artistic works by the press or by any other mechanical process, is guaranteed to their authors. The heirs of the authors shall enjoy this right for the period which the law shall determine.

Sec. 27. The law shall also secure the ownership of trade marks.

Sec. 28. No Brazilian citizen shall be deprived of his civil or political rights, or exempted from the performance of any civil duty, on account of his religious belief or office.

Sec. 29. All those who allege their religious belief as a reason for exempting themselves from any duty which the laws of the republic impose upon its citizens, and those who accept foreign decorations or titles of nobility, shall lose all their political rights.

Sec. 30. No tax of any kind shall be collected except under authority of law.

Sec. 31. Trial by jury shall be maintained.

ART. 73. Public offices, civil or military, shall be accessible to all Brazilian citizens, provided that the conditions of special fitness, fixed by law, be observed; the accumulation of salaried positions is forbidden.

ART. 74. Commissions, positions, and offices to be held for life are fully guaranteed.

ART. 75. Public officers shall be retired with pay, only in case of becoming unable to perform their duties, while in the service of the nation.

ART. 76. Officers of the army and navy shall forfeit their commissions, only when condemned, after trial by the competent courts, to more than two years' imprisonment.

ART. 77. The military and naval officers shall be tried by special courts for military offenses.

Sec. I. This jurisdiction shall be vested in a Supreme Military Court, whose members shall serve for life, and in the courts-martial which may be needed for the proper trial of the cases.

Sec. 2. The organization and powers of the Supreme Military Court shall be regulated by law.

ART. 78. The enumeration of guaranties and rights made in the constitution shall not exclude other guaranties and rights not enumerated, but resulting from the form of government established and the principles proclaimed by the constitution.

TITLE V. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ART. 79. A citizen vested with functions belonging to one of the three federal powers shall not exercise those belonging to the other two.

ART. 80. Any part of the territory of the Union may be declared in a state of siege and the constitutional guaranties suspended in it for a fixed period, whenever the security of the republic may require it, in case of foreign aggression or internal disturbance (Art. 34, No. 21).

Sec. 1. If Congress is not in session and the country is in imminent danger, the executive power shall make this declaration (Art. 48, No. 15).

Sec. 2. In the exercise of this power during a state of siege the executive shall, however, be restricted to the following measures of repression against persons:

1) To their detention in a place not destined for persons accused of common crimes.

2) To banishment to some other part of the national territory.

Sec. 3. As soon as the Congress assembles, the President of the republic shall report to that body all the exceptional measures which he may have taken, and give his reasons therefor.

Sec. 4. The authorities who have ordered such measures shall be responsible for any abuses which may have been committed.

ART. 81. Criminal cases which have been concluded may be reviewed at any time, if to the benefit of the condemned

parties, by the federal Supreme Court, which shall amend or affirm the sentence.

Sec. 1. The law shall determine the manner and form of the revision, which may be asked for, either by the condemned party, by any one of the people, or ex officio by the attorneygeneral of the republic.

Sec. 2. In such revisions, the penalties imposed by the judgment under review shall not be increased.

Sec. 3. The provisons of the present article shall apply to military trials.

ART. 82. Public officers shall be strictly responsible for the abuses and omissions of which they may be guilty in the exercise of their functions, as well as for their failure to exact from their subordinates the proper responsibility for their

acts.

Public officers shall bind themselves formally, on taking possession of their offices, faithfully to discharge the lawful duties of the same.

ART. 83. Until revoked, the laws of the former régime shall remain in force, except in so far as they are explicitly or impliedly contrary to the system of government established by the constitution, and to the principles proclaimed by its provisions.

ART. 84. The government of the Union guarantees the payment of the public debt, domestic and foreign.

ART. 85. The staff and line officers of the navy shall have the same ranks and privileges as the officers of the army of corresponding grade.

ART. 86. Every Brazilian is bound to do military service in defense of the country and of the constitution, in accordance with the federal laws.

ART. 87. The federal army shall be made up of contingents, which the states and the federal district shall be bound to furnish, in accordance with an annual law fixing the strength of the public forces.

I.

Sec. 1. A federal law shall determine the general organization of the army, in accordance with No. 18 of Art. 34.

Sec. 2. The military instruction of the corps and branches of the army and higher military education shall be in charge of the Union.

Sec. 3. Compulsory recruiting for military service is abolished.

Sec. 4. The army and navy shall be recruited by voluntary enlistment, without bounty, and if this method fails, by a previously organized system of conscription.

The navy shall be manned from the naval school, from the schools of naval apprentices, and from the members of the merchant marine, by conscription.

ART. 88. The United States of Brazil shall in no case engage in a war of conquest, directly or indirectly, by itself or in alliance with another nation.

ART. 89. A Court of Accounts shall be established to audit the accounts of receipts and expenditures and to pass upon their legality before they are presented to Congress.

The members of this court shall be appointed by the President of the republic with the approval of the Senate, and shall lose their places only by judicial sentence.

ART. 90. The constitution may be amended upon the initiative of the National Congress, or of the legislatures of the states.

Sec. 1. An amendment shall be considered as proposed, when introduced by one-fourth, at least, of the members of either house of the national Congress, and accepted, after three discussions, by two-thirds of the votes in both houses of the Congress, or, when suggested by two-thirds of the states, in the course of one year, each one of the latter being represented by a majority of the votes of its legislature.

Sec. 2. The proposed amendment shall be considered approved if, in the following year, after three discussions, it

is adopted by a majority of two-thirds of the votes in the two houses of Congress.

Sec. 3. The amendment adopted shall be published with the signatures of the presidents and secretaries of the two houses, and inserted in the constitution as an integral part thereof.

Sec. 4. No project having a tendency to abolish the federal republican form of government, or the equal representation of the states in the Senate, shall be admitted for consideration in the Congress.

ART. 91. As soon as this constitution is approved, it shall be promulgated by the presiding officers of the Congress and signed by the members thereof.

TEMPORARY PROVISIONS

ARTICLE I. Upon the promulgation of the present constitution, the Congress, assembled in joint session, shall choose at once, by absolute majority on the first ballot, and, if such be not obtained, by a plurality on the second, the President and vice-president of the United States of Brazil.

Sec. I. This election shall be made by means of two different votes, one for the President and another for the vicepresident; the votes for the President shall be taken and counted first, and the votes for vice-president shall then be taken and counted.

Sec. 2. The President and vice-president thus elected shall fill the presidency and vice-presidency of the republic during the first presidential term.

Sec. 3. There shall be no incompatibilities for this election. Sec. 4. As soon as such election is made, the Congress shall declare its mission in joint session as a convention, to be ended, and, separating itself into House and Senate, shall enter upon the exercise of its normal functions on the fifteenth day of June of the current year, and it shall not for any reason be dissolved.