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the army or the navy; and by himself when the appointments are made on the battlefield.

17) He shall dispose of the land and naval forces of the nation and shall attend to their organization and distribution, according to the necessities of the nation.

18) With the authority and approval of Congress, he may declare war and grant letters of marque and of reprisal.

19) With the consent of the Senate, and in case of foreign invasion, he may declare one or more places in the nation to be in a state of siege for a limited time. In case of internal troubles, he may exercise such power only during the recess of Congress, for such power belongs to that body. The President shall exercise this power within the limitations established by Art. 23.

20) He may require whatever information he may desire from the chiefs of all bureaus and departments of the government and through them from other officials, and they shall be obliged to furnish it.

21) The President shall not leave the national capital without the permission of Congress. During the recess of the latter, he may, however, absent himself from the capital without such permission, if some grave necessity of the public service shall demand it.

22) The President shall have the power to fill those vacancies which require the consent of the Senate, and which occur during a recess, by means of appointments which shall expire at the close of the next session.

CHAPTER IV. THE MINISTERS OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER

ART. 87. Eight ministers or secretaries shall have charge of the affairs of the nation, and shall countersign and attest the acts of the President by means of their signatures; these acts shall not be valid without such countersignature. A special law shall determine the business of each department." As amended March 15, 1898. By the original article there were only five ministers.

ART. 88. Each minister is individually responsible for the acts signed by himself and jointly with the other ministers for all acts agreed upon between him and his colleagues.

ART. 89. The ministers shall not, in any case, take individual action on any subject, unless it concerns only the internal government of their own respective departments.

ART. 90. As soon as Congress opens its sessions, each minister shall submit to it a detailed report upon the state of the nation in all that relates to the business of his own depart

ment.

ART. 91. No minister shall become either senator or deputy without first resigning his position as minister.

ART. 92. Ministers may attend the sessions of Congress and take part in the debates, but shall have no vote.

ART. 93. Ministers shall receive for their services a salary established by law; but this salary shall not be increased or diminished in favor of or against the incumbent of the position.

SECTION III. THE JUDICIAL POWER

CHAPTER I. ITS NATURE AND DURATION

ART. 94. The judicial power of the nation shall be vested in a Supreme Court of Justice and in such other inferior courts as Congress may establish in the national territory.

ART. 95. The President of the nation shall in no case exercise judicial functions, assume jurisdiction of any pending case, or reopen cases already decided.

ART. 96. The judges of the Supreme Court and of the inferior courts of the nation shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive for their services a compensation to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished in any manner while they remain in the exercise of their functions.

ART. 97. No person shall be a member of the Supreme Court of Justice who is not a lawyer with eight years' practice

in the national courts, and has not, furthermore, the qualifications necessary to be a senator.

ART. 98. On the first assembling of the Supreme Court the members thereof shall take an oath, which shall be administered to them by the President of the nation, to fulfil their duties by administering justice well and legally and in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. In the future the oath shall be administered to them by the president of said court.

ART. 99. The Supreme Court shall make rules for the transaction of its business, and shall appoint all its subordinate employees.

CHAPTER II. FUNCTIONS OF THE JUDICIAL POWER

ART. 100. The Supreme Court and the inferior courts of the nation shall try and decide all cases, not enumerated in clause II of Art. 67, which arise under the provisions of this constitution, the laws of the nation, or treaties with foreign powers; in cases concerning ambassadors, public ministers, and foreign consuls; in cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; in controversies to which the nation is a party; in cases which arise between two or more provinces, between one province and citizens of another province, between citizens of different provinces, and between a province or its citizens and a foreign state or its citizens.

ART. IOI. In the above-mentioned cases the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, under such rules and exceptions thereto as Congress may establish; but in all cases concerning foreign ambassadors, ministers, and consuls, and in those to which a province may be a party, the jurisdiction of the court shall be original and exclusive.

ART. 102. The trial of all ordinary crimes, except in cases of impeachment, which belong to the House of Deputies, shall be by jury, as soon as this institution shall be established in the republic. Such trials shall take place in the province

where the offense shall have been committed; but when the offense shall have been committed outside the boundaries of the nation, and in violation of the law of nations, Congress shall determine by a special law the place in which the trial shall take place.

ART. 103. Treason against the nation shall consist only in taking up arms against it or in joining its enemies and lending them aid and succor. Congress shall by a special law determine the penalty for this crime, but the punishment shall not go beyond the person of the offender, nor shall any infamy resulting therefrom attaint his relatives, whatever the degree of relationship.

TITLE II. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS

ART. 104.

The provinces retain all powers not delegated by the present constitution to the federal government, and those which they may have expressly reserved by special agreements at the time of their coming into the union.

ART. 105. The provinces shall have their own local institutions and shall be governed by them. They shall elect their governors, legislators, and other provincial officers without the intervention of the federal government.

ART. 106. Each province shall enact its own constitution, in accordance with the provisions of Art. 5.

ART. 107. With the knowledge of the federal Congress, the provinces may enter into partial treaties for the purposes of the administration of justice, the regulation of financial interests, and the execution of public works of common utility; they may promote, by means of protective laws and at their own expense, industry, immigration, the construction of railways and navigable canals, the colonization of provincial lands, the introduction and establishment of new industries, the importation of foreign capital, and the exploration of their rivers.

ART. 108. The provinces shall not exercise any power

delegated to the nation. They shall not enter into any partial treaties of a political character; pass laws relating to domestic or foreign commerce or navigation; establish provincial custom-houses; coin money; or create banks of issue without authority from the federal Congress; nor shall they enact any civil, commercial, criminal, or mining codes, after Congress has enacted such codes, or especially pass laws on the subjects of citizenship, naturalization, bankruptcy, and counterfeiting of money or forging of government documents; nor shall they establish tonnage dues, arm war vessels, or raise armies, except in case of foreign invasion or of danger so imminent as to admit of no delay, immediately giving account thereof to the federal government; nor shall they appoint or receive foreign agents, or admit new religious orders.

ART. 109. No province shall declare or wage war against another. Their complaints shall be submitted to and settled by the Supreme Court of Justice. Actual hostilities on the part of one province against another shall be deemed acts of civil war, seditious and riotous, which the federal government shall put down and repress according to law.

ART. IIO. The governors of the provinces shall be the natural agents of the federal government for the enforcement of the constitution and of the laws of the nation.

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