ROSES ers, and popularly known as ramblers, used largely in wild gardens, though the crimson rambler and its sub-varieties which belong to the polyantha subdivision are used for porch decoration for which they are admirably adapted; Evergreen, the foliage continuing very late in autumn; for example, R. Wichuraiana, a very popular hardy trailer which grows anywhere; Hybrid perpetual, upright growing, though sometimes pendulous, shrubs which bear flowers of all types and colors and embrace the largest number of varieties of any group but so greatly mixed as to preclude separation and definition; Hybrid teas, a group of the preceding, the members being the result of crosses with the Chinese tea-scented rose, especially rich in forcing varieties; China or monthly rose, a perpetual-blooming rose chiefly interesting because of its effect upon other roses by hybridizing through its variety the tea rose; Musk, very fragrant light-colored rather tender roses best known in their derivatives, and noisettes, which blossom later, are hardier than the type, and will grow in any soil but are little used probably because the blending with the teas seems to have impaired their hardiness; Polyantha, perpetual-flowering multiflora climbing varieties bearing small flowers in clusters and especially promising as the parents of a nebulous group of varieties adapted to American requirements; Perpetual briers, best known in America by one of its component species R. rugosa, a hardy Japanese rose much used in exposed situations for hedges, screens, etc., and useful for hybridizing with many other species. Rose species are propagated by seeds which are either sown as soon as the hips are ripe or are stratified in sand until spring. If allowed to become dry they may require two years to germinate, but if treated as above they generally sprout the first spring. Many species may be propagated by means of cuttings of nearly mature wood taken during summer and rooted under glass. Others will grow from mature wood cuttings taken in autumn and rooted in the spring like currants and gooseberries. Layering is generally practised with such species as do not root readily from cuttings; for example, R. hemisphærica and R. eglanteria. Some species such as the cinnamon rose (R. cinnamomea), the Carolina rose (R. carolina) and the Damask rose (R. damascena), may be propagated by suckers, division or by cuttings of the roots which in the last case should be dug in autumn, stored in sand or sphagnum in a frost-proof cellar until spring when they are planted in nursery rows. Grafting and budding are also practised, but are frequently unsatisfactory where regular intelligent attention cannot be given to the removal of the suckers that generally spring from the stock. For greenhouses and for forcing, cuttings of semi-mature wood are nearly universally used. They may be taken at any time, rooted with bottom heat in sand, and kept in pots until large enough to be transplanted upon the branches. In general, roses thrive best upon loamy soils, rich in plant food and humus, well drained but moist, in situations sheltered from the wind but where they will receive the sunlight at least half the day. They do not generally succeed upon very loose or sandy soils, but often do upon heavy clays. They are seldom difficult to transplant with ordinary care, are easy to culti The re But vate and generally simple to prune. moval of weak and old wood is the most important pruning detail. But care must be taken especially with climbing varieties to preserve the long sturdy shoots, since they are most prolific of blossoms. Indoor roses cultivated for cut flowers are generally pruned so as to have the flowers borne singly at the ends of long stems sometimes, as in the case of American Beauty, exceeding four feet in length. this is a special florist's practice and is dependent not only upon the method of pruning but upon the management of the plants otherwise. In the garden the plants may usually be set about 30 inches apart in beds about four feet wide, the plants of one row being preferably opposite the intervals of the other so as to obtain full light and air. Beds of this width need not be tramped on when the flowers are being gathered. Cultivation consists in keeping the surface loose and open at all times by raking, a rather shallow forking being given each spring. In the autumn a liberal mulch of stable manure should be spread upon the beds and the coarser parts removed in the spring before the annual forking. The removal of all dead, failing or puny shoots should precede the cultural operations. Many gardeners give applications of liquid manure just as the flower buds appear and preferably preceding a shower. When well managed a rose bed should be satisfactory for 10 or more years. A large number