with one or two dogs, which quarter the ground under the guidance of signs and whistled signals from the sportsman. When the birds flush they spring up suddenly and immediately attain full speed, which keeps the gunners always on the qui vive. Either pointers or setters may be used according to the character of the ground and the personal preference of the sportsman. By many the Llewellyn setter is considered to be the most perfect dog for rapid quartering of the ground and general adaptation to this class of sport. As to guns, tastes differ, but a hammerless arm of moderate weight, long range and 12 or 14 bore has the preference of experts.

These birds have been successfully bred in captivity, as is explained in the article GAMEBREEDING.

Consult books mentioned under BIRDS and publications of the United States Biological Survey, especially Bulletin 21, Judd, 'Bobwhite and Other Quails. in their Economic Relations (Washington 1905).

QUAIN, kwan, Jones, English physician: b. Mallow, Ireland, 1796; d. London, 27 Jan. 1865. He studied medicine at Dublin and Paris and was professor of anatomy and physiology at London University 1831-36. He was the author of Quinn's Elements of Anatomy' (1828; 10th ed., 1890), and published also a series of Anatomical Plates) (1858) and a translation of Martinet's 'Pathology (1835).

QUAIN, Richard, English English anatomist, brother of J. Quain (q.v.): b. Fermoy, Ireland, July 1800; d. London, 14 Sept. 1887. He was appointed professor of anatomy and clinical surgery in University College, London, in 1837, and was elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1868. Among his works are Anatomy of Arteries,' with folio plates (1845); Diseases of the Rectum) (1854); Observations on Medical Education (1865); 'Some Defects of Medical Education' (1870). He bequeathed nearly $375,000 to University College, London, for the "education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science."

QUAIN, SIR Richard, English physician, cousin of J. and R. Quain (q.v.): b. Mallow, County Cork, 30 Oct. 1816; d. London, 13 March 1898. He studied medicine in University College, London, whence he was graduated in 1842. He was elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1846; in 1871 was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society and he was president of the General Medical Council from 1891 till his death. He was created a

baronet in 1891. His practice in London was large and lucrative and besides publishing several medical treatises he edited a well-known 'Dictionary of Medicine' (1882; new ed., 1894).

QUAKER CITY, a popular nickname applied to Philadelphia, which was planned and colonized by William Penn and other members of the Society of Friends.

QUAKER HILL, Battle of, in the American Revolution, a notable battle fought 29 Aug. 1778. On the previous night, the 28th, the Americans on Rhode Island fell back toward Butts Hill at the northern end of the island. Contrary to Greene's advice the enemy was allowed to occupy Quaker and Turkey Hills From

these hills the British assailed the Americans, but were repulsed and driven back to Turkey Hill. The hottest of the battle took place on the low ground between the hills. The American loss in killed and wounded was 206; that of the British 222.

QUAKER POET, The, a name often applied to John Greenleaf Whittier, and long before his day bestowed upon the English poet, Bernard Barton (q.v.).

QUAKERS. See FRIENDS, RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF.

QUAKERTOWN, Pa., borough in Bucks County, 38 miles north of Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Reading and on the Quakertown and Delaware River railroads. It manufactures cigars, harness and stoves and has sil mills. Pop. 3,801.

FOR OFFICE.

QUALIFICATIONS
See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS.

QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS. See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS; WOMAN SUFFRAGE; ELECTIONS; NATURALIZATION; VOTES, VOTERS, VOTING.

QUALITY, in the language of logicians, is used to designate the nature of propositions as affirmative or negative: the proposition "gold is a yellow substance" is of affirmative quality; "gold is not easily fusible" is a proposition of negative quality. In metaphysics quality is either primary or secondary; primary qualities are those which are essential to the existence, or even the conception of the thing; secondary qualities are those not essential to such conception; whether primary or secondary, a quality is that which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is. An essential quality is that which may not be separated from a substance or an individual without taking it out of its class. On the other hand an accidental quality may be detracted from a substance or individual without a change of classification.

