inerme), etc. The nipa palm (Nipa fructicans) thrives along the river banks, forming dense thickets, while extending along the seashores one or two species of screw pine, pangdan (Pandanus), are found in abundance. The strand vegetation is confined largely to herbaceous plants, and here we find the coarse grass (Spinifex squarrosus), a most valuable sandbinder; associated with this is the grass Panicam repens, several species. of Cyperaceae, the extensively creeping vines, lampayong (Ipomoea pescapra), and palang palang (Canavallia obtusifolia). Usually, also, butobatonian (Euphorbia atoto), a frutescent plant with a milky sap, is found in abundance, and also malabohoc (Cassytha filiformis), a yellow twining parasite, with the appearance of dodder. Farther back on the beaches is found lagundi (Vitex obovata), a prostrate trailing woody plant with blue flowers, and also the closely related species (V. trifoliata), erect, with trifoliate leaves. Pandanus is usually found in abundance, and also bosboron (Scævola koenigii), an evergreen, succulent shrub with blue flowers which resemble the flowers of lobelia, and balac-balac (Tournefortia argentea), a shrub similar in vegetative characters, but with very different smaller flowers. In the wet soil near the sea is also found in abundance the coarse fern Achrostichum aureum, and in and near the coastwise forests various species of balete (Ficus spp.); lumban (Aleurites moluccana), the seeds of which yield a valuable oil; toob (Bischofia javanica); lapolapo (Gyrocarpus jacquinii); calumpang (Sterculia foetida), yielding a valuable oil seed; (Helicteres spicata), a low shrub; putat (Barringtonia racemosa); botong (Barringtonia speciosa), various species of Leguminoseæ, etc. In the Philippines are found extensive areas of open land covered with grasses which may be distinguished as bamboo jungles and savannahs. Bamboo jungles are characterized by the great uniformity of their aspect, and by the fact that practically all other classes of vegetation are excluded, probably due to the dense shade. Usually but one species of bamboo is found in the same jungle. The savannahs as they are found in the Philippines represent two classes; those covered with coarse grasses, and those covered with the smaller species, but intergradations are found. In the former, which usually occupy level country, are found such grasses as Saccharum spontaneum, Arundo sp., Manisuris sp. (Rottboellia), Themeda gigantea, etc.; in the latter, which are usually found in the hilly country, the grasses are such species as Imperata cylindrica, Apluda varia, Eragrostis brownei, and other species, Panicum semialatum, Chrysopogon spp., Chaetochloa glauca, Andropogon spp., and other species. As in British India and Burma, we find in the Philippines numerous characteristic vegetative areas which are classed by Kurz as "toungyas" or "poonzohs." These areas are found throughout the Philippines where the forests have been cleared away by felling and burning the trees, 8162- -6 and which after yielding several successive crops are deserted, and allowed to revert to a state of nature. Such areas may become covered with a dense growth of coarse grass forming a small savannah; they may develop into dense bamboo jungles, or they may take on a characteristic vegetation comprised of shrubs or small trees, such as balitnon (Melochia arborea), polis (Callicarpa bicolor, and other species), binunga (Macaranga tanarius), taquip asin (Mallotus Moluccanus), pandacaqui (Tabernæmontana pandacaqui), nino or bancudo (Morinda bracteata), various herbaceous species of Composita, Malvacea, Convolvulacea, and grasses such as Cenchrus echinatus, various species of Panicum, etc. Intermixed with this shrubby growth are generally found young trees and seedlings of such trees as tanag (Kleinhovia hospita), molave (Vitex sp.), and other species, from which it is evident that in the course of time many of these deserted clearings revert to their former forest condition. The flora of the higher mountains is exceedingly interesting, and so far as the Philippines is concerned is a subject that has received little attention, although much information of interest will be available. when the extensive collection of Dr. A. Loher, from the higher mountains of northern and central Luzon, has been worked up. At the higher altitudes in Zambales, Benguet, and Lepanto-Bontoc, at least two species of Pinus are found, occupying comparatively large areas at altitudes mostly above 1,000 meters. These pine forests are