SEC. 3121 (as amended by chapter 63, acts of 1891). Such penalty may be enforced by an action on the case in the name of the State, and the state's attorney of the county where the offense is committed shall prosecute the same, upon notice thereof from the board of railroad commissioners. CHAPTER 196.-Intimidation of employees. (a) SEC. 4226. A person who threatens violence or injury to another person with intent to prevent his employment in a mill, manufactory, shop, quarry, mine or railroad, shall be imprisoned not more than three months or fined not more than one hundred dollars. SEC. 4227. A person who, by threats or intimidation, or by force, alone or in combination with others, affrights, drives away and prevents another person from accepting, undertaking or prosecuting such employment with intent to prevent the prosecution of work in such mill, shop, manufactory, mine, quarry or railroad, shall be imprisoned in the state prison not more than five years or fined not more than five hundred dollars. CHAPTER 202.-Sunday labor. SEC. 4315. A person who between twelve o'clock Saturday night and sunset on the following Sunday exercises any business or employment except such only as works of necessity and charity, shall be fined not more than two dollars. * * * CHAPTER 202.-Employment, hours of labor, etc., of children. SEC. 4320. An owner, agent, superintendent or overseer of a manufacturing or mechanical establishment who knowingly employs or permits to be employed in such establishment a child under ten years of age, or employs a child under fifteen years of age more than ten hours in one day, and a parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment, shall be fined fifty dollars. CHAPTER 204.--Convict labor. SEC. 4349. The directors of the state prison and house of correction may contract for not exceeding five years to any person the labor of all or part of the convicts in the state prison or house of correction in such manner and on such terms as they judge best for the State; They may also sell articles * * * belonging to the institution proper to be sold. ACTS OF 1882. ACT No. 4.-Exemption from taxation. * * * SECTION 1.-An owner of fowls to the value of more than twenty dollars shall be subject to taxation for the amount of the value of such fowls in excess of twenty dollars. ACTS OF 1884. ACT No. 93.-Conditional sale of personal property. SECTION 1. No personal property sold conditionally, upon which there is reserved a lien duly recorded, shall be removed from the State without the consent of the vendor or his assignee. SEC. 2. When the sum, for which the lien upon personal property sold conditionally was given, is paid and satisfied, the vendor or his assignee shall discharge the same. SEC. 3. Liens on personal property sold conditionally may be discharged by an entry on the margin of the record thereof, in the town clerk's office where recorded, signed by the vendor, his executor, administrator, assignee or attorney acknowledging satisfaction of the lien, or by an entry on the writing creating the lien signed as aforesaid, acknowledging satisfaction, duly recorded on the margin of the record of the lien in the town clerk's office, or by a release of the lien signed as aforesaid and duly recorded in the town clerk's office. a See Decision, page 1336. SEC. 4. If the vendor or his executor, administrator or assignee, after performance of the condition before or after breach thereof, shall not, after ten days after being thereto requested and after tender or reasonable charges, discharge such lien in one of the ways provided in the foregoing section, he shall be liable for damages occasioned thereby, to be recovered in an action on the case. SEC. 5. The vendor of personal property sold conditionally, with a lien reserved thereon, or his assignee may, after thirty days from the time of condition broken, cause the property on which the lien exists, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be taken and sold at public auction by a public officer at a public place in the town where the person giving the lien resides or where the property is, notice of the time place and purpose of such sale being posted at two or more public places in such town, at least ten days prior thereto; notice of such sale shall also be given to the vendee of the time and place of sale, in writing, delivered to him or left at his abode, if living within the town, or sent by mail if he does not reside in such town, at least ten days previous to the sale, and if the property is not redeemed by the payment of the amount due and costs and expenses incurred by such breach of condition the property shall be sold as posted. SEC. 6. The proceeds of such sales shall be applied to the payment of the lien and the costs and expenses of keeping the property, and sale, and the balance, if any, shall be paid to the vendee [sic] or the person holding under him, on demand. ACT No. 140.-Earnings of married women. * SEC. 2 (as amended by act No. 84, acts of 1888). All personal property acquired [by a married woman] in any manner during coverture, except by gift from her husband, shall be held to her sole and separate use, and neither a wife's separate property nor the rents, issues, income and products (of) the same shall be subject to the disposal of her husband or liable for his debts; * ACTS OF 1886. ACT No. 86.-Inspection, etc., of steam boilers. * SECTION 1. Upon application of three reputable citizens, the selectmen of any town, or the mayor of any city in this State, or any person duly authorized by them, may, after notice to the parties interested, examine any stationary steam engine or steam boiler therein, and for that purpose may enter any house, shop, or building, and if upon examination it appears probable that the use of such engine or boiler is unsafe, they shall give the parties interested so far as known an opportunity to be heard, and if upon such hearing they shall adjudge such engine or boiler unsafe, defective or unfit to be used, they may issue an order prohibiting the use thereof until it is rendered safe. If after notice to the owner or person having charge thereof, such engine or boiler is used contrary to such order, such owner or person so offending shall forfeit ten dollars for each day he so uses the same, to be recovered to the use of such town or city, in an action of debt brought in the name of such town. ACTS OF 1888. ACT NO. 22.