QUANA, Parker, Comanche chief: b. about 1845; d. 1911; the most influential leader among the three confederated tribes of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache in southwestern Oklahoma. He was the son of Nokoni, the principal chief of the Comanche, and Cynthia Parker, a white captive. Quana became prominent in 1874, when he acted as leader of the band of 700 picked warriors from the confederated tribes in an attack on the South Canadian River fort, Adobe Walls. He was active in the Indian uprising of the following year and was the last to surrender when peace was ultimately made. His superior intelligence, however, induced him to acquire white habits and customs, and after some time spent in Texas, he became thoroughly convinced of the benefits of civilized life. On his return to his tribe he endeavored to persuade them to adopt his views. In 1882 he proposed leasing the surplus pasture lands of the reservation, a measure which increased the income of the tribes by $100,000 yearly. In 1888 he was appointed a judge of the Indian Court, and in 1892 was the first signer of the treaty which opened the reservation lands to settlers in 1901. Parker Quana did much to civilize the Indian tribes under his leadership. He was himself a man of keen intelligence and a linguist, speaking several Indian dialects and English and Spanish. He recognized that the

only salvation for the Indian was to be found in education and the adoption of the ways of civilization. He established schools for the Indians and all his children were well educated. Two at least of his daughters married white men. After the division of the Indian lands, Parker Quana lived in a large modern house surrounded by a well-cultivated ranch. For considerably over a quarter of a century he was the most prominent member of the three allied tribes, Kiowa, Comanche and Apache, practically all of whose tribal business was in his hands. In this capacity he made several visits to Washington, where he always had the consideration of the government. He also traveled extensively throughout the United States and made a careful study of agricultural methods and of the ways of living among the whites, which he copied and taught to his people by example and precept. It was through his earnest and persistent efforts that the Indians of his tribes secured rights of citizenship.

QUANAH, Tex., city and county-seat of Hardeman County, 200 miles northwest of Dallas, on the Fort Worth and Denver City, the Saint Louis and San Francisco and the Quanah, Acme and Pacific railroads. Irrigation is carried on to a considerable extent in the vicinity, the crops being chiefly cotton, corn and wheat. Manufacturing includes flour, cement, cottonseed oil and cottonseed feed products. The town is growing in size. Pop. 3,127.

QUANTIFICATION OF THE PREDICATE, supplying to the predicate in a logical proposition a word, as "some," or "all," or "no," etc., to indicate whether the whole of it or only a part agrees with or differs from the subject. In the proposition "all metals are elements" the subject "metals" is quantified by the use of "all"; but the predicate is not quantified, and in form the proposition does not distinctly assert whether metals constitute the whole list of elements or not. But by inserting "some" before the predicate, "elements" is quantified "all metals are some elements." It was assumed by Aristotle and was maintained by all logicians after him till Ploucquet and Lambert in the 18th century and Sir William Hamilton in the 19th, that the predicate of all affirmative propositions is "undistributed" (not taken in its universal comprehension), while the predicate of a negative proposition is always distributed. But after Sir William Hamilton had given notoriety to the doctrine of quantification, this was seen to be an error, through which an infinite number of affirmative propositions which are universal in both terms are excluded from the system of formal logic. Among the numerous changes in the theory of formal logic which follows from the adoption of the quantified predicate the most important are the reduction of the conversion of propositions from three species to one, reduction of all the general laws of categorical syllogisms to a single canon, and the abrogation of all the special laws of syllogism. But the doctrine of the quantification of the predicate has never been generally adopted in the exposition of formal logic, on the ground that there is no proposition that cannot be dealt with under the Aristotelian forms, and that quantification does not really simplify the theory of logic. present both the old Aristotelian-formed logic

At

57

and the logic of quantification have been supplanted by the symbolic logic. See LOGIC, SYMBOLIC.

QUANTITY, in the language of Mathematics, is whatever can be measured: space, time, weight, number, force, etc., are quantities. Quantities are represented in mathematics by symbols, and these too are called quantities. In algebra quantities are distinguished as known and unknown, real and imaginary, constant and variable, rational and irrational. For the meaning of these terms, see ALGEBRA, DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS; VARIABLE QUANTITIES. A simple quantity is expressed by a single term, as a or b; a compound quantity is one expressed by two or more terms connected by the sign of plus (+) or minus (-). Quantities having the plus sign prefixed are called positive or affirmative; those with the minus sign prefixed are called negative quantities. Similar quantities are such as consist of the same letters, and the same powers of the letters, as abc, -2abc, +4abc, etc. Logic, quantity is the extent to which the predicate in a proposition is asserted of the subject: when the predicate is affirmed of the whole of the subject the proposition is a universal one, as in the example "all metals are elements”: but when the predicate is affirmed only of a part of the subject, as in "some metals are brittle," the proposition is called a particular one. See OPPOSITION. In Grammar and Prosody, quantity is the measure of a syllable, or the time in which it is pronounced. In Music, quantity is the relative duration of a tone.