practically the only ones in the Archipelago where we find striking resemblance to the forests. of the temperate regions, the species of Pinus being practically the only species found in the Philippines that are socialistic in growth. Tropical forests are in general characterized by the occurrence of a great number of species in a comparatively small area, frequently 200 or 300 different species being found on areas not exceeding 1 square mile. In those mountain regions where there is an abundant rainfall we find most luxuriant forests; at the lower elevations usually such genera as Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Koordersiodendron, Buchanania, Dillenia, etc., are represented by numerous individuals; but, as one ascends, species of Quercus, Agathis, Podocarpus, Phyllocladus, and Ilex are found, and among the shrubs and herbaceous plants are found Vaccinium, Rubus, . Rosa, Anemone, Viola, Solidago virgaurea, Gnaphalaum luteo-album, Rhododendron, Gaultheria, Cnicus, and other genera typical of the temperate regions. THE VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY OF TOWNS. As one would expect, the vegetation found about the towns is not particularly interesting, and is characterized by a very large per cent of introduced species and those cultivated for economic purposes. Among the trees may be noted paraiso (Melia azedarach), ornamental, medicinal; manga (Mangifera indica), the mango; champaca (Michelia champaca), valuable for perfume; ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata), the source of a valuable perfume; guanabano, ates, and anonas (Anona muricata, A. reticulata, and A. squamosa), trees of American origin bearing desirable edible fruits; granada (Punica granatum), the pomegranate; durian (Durio zibethinus, Jolo and Mindanao); bohoi gubat (Bombax Malabaricum); boboi (Ceiba pentandra), yielding a fiber known in commerce as copac, used for stuffing pillows and mattresses; cacao (Theobroma cacao), introduced from America; ratiles (Muntingia calabura), from America; camias, balimbin (Averrhoa carambola and A. bilimbi); naranjas, cajeles, dayap, lucban (Citrus spp.), lemons and oranges; banate (Murraya exotica); santol (Sandoricum indicum), with edible fruits; lanzones (Lansium domesticum), edible fruits; iba (Phyllanthus distichus), edible fruits; manzanitas (Zizyphus Jujuba), edible fruits; casoi (Anacardium occidentale), edible fruits; cirihuelas (Spondias purpurea), edible fruits; madre cacao (Gliricidia maculata), from America; dapdap (Erythrina indica), with crimson flowers, cultivated for ornament; caturai (Sesbania grandiflora), with large white flowers, which are often eaten as a salad; papaya (Carica papaya), the papaw, fruit edible, introduced from America; sampaloc (Tamarindus indica), the tamarind; sibucao or sapang (Caesalpinia sappan), a valuable dye wood; caña fistola (Cassia fistula), with a long cylindrical pod, medicinal; camansiles (Pithecolobium dulce), pod, with edible aril, introduced from America; aroma (Acacia farnesiana; Prosopis juliflora), the latter introduced from America; arbol del fuego (Poinciana regia Bojer), introduced and cultivated for ornament, flowers crimson; talisay (Terminalia catappa), called by the Spaniards almendras from resemblance of its edible fruits to almonds; guayabas (Psidium guayava), from America; lomboi (Eugenia jambolana) and macupa (E. Malaccensis), with edible fruits; melindres (Lagerstroemia indica), ornamental; cinnamomo (Lawsonia alba); cinnamomo de china (Aglaia odorata), ornamental, with very fragrant yellow flowers; cafe (Coffea arabica L.), coffee; chicos (Achras sapota), fruit edible, introduced from America; chico mamey (Lucuma mammosa), fruit edible, introduced from America; cabiqui (Mimusops elengi), flowers fragrant, cultivated for ornament; mabolo (Diospyros discolor), edible fruit; calachuche (Plumiera acutifolia), introduced from America and cultivated for its fragrant flowers; hoya cruz (Crescentia alata), introduced from America; calumpang (Sterculia fætida), flowers with fetid odor, seeds yielding a valuable oil; moral (Morus alba), the mulberry, introduced from Asia; antipolo (Artocarpus incisa L.), with very large edible fruits; nanca (Artocarpus integrifolia); niog (Cocos nucifera), the cocoanut palm; bonga (Areca catechu), the betel-nut palm. Among the shrubs found in and about towns may be mentioned lumban (Aleurites Moluccana and A. trisperma), yielding a valuable oil; tuba (Jatropha Curcas), introduced from America, commonly cultivated as |