the object of their search lay in quiet anticipation of their approach, and for six hours these opposing forces contested for the supremacy of the surrounding seas. The Dutch were overwhelmingly defeated and their vessels, cargoes, and equipment became spoil for the delighted Spaniards. Other and desultory contests of a similar nature but with varying results covered a considerable period up to the peace of Westphalia in 1648, in which Spain recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic and hostilities between the countries ceased.

War having been declared between Spain and England, Vice-Admiral Samuel Cornish, of the British Navy, received orders to proceed against Manila. Accordingly on August 1, 1762, he set sail from Calcutta in command of the naval forces consisting of seven sail of the line convoying an expedition of British and Sepoy troops in command of Gen. Sir William Draper. During the evening of September 24 the English fleet anchored in the harbor of Manila and on the following morning the admiral sent a demand for the surrender of the city. Upon a refusal, General Draper with a landing force made a demonstration against the city, which was met by a counter display on the part of the garrison. The next day, the 26th, the investment actually began and the attacking forces occupied an abandoned work just outside the glacis of the main fortifications.

On October 4 the shore batteries and the ships in the harbor opened a brisk fire on the city, and by the next day had accomplished a practical breach in the walls. That night a considerable force of natives made a sally and attacked the improvised redoubts of the British, but were repulsed with heavy losses. Panic-stricken at the decimation of their ranks, the natives fled to their villages. At dawn of the 6th a combined attack of land and naval forces carried the fortifications with little difficulty, though the garrison fought with desperation.

The Archbishop, Manuel Antonio Rojo, acting as governor, that office being vacant at the time, arranged for the surrender of the city. The terms of capitulation provided for the free exercise of religion, the security of private property, unrestricted trade between the Spaniards and the natives, English support of the supreme court in its attempts to preserve order, and a payment of $4,000,000 as an indemnity to the British. It seems that but a portion of this amount was paid.

During the progress of the siege the naval commander received intelligence that the galleon from Acapulco had arrived in the straits, and later despatched two ships for its capture. On October 30th, after a cruise of twenty-six days, the galleon was descried, and on the following day, after a sharp engagement, was captured with a cargo of $2,500,000 in specie.

The preliminaries for peace were signed at Fontainebleau on the 30th of November. In the meanwhile the affairs of Manila were administered by the British military authorities until, under the terms of the peace of Paris, February 10, 1763, the army of occupation withdrew.

The city did not again become subject to hostile attack or military occupation until August 13, 1898, when the Spanish garrison capitulated to the expeditionary forces of the United States under command of Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt.

Growing out of the ineffectual demands of the United States on Spain for some satisfactory adjustment of the deplorable condition of affairs in Cuba, the Congress of the former nation, by act approved April 26, 1898, declared a state of war with Spain to have existed since the 21st of that month. On the 23d the United States consul at Manila was given his passports and left for Hongkong, where he arrived on the 27th. The consul immediately joined the Asiatic squadron at Mirs Bay, then under orders to proceed to Manila and destroy the Spanish squadron. known to be there. The same day the squadron weighed anchor and proceeded under its instructions.

On the morning of May 1, 1898, the American squadron under command of Commodore George Dewey, having entered the bay the previous night, engaged the Spanish vessels under command of Admiral Montojo as well as the shore batteries of the arsenal at Cavite. This engagement resulted in the complete destruction of every fighting vessel employed by the Spaniards.

On May 2, 1898, a landing party of sailors and marines destroyed several magazines in the vicinity of Cavite. The day following Cavite Arsenal was evacuated by the Spanish troops and occupied by forces from the American squadron.

On May 25, 1898, the first expedition of American troops sailed for the Philippines, where it arrived on the 30th of the following month, and disembarked at Cavite the next day. General Merritt, under whose command the capture of the city was to be effected, arrived the 25th of July with a second reënforcement to the original expedition. The American troops began now to gradually invest the city, and the throwing up of temporary earthworks drew the attention of the garrison and provoked considerable night firing between the forces.

A joint note of the military and naval commanders, under date of August 7, 1898, made demand of the Captain-General for the withdrawal of noncombatants from the city and served notice of the intention to bombard. This demand was met by the Spaniards with a statement. of their inability to comply on account of the presence of insurgent troops and the impracticability of the noncombatants to sustain or defend themselves elsewhere than in the city. To this a prompt demand for the surrender of the city and its defenses was made, and, upon a failure to comply, a joint attack of the land and naval forces was ordered on August 13th. After a desultory action the American troops entered the city and a commission was appointed to arrange the terms of capitulation, under which the military authorities administered the affairs of the city of Manila and its suburbs until the ratification and exchange of the

treaty of Paris, by which the whole Philippine Archipelago passed to the United States.

Manila, in its restricted sense, implies the ancient or walled city, but commercially and popularly its suburbs have long since been accepted as being within the term. The old city is built upon low land. Nature and artifice have conspired to make of Manila Intramuros an island. At the feet of its western walls washes the waters of the bay, along its northern border flows the Pasig, and there are broad, deep moats on the east and south, all of which, and until 1852, when the practice of drawing in its drawbridges was discontinued, contributed to separate, from 11 p. m. to 4 a. m. of each night, the ancient citadel from the world and its progress, of which it took so little note. Within its confines are located the public buildings and offices.

The most notable edifice within the city is the Cathedral. The first building was erected shortly after the founding of Manila, but the recurrent earthquakes with which the city has been from time to time visited have several times caused its entire reconstruction. The present structure, of Roman Byzantine style, is partially on the site of the cathedral destroyed by the earthquake of 1863, and a portion of which yet stands. The new building is large, commodious, and perhaps the most imposing on the Islands. It cost approximately a half million dollars. Within its portals the Archbishop of Manila celebrates mass, and during the Spanish régime it was the scene of many public and official functions of great splendor. In addition to the Cathedral there are eleven other churches of more or less antique origin and tradition. The palace of the Archbishop, various religious convents and monasteries, the University, a number of schools and colleges, the Ayuntamiento Building, used as offices of the General Government, as well as of the municipality, the Intendencia Building, or old Aduana, are all within the walls of the city.

The so-called suburbs of the city are but in reality sections of a municipal unit. Their distinct names have been preserved for the reason that they are an important administrative division. During the Spanish régime they were divided into barangay, or hundreds, whose cabeza, or head, was responsible for the collection of taxes.

Binondo is on the north bank of the river and is opposite the fortified portion, and here are congregated the commercial interests of the city. Many of the streets are paved and are wider and offer better facilities. for travel than those of the old town. The Escolta, the principal street of this section, is the Broadway of Manila and its sides are lined with houses of the more important American and European firms. In Calle Rosario are the Chinese shops, less pretentious in appearance, whose volume of business is not so great. These shops, huddled together in groups. of ten or twelve, afford varied experiences in shopping to those unacquainted with oriental methods. Some of them are veritable treasure