of insects feed upon the rose both out of doors and in the greenhouse. Of those which sometimes prove troublesome in the garden the rose beetle or chafer is perhaps the most annoying, since it feeds upon the petals of the opening flowers, thus ruining them. The only remedy which has been satisfactorily applied is hand picking. Plant lice (see APHIS) and scale insects (q.v.) are often found upon roses, but in the garden are not usually very troublesome. Slugs occasionally skeletonize the leaves by working upon the undersides, and several caterpillars, beetles, etc., also live upon the foliage, usually, however, in insufficient numbers to do damage. In the greenhouse some of the above species may appear, but they are usually debarred by correct methods of management, especially as to ventilation, temperature and humidity. The red spider, not an insect but a mite, is sometimes troublesome where the air is allowed to become too dry. Management will also prevent the so-called plant diseases occasionally found in poorly ventilated houses; indeed, attention to the details mentioned is in many leading houses found more expedient and satisfactory than recourse to the so-called remedies for either insects or maladies. Bibliography. Buist, The Rose Manual' (Philadelphia 1844, etc.); Prince, Manual of Roses (New York 1846); Parkman, 'Book of Roses' (Boston 1866); Shaw, 'The Rose' (Saint Louis 1882); Ellwanger, The Rose' (New York 1882; 2d ed., 1892, New York); Hatton, 'Secrets of Rose Culture) (Huntington, N. Y., 1891); Hole, A Book About Roses (1894); Bailey, L. H., Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (1904); Mellias, 'Book of the Rose' (1905); Pemberton, J. H., Roses: Their History, Development and Cultivation' (1908); Thomas, H. H., The Rose Book' (New York 1914); Thomas, C. C., Jr., Practical Book of Outdoor Rosegrowing (Philadelphia 1914); Sanders, T. W., 'Roses and Their Cultivation' (London ROSES, Wars of the, the name given to the protracted struggle between the houses of Lancaster and York for possession of the English throne, in the second half of the 15th century. The appellation was derived from the badges adopted by the contending parties, a white rose by York and a red rose by Lancaster. The outbreak of the war was brought about by the growing discontent of the people with the evil fortunes of the war against France and the oppressive taxes necessitated by the heavy military expenditures. The imbecile Henry VI (q.v.) had shown himself quite incapable of the tasks of government and this served to enhance the power of Richard, Duke of York, the representative of the claims of the house which had been driven from the throne in 1399 in the person of Richard II, Henry IV assuming the crown by parliamentary sanction, and being succeeded by Henry V. The Duke of York's strongest opponent was Margaret, wife of Henry VI, a woman of great strength of character and much ability. The first battle of the war was fought in 1455 at Saint Albans and resulted in a victory for the Yorkists, whose head became, for the second time, protector of the realm. War broke out again in 1459 and began auspiciously for the Lancastrians. The Duke of York and the Earl of Warwick and Salisbury were compelled to flee the country. In June 1460 they returned, however, and defeated the Lancastrian forces at Northampton and took Henry VI prisoner. A compromise was effected by which Henry VI was to retain the crown until his death, when it was to pass to the Duke of York. Queen Margaret, however, would not consent to this wrong to her son, and continued the struggle. At Wakefield, 30 Dec. 1460, the Yorkists were defeated and the Duke of York was killed, and soon after the Lancastrians gained a second victory at Saint Albans (17 Feb. 1461). Edward, Earl of March, the Duke of York's eldest son, joining forces with Warwick, succeeded in getting possession of London, which was a fervent supporter of the Yorkist cause, and was elected king, setting out immediately to meet the enemy, on whom he inflicted a bloody defeat at Towton (29 March 1461). Henry VI fled to Scotland and the remnants of Lancastrian resistance, were crushed out at Hedgley Moor and Hexham in 1464. A quarrel between Edward IV and the Earl of Warwick led the latter to embrace the Lancastrian cause. Returning from France with a large force in 1470, he compelled Edward to seek refuge in Holland. Henry VI was released from captivity and replaced upon_the throne. Edward IV, however, returned to England in the early part of 1471, and on 14 April decisively defeated Warwick at Barnet, the "king-maker" himself falling in the fight. On 4 May a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret was overthrown at Tewkesbury and the young Prince Edward met his death there, most probably by assassination