that portion of the territory which may be necessary for the defense of the frontier, for fortifications, military constructions, and federal railways.

National property which may not be necessary for the service of the Union shall pass to the dominion of the states in whose territory it may be situated.

ART. 65. The states shall have power:

1) To conclude among themselves agreements and conventions of a non-political character (Art. 48, No. 16).

2) To exercise, in general, any power or right not expressly or impliedly denied to them by a provision of the constitution.

ART. 66. The states are forbidden:

1) To refuse credit to the public documents of the Union, or of any state, of a legislative, administrative, or judicial character.

2) To refuse to recognize the currency, whether coin or paper, put into circulation by the federal government.

3) To make or declare war among themselves, or to employ reprisals.

4) To refuse the extradition of criminals requested by the courts of other states, or of the federal district, in conformity with the laws of Congress relating to this subject (Art. 34, No. 32).

ART. 67. Excepting the restrictions specified in the constitution and in the federal laws, the federal district shall be governed by its municipal authorities.

The expenses of a local character in the capital of the republic shall be defrayed exclusively by the municipal authority.

TITLE III. THE MUNICIPALITY

ART. 68. The states shall organize themselves in such a manner as to assure the autonomy of the municipalities in all that relates to their particular interests.

TITLE IV. BRAZILIAN CITIZENS

SECTION I. QUALIFICATIONS OF BRAZILIAN CITIZENSHIP

ART. 69. The following are Brazilian citizens:

1) Persons born in Brazil, even of a foreign father, if the latter is not residing in Brazil in the service of his country.

2) Children of a Brazilian father, and illegitimate children of a Brazilian mother, born in foreign countries, if they establish their residence in the republic.

3) Children of a Brazilian father residing in a foreign country in the service of the republic, even though they do not acquire a domicile in the republic.

4) Foreigners who, having been in Brazil on the fifteenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, shall not have declared, within six months after the constitution comes into force, their desire to preserve their nationality of origin.

5) Foreigners who hold real estate in Brazil and are married to Brazilian women, or have Brazilian children, provided that they reside in Brazil, unless they have declared their intention of not changing their nationality.

6) Foreigners naturalized in any other way.

ART. 70. Citizens of more than twenty-one years of age, who are registered according to law, shall be electors.

Sec. I.

The following shall not be registered as electors for federal or state elections:

1) Beggars;

2) Illiterate persons;

3) Soldiers on pay, except cadets of the higher military schools;

4) Members of monastic orders, companies, congregations, or communities of any denomination, subject to vows of obedience, rules, or statutes requiring the surrender of individual liberty.

Sec. 2. Citizens who cannot be registered are not eligible to office.

ART. 71. The rights of the Brazilian citizen may be suspended or lost, only in the following cases:

Sec. 1. They are suspended:

a) Through physical or moral incapacity.

b) Through condemnation of crime, during the period of its operation.

Sec. 2. They shall be lost:

a) Through naturalization in a foreign country.

b) Through the acceptance of employment or pension from a foreign government, without the permission of the federal executive.

Sec. 3. A federal law shall determine the conditions for the reacquisition of the rights of Brazilian citizenship.

SECTION II. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

ART. 72. The constitution secures to Brazilians and to foreigners residing in the country the inviolability of their rights touching liberty, personal security, and property, in the following terms :

Sec. I. No one shall be forced to do, or not to do, anything except by virtue of law.

Sec. 2. All persons are equal before the law. The republic does not recognize privileges of birth, or titles of nobility, and abolishes the existing honorary orders, their prerogatives and decorations, and all titles of nobility.

Sec. 3. All persons and religious confessions shall have the right to exercise their religion publicly and freely, to form associations for that purpose, and to acquire property, so long as they conform to the provisions of the ordinary law.

Sec. 4. The republic recognizes only the civil marriage, the solemnization of which shall be gratuitous.

Sec. 5. The cemeteries shall possess a secular character, and shall be managed by the municipal authorities, but all religious denominations shall be free to use their respective rites therein, provided they do not offend public morals or violate the law.

Sec. 6. The instruction given in the public institutions shall be secular.

Sec. 7. No church or worship shall be officially subsidized or made dependent upon, or be connected with, the government of the Union, or of the states.

Sec. 8. All persons shall have the right freely to associate and to meet together without arms, and the police shall not interfere except to preserve public order.

Sec. 9. All persons shall be permitted to address, by petition, the public powers, to denounce abuses of the authorities, and to request that the guilty parties be held responsible. Sec. 10. In time of peace all persons shall have the right to enter or leave the national territory at such time and in such manner as they may like, carrying with them their property, without the necessity of a passport.

Sec. 11. The house is the inviolable asylum of the person who inhabits it; without his consent no one shall enter it at night, except to aid the victims of a crime or disaster, or during the day, except in the cases and in the manner prescribed by law.

Sec. 12. The expression of opinion on all subjects, through the press or from the platform, shall be free without subjection to censorship, each one being responsible for the abuses which he may commit, in the cases and in the manner prescribed by law. Anonymous publications shall not be permitted.

Sec. 13. No arrest shall be made, except where the person is taken in the act, without previous indictment, unless otherwise permitted by law, and upon the written order of the proper authority.

Sec. 14. No one shall be kept in prison without charges having been formally filed against him, except in the cases prescribed by law, nor be taken to prison, or detained there if he will give proper bail, in cases where bail is lawful.

Sec. 15. No one shall be sentenced, except by a competent

authority, and by virtue of a pre-existing law, and in the form prescribed by it. Sec. 16. The law shall secure to the accused the fullest defense and all the resources and means essential thereto, including notice of the charge, to be delivered to the prisoner within twenty-four hours, signed by the competent authority, with the names of the accusers and witnesses.

Sec. 17. The rights of property shall be maintained in their entirety, and no condemnation shall be made, except from necessity or public utility, and indemnity shall, in such cases, be previously made.

Mines shall belong to the owners of the soil, with the limitations which may be established by law to encourage the development of this branch of industry.

Sec. 18. The secrecy of correspondence is inviolable.

Sec. 19. No penalty shall extend beyond the person of the guilty party.

Sec. 20. The penalties of the galleys and of judicial banishment are abolished.

Sec. 21. The death penalty is likewise abolished, saving the provisions of military legislation in time of war.

Sec. 22. The writ of habeas corpus shall always be granted when the individual suffers or is in imminent danger of suffering violence or coercion, through illegality or abuse of power.

Sec. 23. No privileged jurisdiction shall be recognized, except in those cases which, owing to their nature, belong to special courts.

Sec. 24. The free exercise of any profession, moral, intellectual, or industrial, is guaranteed.

Sec. 25. Industrial inventions shall belong to their inventors, who shall be protected by a patent granted for a limited time, or rewarded by Congress with a reasonable prize, when it may be expedient to make the invention public property.

Sec. 26. The exclusive right to reproduce literary or