. Those who read the best are not always the wisest men said the fox.

3. Do not leave me down here in the well called the

wolf.

4. But the fox replied That is the way of the world. When one goes up, another goes down.

5. Can you tell me where I can find my sister Ellen the oldest brother asked Merlin.

6. She is in the dark tower of the King of Elfland replied Merlin.

7. What luck What luck cried everybody at once.

54

USING THE DICTIONARY

MEANINGS OF WORDS

The dictionary tells you the meanings of words. Sometimes a word has many meanings. It is then necessary for you to select just the meaning that fits the use of a word in a particular case.

occurs.

Look at the word cardinal in the story A Morning Concert on page 16. Read the sentence in which it Now find the word in the dictionary. Read the meanings aloud. Can you select the right one? Read the sentence again, using instead of the word the meaning you have selected.

Find the following words in the story The Three

For the study of word-meanings, it would be well to use a dictionary, if available, in which the definitions are extremely simple.

Fairies on page 27: bounty, abundance, attraction, mineral.

Read the sentences in which they occur.

Find each word in the dictionary.

Read its meanings aloud.

Select the meaning which fits the use of the word in the story. Your teacher and classmates will help you. Now read each sentence again, using instead of the word the meaning you have selected.

55

USING THE DICTIONARY

PRONUNCIATION THE ACCENT MARK

Find in the dictionary the words bounty, concert, applaud, expect. You can pronounce these words because, in studying their meanings, you have talked about them. Now you can find out how the dictionary helps you to pronounce words.

First, notice the mark' placed to the right of the syllables boun, con, plaud, and pect, in the words boun'ty, con'cert, ap-plaud', and ex-pect'. This mark is called the accent mark. It tells you where to accent the word, or on which syllable to throw most of your voice.

Now look up the word abbreviation. Here you notice two accent marks, one lighter than the other. On which syllables do they fall? In long words two syllables must sometimes be spoken with greater stress