after the battle. Henry VI died in the Tower a few days later, and Edward IV was securely established on the throne. The last battle in the long conflict was fought in 1485 when Henry of Richmond, repre sentative of the Lancastrian claims, overthrew Richard III (q.v.) at Bosworth Field and ascended the throne as Henry VII. By his marriage to Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV, he united in: himself the claims of the rival houses. (See ENGLAND, Civil History). Consult Gairdner, Lancaster and York' (1886); Onan, 'History of England from Richard II to the Death of Henry IV) (1906). ROSETTA, rō-zět'ta (Ar. RESHID), Egypt, a city near the mouth of the Rosetta Canal-a branch of the Nile- formerly the medium of communication between Cairo and Alexandria, which gave to Rosetta a commercial importance which it has lost by the opening up of other channels of traffic. Between 1798 and 1807 Rosetta was captured in turn by the French, English and Turks. Pop. 17,000. ROSETTA STONE, a slab of black basalt of ancient Egypt, now in the British Museum, chiefly noted as having furnished the key for the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. The stone was discovered in 1799, during the excavation of Fort Saint Julien, near Rosetta, Egypt, by M. Boussard, an officer of engineers in the French army of occupation. Three years later the stone was brought to England and deposited in the Museum. The stone was erected in 195 B.C. by the priests of Egypt in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes and in commemoration of his remission of the dues of the sacerdotal body. It bears an inscription duplicated in three languages, in Greek, in hieroglyphics, or sacred, in demotic_or common characters, and this fact enabled Dr. Thomas Young in 1818 and later, M. Champollion, in 1822, to decipher it in the three languages and thus furnish a key for the reading of the hieroglyphics (q.v.). The Rosetta Stone is three and one-half feet long, two and one-half feet wide and nearly a foot thick. See ARCHÆOLOGY; HIEROGLYPHICS. ROSETTA WOOD, an East Indian wood, of unknown origin, reddish orange in color, with darker veinings. The wood is close, hard and very beautiful when first cut, but soon becomes darker by exposure. It is used in fine cabinet work, and is imported in logs. ROSEVILLE, Cal., city in Placer County, 18 miles northeast of Sacramento, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is a growing city with machine shops and yards of the Southern Pacific Railroad, an ice-plant and fruit-packing industry. Pop. 2,608. ROSEWATER, Andrew, American civil and sanitary engineer: b. Bohemia, 31 Oct. 1848. After a course of study in the common and high schools of Cleveland, Ohio, he became flagman in the engineer corps of the Union Pacific Railroad, engaging in explorations and surveys in 1864 and later in other engineering positions on the same road. He was assistant city engineer of Omaha, Neb., 1868-70 and city engineer, 1870-75. He was in charge of the construction of the Omaha and Northwestern Railroad 1878-80; was resident engineer of the Omaha Water Works Company 1880-81, and from 1881-87 was city engineer. Between 1887 and '91 he was consulting and designing engineer of sewerage for 25 cities. Since 1897 he has been city engineer of Omaha and president of its board of public works. ROSEWATER ROSLYN ROSEWATER, Edward, American journalist: b. Bukovan, Bohemia, 1841; d. Omaha, Neb., 31 Aug. 1906. Coming to America in 1854, he became a telegraph operator and for two years (1861-63) was in the United States military telegraph corps. In 1863 he went to Omaha, Neb., as manager of the Pacific Telegraph. In 1871 he was elected to the Nebraska legislature. In 1871 he founded the Omaha Bee and edited it till his death. He was vicepresident of the Universal Postal Congress at Washington, 1897, and the original founder of the Omaha Trans-Mississippi Exposition (1898). ROSEWATER, Victor, American journalist: b. Omaha, Neb., 13 Feb. 1811. He was graduated at Columbia University in 1891 and in 1893 engaged in newspaper work on the Omaha Bee, of which he became editor in 1906, and editor and publisher in 1917. He lectured on municipal finance at the University of Nebraska in 1894 and at the University of Wisconsin in 1904. He has been active politically and in 1917 was appointed a member of the committee on labor of the Advisory Commission of the Council of National Defense. Author of Special Assessments A Study in Municipal Finance' (1898). -- ROSICRUCIANS, rō-zi-kroo'shi-anz, a real or imaginary secret society, the alleged existence of which became known unexpectedly at the beginning of the 17th century. Early in that century appeared several books concerning the society, which are now generally ascribed to Johann Valentin