based upon a law authorizing such exaction, such decree being shown to the individual when the burden is imposed upon him.

ART. 141. No armed body shall make requisitions or demand any kind of assistance except through the civil authorities and upon the order of such authorities.

ART. 142. No kind of labor or industry shall be prohibited unless opposed to good morals or to the public health or safety, or unless the interests of the nation require it and a law so provides.

ART. 143. Every author or inventor shall have the exclusive property in his discovery or production for the time to be determined by law; should the law require that the discovery be made public the inventor shall be given proper compen

sation.

CHAPTER X. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ART. 144.

Public instruction shall be pre-eminently a governmental affair. Congress shall adopt a general plan of national education, and the proper minister of state shall annually report to it upon the state of education throughout the Republic.

ART. 145. There shall be an office of public instruction to which shall be committed the supervision of national education, and its administration, under the authority of the govern

ment.

ART. 146. No payment shall be admitted to the accounts of the treasury of the state unless it is made by virtue of an order which cites the law or the part of the estimates approved by Congress authorizing such expenditure.

ART. 147. All Chileans capable of bearing arms shall be enrolled in the registers of the militia, unless they are specially exempted by law.

ART. 148. The public force is by its nature obedient. No armed body shall deliberate.

ART. 149. Every decision of the President of the Repub

lic, of the Senate, or of the House of Deputies shall be null and of no effect whatever if made in the presence of or upon the request of an army, of a general at the head of an armed force, or of any assembly of the people, who, whether armed or unarmed, are acting in disobedience of the authorities.

ART. 150. No person or assembly of persons shall assume the title or representation of the people, arrogate to himself or themselves the rights of the people, or petition in the name of the people. Violation of this article shall be sedition.

ART. 151. No magistrate, person, or assembly of persons shall assume, even under the pretext of extraordinary circumstances, any powers or rights other than those expressly conferred upon them by law. Any act in violation of this article shall be null and void.

ART. 152. When one or more places in the Republic are declared to be in a state of siege, in conformity with clause 20 of Art. 73, such declaration alone vests the following powers in the President of the Republic:

1) To detain persons in their own houses or elsewhere, but not in prisons or other places intended for the detention or imprisonment of common criminals.

2) To remove persons from one department of the Republic to another on the mainland, and within the area comprised between the port of Caldera on the north and the province of Llanquihue on the south.

Measures taken by the President of the Republic by virtue of a state of siege shall not continue longer than the state of siege itself, nor may they violate the constitutional guaranties granted to senators and deputies.

ART. 153. Entails of any kind, now established or which may hereafter be established, shall not restrain the free alienation of property affected by them, assuring to the beneficiaries of such entails the value of the property alienated. A special law shall prescribe the manner of carrying this provision into effect.

CHAPTER XI. THE OBSERVANCE AND AMENDMENT OF

ART. 154.

THE CONSTITUTION

Every public officer upon the assumption of his office shall take an oath to support this constitution.

ART. 155. Congress alone, conforming to the provisions of Art. 31 and following, shall settle any questions which may arise concerning the interpretation of any articles of the constitution.

ART. 156. An amendment to the constitution may be proposed in either house, in conformity with the provision of the first part of Art. 31.

No vote upon a proposal of amendment shall be taken in either house without the presence of a majority of all the members of such house.

In approving a proposal of amendment the houses shall adhere to the rules established by Arts. 32, 41, and 42.

ART. 157. If a proposal of amendment is approved by both houses, it shall be sent, in accordance with Art. 34, to the President of the Republic, who may only propose modifications or corrections of amendments agreed upon by Congress.

If the modifications proposed by the President of the Republic are approved in each house by a majority of twothirds of the members present, in accordance with the provision of clause two of the preceding article, the proposition of amendment shall be returned to the President of the Republic in the form submitted by him, for promulgation.

If the houses approve only in part the modifications or corrections made by the President of the Republic, and do not insist by a majority of two-thirds upon the other amendments approved by Congress and modified by the President, the amendments upon which the President of the Republic and the houses are in agreement shall be considered approved, and the project of amendment shall be returned in this form for promulgation.

When the houses do not approve the modifications pro

posed by the President of the Republic and insist, by a majority of two-thirds of those present in each house, upon the amendments previously approved by Congress, the proposal of amendment in its original form shall be returned to the President of the Republic for promulgation.

ART. 158. Amendments approved and published, as referred to in the two preceding articles, shall be submitted to the ratification of the Congress chosen or renewed immediately after the publication of the proposal of amendment.

The new Congress shall pass upon the ratification of amendments in the same terms in which they were proposed, and shall have no power to alter them.

The deliberation concerning the acceptance and ratification shall begin in the house in which the project of amendment originated, and each house shall pass upon the matter by a majority of all the members present, which shall not be less than a majority of all the members composing each house.

The project of amendment ratified by both houses shall be transmitted to the President of the Republic for promulgation. Upon its promulgation its provisions shall form a part of this constitution and shall be incorporated therein.

The amendments which are to be submitted to the ratification of the succeeding Congress shall be published by the President of the Republic within the six months which precede the renewal of such Congress and at least three months before the date on which elections are to be held. In making such publication the President of the Republic shall announce to the country that the Congress about to be elected will have the power to accept and ratify the proposed amendments.

When the Congress having power to ratify the amendments permits its constitutional term to expire without having done so, the amendments shall be considered as if never proposed.

ART. 159. When Congress is convened in extraordinary session, either house may propose, discuss, and vote proposals

of amendments, as noted in Art. 156, even though they were not included in the summons of the President of the Republic.

The Congress having power to deliberate concerning the ratification of proposed amendments may, if both houses agree by a majority of all the votes at meetings which must also be attended by a majority of all the members composing the houses, continue its deliberations in extraordinary session for a period of ninety days, without the necessity of a summons by the President of the Republic, for the sole purpose of considering the question of ratification.

In any case the houses may deliberate concerning the ratification of proposed amendments in any extraordinary session which may have been convened by the President of the Republic, although this matter was not mentioned in the

summons.

TEMPORARY ARTICLE

Substitutes of senators or deputies elected in accordance with present constitutional provisions shall continue in office until the first renewal of the House of Deputies.

If within this time any senator or deputy should die or lose his seat, he shall be replaced by the proper substitute.

If a substitute acting as senator or deputy should die or lose his seat, he shall be replaced in accordance with the amended constitutional provisions.