-Railroads-Blocking of frogs, switches, and guard rails. SECTION 1. Every railroad company operating a railroad or part of a railroad in this State, shall, before the first day of December, 1889, adjust, fill or block with a wooden block or wedge the frogs, switches and guard rails on its tracks, with the exception of guard rails on bridges, so as to prevent the feet of its employees from being caught therein. The work shall be done to the satisfaction of the railroad commissioners evidenced by the certificate of their clerk. ACT No. 67.-Property not exempt from execution in suits for labor. SEC. 1 (as amended by act No. 42, acts of 1894). No personal property shall be exempt from attachment and execution in a suit brought to recover payment * for material or labor expended on the same. * ACT No. 133.-Liens on personal property. SEC. 1. Every person who shall make, alter, or repair any article of personal property, at the request of the owner of such property, shall have a lien thereon for his just and reasonable charges therefor, and may retain possession of such property until such charges are paid. SEC. 2. A person having such lien may, in case the debt secured thereby remains unpaid for three months, and the value of the property affected does not exceed one hundred dollars, sell such property at public auction in the town or city where he resides, and notice of the time, place and purpose of such sale shall be posted at two or more public places in such town or city, at least ten days prior thereto, and he may apply the proceeds of such sale to the satisfaction of the debt due him and the expenses of such sale, and any surplus remaining shall be paid to the proper owner thereof, within ten days thereafter, or deposited for his benefit in the treasury of the town or city where the sale occurs. SEC. 3. Notice, in writing, of the time and place of such sale, at least ten days prior thereto, and of the amount claimed to be due, shall be given to the owner of such property, either personally, by mail, or by leaving the same at his place of abode, if a resident of this State, and if not, by publication thereof not less than ten days next before the time of sale, in some newspaper published in the town, city, or county where such lien accrues, if there be one, and if not, by publication in a newspaper published in an adjoining county. ACTS OF 1890. ACT No. 75.-Factories-Bells, whistles, etc. SECTION 1. Manufacturers and others employing workmen are authorized, for the purpose of giving notice to such employees, to ring bells and use whistles and gongs of such size and weight, in such manner and at such hours as the board of aldermen of cities, the trustees of incorporated villages and the selectmen of towns may in writing designate. ACTS OF 1892. ACT No. 22.-Employment of children. SECTION 4. No child under fourteen years of age, shall be employed in a mill or factory unless such child shall have attended a public school twenty weeks during the preceeding year, and shall deposit with the owner or person in charge of such mill or factory a certificate showing such attendance, signed by the teacher of such school. SEC. 5. The town superintendent of schools may inquire of the owner or person in charge of a mill or factory as to the employment of children therein; and may call for the production of the certificates required to be deposited with such person, and ascertain if there is any violation of the law in the employment of such children. SEC. 6. No person shall hereafter give employment to any child under fourteen years of age who cannot read and write, but is capable of receiving such instruction, during the time when the school which such person should attend is in session. SEC. 7. A person who shall violate the provisions of sections three, four, or six of this act, or who shall refuse to give the information or exhibit the certificates required to be given and exhibited by section five of this act, shall forfeit not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars, to be recovered by prosecution before a justice of the peace, and to be paid to the town in which the child resides. And each truant officer is hereby required to make complaint of any violation of said sections to a justice of the peace or judge of a municipal court, who shall issue his warrant, according to law, for the arrest and trial of such offender. ACT No. 65.-Erection of bridge guards by railroads. SEC. 1. Every railroad company operating a railroad, or part of a railroad, in this State, shall place at the approaches of all its bridges and the highway bridges or other structures which cover or extend over its track, and does not leave a clear height of twenty feet from the top of the rails to the lowest part of said bridges or other structures directly over said rails, such telltale warnings, or other safety devices of uniform pattern for warning trainmen of their approach thereto, as shall be recommended by the board of railroad commissioners. ACT No. 83.-Fire escapes on factories, etc. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the owner or lessee of any building, factory, mill or workshop more than two stories in height, where male or female help is employed above the second story of such building, to provide suitable ladders or other safe fire escapes, for the safety of patrons and occupants of such buildings. SEC. 3. The owner, keeper or lessee of any of the places mentioned in this act who shall neglect to comply with the provisions thereof shall be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than four hundred dollars. CHAPTER 89.-Smoking in factories, etc., prohibited. SEC. 1. Smoking a pipe, cigar or cigarettes in any mill, factory, barn, stable or other outbuilding, belonging to or occupied by any other person, persons or corporation, shall be a misdemeanor; and any person guilty thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five dollars; Provided, That a notice prohibiting such smoking, signed by the owner, agent, or occupant of such mill, factory, barn, stable or outbuilding, shall have been posted with a copy of this law attached thereto, in a conspicuous place near the main entrance of such mill, factory, barn, stable or outbuilding, at the time the offense complained of was committed. SEC. 2. All prosecutions under this act shall be commenced within thirty days from the date of such offense. ACTS OF 1894. ACT No. 13.