Andreä, a Lutheran clergyman, and among which is the Fama Fraternitatis R.C. (1614). This work is the story of a certain holy and reverned Brother Christian Rosenkreuz, a German noble of the 14th century, who, inspired with the lofty ambition of reforming the world, spent a large portion of his days among the Brahmans, and in Jerusalem, Damascus, Egypt, Morocco, Fez, etc., in the pursuit of wisdom. Returning to Germany, he founded an order, consisting of but few members. They met in a house erected by himself, and called Sancti Spiritus Dominus, where he died at the age of 106. His burial-place was to be kept a secret by all the adepts, but he ordered the words "Post CXX annos patebo❞ to be inscribed upon one of the doors of the house of the order. To this work was added another, 'Confession of the Society and Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross.' addressed to the learned of Europe. This tract declared that the order had no intention of interfering with the religious or political action of states, but only desired the improvement of mankind by the discovery of the true philosophy. Whether such a society ever existed is still an open question. Many will have us believe that the above treatises were meant by Andreä to satirize in serio-comic style the philosophical follies of the age, having no expectation that they would be regarded otherwise than as fiction. The fraternity had fallen out of public attention for a long time, when in the latter half of the 18th century the interest in their organization was revived, especially by the noted imposter Cagliostro, who gave out that he was a Rosicrucian. Consult Semler, History of the Rosicrucians' (1768); Waite, 'Real History of the Rosicrucians' (1887). 701 ROSIN, or RESIN, the name given to the rosin of coniferous trees employed in a solid state for ordinary purposes. It is obtained from turpentine by distillation. In the process the oil of the turpentine comes over and the rosin remains behind. There are several varieties of rosin, varying in color from the palest amber to nearly black, and from translucent to opaque. It differs somewhat according to the turpentine from which it is derived, this being obtained from numerous species of pine and fir. It is used in the manufacture of sealing-wax, varnish, cement, soap, for soldering, etc. Colophony is a name for the common varieties. See NAVAL STORES. RÖSLER, rèz'ler, Augustin, German clergyman and historian: b. Guhrau, Silesia, 6 March 1851. He was educated at Glogan Gymnasium and the universities of Breslau and Freiburg-im-Breisgan, and at Rome. In 1875 he was ordained to the priesthood, in 1876-77 edited Schlesisches Kirchenblatt at Breslau, and in the latter year entered the Redemptorist Order. In 1880-82 he was professor of dogmatic theology and church history, and after 1882 of Scripture and Hebrew at the Redemptorist. scholasticate, Mantern, Styria. His published works are numerous, including 'Der katholische Dichter Aurelius Prudentius Clemens' (1886); 'Der Fahneneid des christlichen Mannes' (1888); Der Stall von Bethlehem) (1890); Der Katholizismush seine Aufgabe und seine Aussichten nach Prof. Dr. Albert Ehrhard' (1892); Cardinal Johannes Dominici, O.P.> (1893); Die Frauenfrage vom Standpunkte der Natur, der Geschichte und der Offenbarung) (1893; 2d ed., 1907); 'Cardinal Johannes Dominicis Erziehungslehre und die übrigen pädagogischen Leistungen Italiens im 15 Jahrhunder. Der Kartäuser Nicolaus Kempf und seine Schrift: Ueber das rechte Ziel und die rechte Ordnung des Unterrichts,' Vol. VII of 'Bibliothek der katholischen Pädagogik (1894); 'Der Reichtum der katholischen Kirche' (1896); Gewissenser forschung über die Anklagen des Professor Dr. Ehrhard (1902); 'Die Uebung der Caritas durch die Frauen und an den Frauen' (1901; 2d ed., 1903); Fürs Priesterherz' (1907; 2d ed., 1908); Liebfrauenschule (1910; 4th ed., 1912). Dr Rosler was a collaborator in Herder's 'Kirchenlexikon' (2d ed.) and 'Lexikon der Pädagogik'; Buchberger's 'Kirchliches Handlexikon, and contributor to Literarische Rundschau, Historisch-politische Blätter, the 'Catholic Encyclopedia, etc. ROSLIN, ROSLYN, or ROSSLYN, Scotland, village in Edinburghshire, seven miles south of Edinburgh, in the valley of the North Esk. Roslin Chapel, famous for its beauty and containing the tombs of the earls of Orkney and Roslyn, is located here; it was built in the 15th century. Pop. 1,129. ROSLYN, N. Y., village in Nassau County, Long Island, on an inlet of Long Island Sound, 18 miles northeast of Brooklyn, and on the Long Island Railroad. It was the home of William Cullen Bryant (q.v.), who, with his wife, is buried there. The village is chiefly residential in character. Pop. 1,200. ROSLYN, Wash., city in Kittitas County, 70 miles east of Tacoma, on the Northern |