In

QUANTRELL, William, American guerrilla: d. Kentucky, 1864. His depredations first became widely known when he raided Lawrence, Kan., destroying 185 buildings, killing 140 inhabitants and leaving the town completely devastated. His operations were then continued through western Missouri and eastern Kansas, but upon his extending his ravages to Kentucky in 1864 he was outwitted and killed.

QUANZA, a river of Africa. See KWANZA. See

QUAPAW (kwä'pą) INDIANS. SIOUAN.

QUAQUAVERSAL FOLD. See FOLDS. QUARANTINE, a stated period (formerly 40 days) during which a ship coming from a port suspected of contagion, or having a contagious sickness on board, is forbidden intercourse with the place at which it arrives. Quarantine was first introduced at Venice in the 14th century, is now required in almost every important country except Great Britain. In the United States quarantine enactments were passed by the colonial legislatures and afterward for many years by the States. The first national quarantine act was passed 23 Feb. 1799, requiring Federal officers to aid in the execution of State or municipal quarantine regulations. On 29 April 1878, a national quarantine act was passed. On 3 March 1883, $100,000 was appropriated for maintaining quarantine points along the coast. On 1 Sept. 1892, owing to the presence of cholera, President Harrison proclaimed a 20 days' quarantine of New York. By law it is made a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, for the master, pilot or owner of any vessel entering a port of

with one or two dogs, which quarter the ground under the guidance of signs and whistled signals from the sportsman. When the birds flush they spring up suddenly and immediately attain full speed, which keeps the gunners always on the qui vive. Either pointers or setters may be used according to the character of the ground and the personal preference of the sportsman. By many the Llewellyn setter is considered to be the most perfect dog for rapid quartering of the ground and general adaptation to this class of sport. As to guns, tastes differ, but a hammerless arm of moderate weight, long range and 12 or 14 bore has the preference of experts.

These birds have been successfully bred in captivity, as is explained in the article GAMEBREEDING.

Consult books mentioned under BIRDS and publications of the United States Biological Survey, especially Bulletin 21, Judd, Bobwhite and Other Quails . . . in their Economic Relations (Washington 1905).

QUAIN, kwan, Jones, English physician: b. Mallow, Ireland, 1796; d. London, 27 Jan. 1865. He studied medicine at Dublin and Paris and was professor of anatomy and physiology at London University 1831-36. He was the author of Quinn's Elements of Anatomy' (1828; 10th ed., 1890), and published also a series of Anatomical Plates (1858) and a translation of Martinet's 'Pathology) (1835).

QUAIN, Richard, English anatomist, brother of J. Quain (q.v.): b. Fermoy, Ireland, July 1800; d. London, 14 Sept. 1887. He was appointed professor of anatomy and clinical surgery in University College, London, in 1837, and was elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1868. Among his works are Anatomy of Arteries, with folio plates (1845); Diseases of the Rectum (1854); 'Observations on Medical Education' (1865); 'Some Defects of Medical Education' (1870). He bequeathed nearly $375,000 to University College, London, for the "education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science."

these hills the British assailed the Americans, but were repulsed and driven back to Turkey Hill. The hottest of the battle took place on the low ground between the hills. The American loss in killed and wounded was 206; that of the British 222.

QUAKER POET, The, a name often applied to John Greenleaf Whittier, and long before his day bestowed upon the English poet, Bernard Barton (q.v.).

QUAKERS. See FRIENDS, RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF.

QUAKERTOWN, Pa., borough in Bucks County, 38 miles north of Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Reading and on the Quakertown and Delaware River railroads. It manufactures cigars, harness and stoves and has sil mills. Pop. 3,801.

FOR OFFICE.

QUALIFICATIONS
See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS.

QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS. See ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS; WOMAN SUFFRAGE; ELECTIONS; NATURALIZATION; VOTES, VOTERS, VOTING.