-Free text-books in public schools. SECTION 1. The school directors or school board of each town, city or graded school district shall provide and furnish at the expense of such town, city or graded school district all text-books and appliances used in the studies required by law to be taught in the public schools, to be paid for by order of the school directors on their respective treasurers. SEC. 2. School directors or school board shall make such rules and regulations as they deem proper for the care and custody of the books and appliances purchased, and shall loan text-books free of charge to resident pupils, and may sell the same at cost to the parents or guardians of pupils. SEC. 3. When a pupil loses, destroys or unnecessarily injures any such book or appliance, loaned to him, he, or his parent or guardian, shall make good the loss or damage to the satisfaction of the school directors within a reasonable time after written notice from them; otherwise, the school directors or school board shall report the case to the selectmen of the town, or the proper authorities of the city or graded school district, who shall include in the next town, city or district tax of the delinquent parent or guardian the value of such book or appliance, and such tax shall be collected like other town, city or district taxes. For neglect to comply with the provisions of this act the school directors or school board shall be liable for such loss or damage in an action of general assumpsit in the name of such town, city or graded school district. SEC. 4. Pupils already supplied with text-books shall not be supplied with similar books until needed. VIRGINIA. ARTICLE XI.-Exemption from execution, etc. SECTION 1. Every householder or head of a family shall be entitled, in addition to the articles now exempt from levy or distress for rent, to hold exempt from levy, seizure, garnisheeing or sale, under any execution, order or other process, issued on any demand for any debt * his real and personal property, or either, including money and debts due him, to the value of not exceeding two * * * * * thousand dollars, to be selected by him: Provided, That such exemption shall not extend to any execution, order or other process issued on any demand in the following cases: 1st. For the purchase price of said property, or any part thereof. 2d. For services rendered by a laboring person or a mechanic. 3d. For liabilities incurred by any public officer, or officer of a court, or any fiduciary, or any attorney at law for money collected. 4th. For a lawful claim for any taxes, levies or assessments, 5th. For rent * * * * * 6th. For the legal or taxable fees of any public officer, or officers of a court, * * *. SEC. 4. The general assembly is hereby prohibited from passing any law staying the collection of debts, commonly known as stay laws"; * 66 SEC. 5. The general assembly shall, * * * prescribe in what manner and on what conditions the said householder or head of a family shall thereafter set apart and hold for himself and family, a homestead out of any property hereby exempted, and may, in its discretion, determine in what manner and on what conditions he may thereafter hold, for the benefit of himself and family such personal property as he may have, and coming within the exemption hereby made. But this section shall not be construed as authorizing the general assembly to defeat or impair the benefits intended to be conferred by the provisions of this article. SEC. 7. The provisions of this article shall be construed liberally, to the end that all the intents thereof may be fully and perfectly carried out. CODE OF 1887. CHAPTER 6.-Contracts for labor made in a foreign country to be valid. SECTION 44. A contract for labor for a term of service, not exceeding two years, made in a foreign country, with a person who shall immigrate to this State, and duly attested by the United States consul or commercial agent at the port where such immigrant shall embark, shall be respected and enforced to the same extent and in the same manner as if made within the State. * CHAPTER 103.-Earnings of married women. SEC. 2287. * * all work and labor performed by her [a married woman] for a person other than her husband or her children, shall, unless there be an express agreement to the contrary, be presumed to be on her separate account. The products and earnings of such * *, work, and labor shall be her separate estate, * * * CHAPTER 109.-Conditional sale of personal property. SEC. 2462. Every sale or contract for the sale of goods or chattels, wherein the title is reserved until the same be paid for in whole or in part, or the transfer of the title is made to depend on any condition, and possession be delivered to the vendee, shall be void as to creditors of, and purchasers for value without notice from, such vendee, unless such sale or contract be evidenced by writing executed by the vendor, in which the said reservation or condition is expressed, and until and except from the time the said writing is duly admitted to record in the county or corporation in which said goods or chattels may be, or, if said goods and chattels consist of locomotives, cars, or other rolling stock, equipments, or personal property of any description, to be used in or about the operation of any railroad, until and except from the time the said writing is duly admitted to record in the clerk's office of the county or corporation court of the county or corporation, wherein the principal office in this State of the company operating the railroad is located, or in the clerk's office of the chancery court of the city of Richmond, if said principal office is within the corporate limits of the said city, and a copy of said writing be filed in the office of the board of public works, and each locomotive, car, or other piece of the rolling stock be plainly and permanently marked with the name of the vendor on both sides thereof followed by the word "owner." CHAPTER 110.-Mechanics' liens. SEC. 2475. All artisans, builders, mechanics, lumber dealers, and other persons performing labor about, or furnishing materials for, the construction, repair, or improvement of any building or structure, permanently annexed to the freehold, whether they be general contractors or subcontractors, shall have a lien, if perfected as hereinafter provided, upon such building or structure, and so much land therewith as shall be necessary for the convenient use and enjoyment of the premises, for the work done and materials furnished. But where the claim is for repairs only, no lien shall attach to the property repaired unless the said repairs |