QUALITY, in the language of logicians, is used to designate the nature of propositions as affirmative or negative: the proposition "gold is a yellow substance" is of affirmative quality; "gold is not easily fusible" is a proposition of negative quality. In metaphysics quality is either primary or secondary; primary qualities are those which are essential to the existence, or even the conception of the thing; secondary qualities are those not essential to such conception; whether primary or secondary, a quality is that which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is. An essential quality is that which may not be separated from a substance or an individual without taking it out of its class. On the other hand an accidental quality may be detracted from a substance or individual without a change of classification.

QUANA, Parker, Comanche chief: b. about 1845; d. 1911; the most influential leader among the three confederated tribes of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache in southwestern Oklahoma. He was the son of Nokoni, the principal chief of the Comanche, and Cynthia Parker, a white captive. Quana became prominent in 1874, when he acted as leader of the band of

QUAKER CITY, a popular nickname applied to Philadelphia, which was planned and colonized by William Penn and other members of the Society of Friends.

QUAKER HILL, Battle of, in the American Revolution, a notable battle fought 29 Aug. 1778. On the previous night, the 28th, the Americans on Rhode Island fell back toward Butts Hill at the northern end of the island. Contrary to Greene's advice the enemy was allowed to occupy Quaker and Turkey Hills From

tribes in an attack on the South Canadian River fort, Adobe Walls. He was active in the Indian uprising of the following year and was the last to surrender when peace was ultimately duced him to acquire white habits and customs. made. His superior intelligence, however, inand after some time spent in Texas, he became thoroughly convinced of the benefits of civilized life. On his return to his tribe he endeavored to persuade them to adopt his views. In 1882 he proposed leasing the surplus pasture lands of the reservation, a measure which increased the income of the tribes by $100,000 yearly. In 1888 he was appointed a judge of the Indian Court, and in 1892 was the first signer of the treaty which opened the reservation lands to settlers in 1901. Parker Quana did much to civilize the Indian tribes under his leadership. He was himself a man of keen intelligence and a linguist, speaking several Indian dialects and English and Spanish. He recognized that the

the governor. In 1865-67 he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature; in 1872-78, and again in 1879-82, he was State secretary; recorder for the city of Philadelphia in 1878-79; and State treasurer in 1885. As early as 1869 he was secretary of the executive committee of the Republican State committee, and after that became the undisputed leader of his party in Pennsylvania. In national politics he was a member of the Republican national committee after 1885, and in 1888 was its chairman, conducting a successful presidential campaign. In 1887 he was elected United States Senator, serving continuously till 1899; in that year a deadlock in the legislature prevented his reelection. This was in part owing to the fact that in 1898, on the failure of the People's Bank where State funds were deposited, he had been accused of being party to a conspiracy for the misappropriation of public funds; the trial occurred in April 1899 and resulted in his acquittal. He was then appointed Senator ad interim by the governor and elected to the Senate in 1901 for the term expiring in 1905. In the Senate he was one of the strongest opponents of the Panama Canal. His power as a political organizer lay chiefly in his adroit methods of reconciling opposing factions and hostile interests. A striking example of this was his method of meeting the reform movement of 1902 by supporting as candidates for governor of the State and mayor of Philadelphia, men who were endorsed by the reformers and not prominent in the regular Republican organization, thus gaining the support of what might have been a dangerous opposition.

QUAY, an artificial landing-place on a water-course or harbor, usually of stone. It differs from a wharf, which is a structure built out from the shore on piles, whereas a quay is properly solid. See WHARVES and WHARF CONSTRUCTION.

or

QUAYLE, kwal, William Alfred, American Methodist clergyman and author: b. Missouri, 1860. He was graduated from Baker University, Baldwin, Kan., in 1885, was dained to the Methodist ministry the next year and has since held prominent pastorates in Kansas City and Indianapolis. He was professor of Greek at Baker University, 1855-90 and president of that institution, 1890-92. In 1908 he was created a bishop. He has lectured widely and has published "The Poet's Poet and Other Essays) (1897); 'A Hero and Some Other Folk (1899); The Blessed Life' (1900); The Gentleman in Literature' (1902); The Prairie and the Sea' (1905); God's Calendar' (1907); The Song of Songs' (1910); The Climb to God) (1913); 'Beside Lake Beautiful' (1914); 'Recovered Yesterdays in Literature (1916), etc.

QUEBEC, kwē-běk (Fr. ké-běk), one of the provinces of Canada, the largest in area and second in population, in British North America. Its capital is the city of Quebec.

Boundaries and Extent. It is bounded on the north by Hudson Bay and Strait, on the east by Labrador and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, on the south by the Bay of Chaleurs, New Brunswick and the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York and on the west and southwest by the province of Ontario. Its length is nearly 1,000 miles on a

71

due east and west course, its breadth from north to south 1,200 miles and its area 706,834 square miles (15,969 water). The annexation in 1912 of the district of Ungava (354,000 square miles), now called New Quebec, has doubled its area. It thus embraces nearly one-fifth of the total area of the Dominion. The surface of Old Quebec is varied and very picturesque, embracing several ranges of mountains and lofty hills, diversified by numerous rivers, lakes and forests.

Mountains. The Notre-Dame, or Green, Mountains, a continuation of the Appalachian Range, extend along nearly the whole of the south side of the Saint Lawrence. That chain runs at varying short distances from the river, and, after crossing the frontier and the State of Vermont, joins the Alleghanies. The highest altitude reached in the province is Mount Logan in Matane County (3,708 feet). The Laurentian Mountains skirt the northern bank of the same river and the Ottawa, somewhere near and somewhere at a distance of 10, 15 or 30 miles from the banks; but 130 miles west of Montreal, cross the Ottawa and curve in he direction of Kingston, whence they run westward to the shores of lakes Superior and Huron.

Rivers, Lakes and Islands. Quebec abounds in large rivers, bays and lakes. The Saint Lawrence, 1,900 miles to the head of Lake Saint Louis and navigable for large oceangoing ships as far as Montreal, flows through almost the entire length of the province, receiving, a short distance above Montreal, the waters of the Ottawa, a river 685 miles in length. That last river is more abundant in water than the Nile and the Rhine and has large tributaries, the rivers Gatineau and Lièvre (Hare), which are over 200 miles long and three others extending over 100 miles to the north. The Saint Maurice, which rises in Lake Oskelaneo and empties into the Saint Lawrence at Three Rivers, is over 325 miles in length and is remarkable for its enormous flow of water and its falls. The principal, named Shawenegan, Grand 'Mère, La Tuque, Les Piles, are wonderful water powers, 150,000 horse power now having been developed. Large pulp mills and paper factories have been erected at Grand 'Mère and at Shawenegan, a few years ago and are now the centre of large and progressive towns. The rivers Batiscan, Sainte Anne, Jacques Cartier and Montmorency, the last named famous for its falls, also enter the Saint Lawrence from the north. The Saguenay (405 miles) rising in Lake Saint John and flowing into the Saint Lawrence at Tadousac, is one of the most remarkable bodies of water in the world, varying in depth from 100 to 1,000 feet. It is the great outlet of the Lake Saint John, into which flow six long rivers; the principal one (the Peribonca) is 400 miles long and navigable for 30 miles. The Richelieu, draining Lake Champlain, discharges into the Saint Lawrence from the south and so do the Saint Francis, Chaudière, Chateauguay, Yamaska, Etchemin, Bécancour and from the north, Assumption, Matawan and du Loup. The rivers of New Quebec include the Big Nottaway, Rupert, Eastmain, Great Whale and Hamilton rivers. The principal lakes in the province are Melville (1,298 square miles), Mistassini (975),

the United States in violation of the act, or regulations framed under it. During the period of quarantine, all the goods, clothing, etc., that might be supposed capable of retaining infection are subjected to a process of disinfection, which is a most important part of the quarantine system.

From 7 Nov. 1896, the system of quarantine ceased to exist in Great Britain, so far as regards the British Islands. The Quarantine Act of 1825 required that quarantine should be imposed on all vessels coming to the British Islands from places from which "the plague or other infectious disease or distemper highly dangerous to the health of his Majesty's subjects" might be brought; but in recent years this act has applied only to the plague and yellow fever, and has not often been used. Vessels arriving from infected places or carrying goods, etc., from such places, were required to be kept at some safe distance from the shore and from other ships all their passengers and crew being detained on board-until all danger of spreading infection was considered to have passed. Healthy persons were thus exposed to the risk of taking any disease there might be on the ship.

In some places quarantine establishments were maintained for receiving persons from suspected vessels, but most of these were long since abolished, and latterly the only receiving ships were some old hulks at the Motherbank in the Solent. These were maintained by the Privy Council, on whom devolved the administration of the Quarantine Acts. Orders in Council prescribed the system of quarantine. By the Public Health Act of 1875, the defense of the country against cholera was placed in the hands of the Local Government Board, and regulations were issued by that board for the purpose. Instead of quarantining the entire crew of an infected or suspected vessel, the method adopted consisted in the medical inspection of the persons on board, and the separation and detention of those who were suffering from cholera or who were suspected of being infected. All others were permitted to leave the ship, but were traced and watched by the local authorities. Infected articles on board were to be disinfected or destroyed.

Quarantine has long been considered ineffective against the introduction of disease, besides being a source of much danger to those who were compulsorily detained under the system. The sanitary ideas of our day favor the less showy but safer methods long used in England in case of cholera.

In the United States under the law of 28 March 1890, known as the Interstate Quarantine Act, the supervising surgeon-general of the Marine Hospital Service is charged with preparing the rules and regulations, under direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, necessary to prevent the introduction of certain contagious diseases from one State to another, and he has also supervision of the medical inspection of alien immigrants, which under the law of 3 March 1891 is conducted by the medical officers of the Marine Hospital Service. Under the Act of 15 Feb. 1893, he is charged with the framing of regulations for the prevention of the introduction of contagious diseases and the prevention of their spread, and he is also charged with

the conduct of the quarantine service of the United States. He has the direction of laboratories established to investigate the cause of contagious diseases, and publishes each week, under the title of Public Health Reports,' sanitary reports received from all parts of the United States and (through the State Department) from all foreign countries. Consult Quarantine in the Maritime Cities of the United States,' New York Acad. of Med. (1913).

QUARITCH, kwär'ich, Bernard, English bookseller: b. Worbis, Prussian Saxony, 23 April 1819; d. Hampstead, Middlesex, 17 Dec. 1899. In 1839-42 he was employed in a publishing house in Berlin, and in 1846 established himself in London. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1847, and in that year issued his first book catalogue, a single leaf. In 1848 he began issuing a monthly catalogue, which in 1854-64 was printed as a regular periodical under the title The Museum. His business increased rapidly and he became known as an authority on rare and valuable books of all classes. For 30 years he practically controlled the rare book market, attending in person or by proxy every important book auction in England and America. His catalogues are remarkable productions, the first large one being published under the title 'Bibliotheca Xylographica, Typographica et Palæographica (1873) and afterward reissued from time to time with valuable additions, the last complete catalogue being the 'General Catalogue of Old Books and Manuscripts (1887-88, index 1892, 7 vols.) and increased by supplements in 1894 and 1897.

QUARLES, kwârlz, Francis, English poet : b. near Romford, Essex, 1592; d. London, 8 Sept. 1644. He was educated at Cambridge and before 1629 went to Dublin as private secretary to Archbishop Ussher. In 1639 he was appointed chronologer to the city of London and at the opening of the civil wars wrote a work entitled 'The Loyal Convert.' Of the works of Quarles, in prose and verse, the most celebrated is his 'Divine Emblems,' a set of designs illustrated by verses. A great part of them are borrowed from the Emblems' of Hermanus Hugo, but the verses are his own. His 'Enchiridion of Meditations) (1641) is a collection of brief essays and aphorisms, in vigorous and occasionally eloquent language.

QUARRYING. Although there are at this time in the United States about 3,000 quarries in operation, with an annual product valued at above $75,000,000, the quarrying industry has not kept pace with modern tendency and progress toward cheaper production. In building operations revolutionary changes have come about in the last few years in the erection of steel buildings and the manufacture of terra cotta and clay products, while quarrying has been, generally speaking, stationary. The natural result of this has been a large increase in the use of the cheaper substitute materials for general bridge and building work, where the natural preference would have been for stone as an ideal and more permanent material, but for its prohibitive cost. As the rapid increase in the use of these other building materials is the direct result of the use of modern methods and machinery to the elimination of hand labor