the Senate, being a nominated and not a representative body, holds an entirely secondary place. The ministry may disregard a vote of want of confidence passed by it, just as in England they disregard an adverse vote of the House of Lords. In Australia, however, things will be quite different. There the Senate has been constituted as a representative body, elected by the peoples of the States; and as the protector of the rights and interests of the States it holds functions of the highest importance. Its powers (save in one point to be presently mentioned) are the same as those of the House. In whom, then, does the power of making and unmaking ministries reside? Wherever one finds two assemblies, one finds them naturally tending to differ; and this will be particularly likely to occur where, as in Australia, they are constructed by different modes of election. Suppose a vote of no confidence in a particular ministry is carried in one house and followed by a vote of confidence passed in the other. Is the ministry to resign because one house will not support it? It retains the confidence of the other; and if it does resign, and a new ministry comes in, the house which supported it may pass a vote of no confidence in those who have succeeded it.
The problem is one which cannot arise either under the English or under the American system. Not under the English, because the two houses are not coördinate, the House of Commons being much the stronger. Not under the American, because, although the houses are coördinate, neither house has the power of displacing the President or his ministers. It is therefore a new problem, and one which directly results from the attempt to combine features of both schemes, the Cabinet system of England and the coördinate Senate, strong because it represents the States, which a federal system prescribes.
Jenks, History of the Australasian Colonies. Turner, A History of the Colony of Victoria. Beach, The Australian Federal Constitution, in the Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XIV, pp. 663 ff.
Æthelbert, of Kent, extent of his empire, | Boroughs, see Towns.
13; accepts Christianity, 15.
Aids, 77.
Alfred the Great, state of England during
his reign, 30 ff.; seeks learned men,
31; Asser in his service, 32; develop-
ment of English prose under, 33; and
the Chronicle, 35.
Anglo-Saxon Conquest, importance of
exaggerated, 1; theories of, 2; argu-
ment for Teutonic theory of, 3; process
of, 8; results of, 10; completion of, 12.
Anglo-Saxons, contrasted with Franks,
7; civilization of, 10; contests among,
12 ff.; conversion of, 13 ff.
Ashley, on the mediæval gilds, 169 ff.
Asser, invited by Alfred to Wessex, 32;
labors at Alfred's court, 33.
Augustine, landing in England, 13-14.
Australia, land and people of, 645 ff.;
position of the state in Constitution of,
649 ff.; federal legislature in, 653 ff.;
federal executive in, 657; the federal
high court of, 658 ff.
Bæda, his life, 23, 24; work, 24, 25;
Alfred's translations, 36.
Bagehot, on the Cabinet, 594 ff.
Becket, as archbishop, 96 ff.; first dis-
pute with Henry II, 98; and the
Church-State dispute, 99; and the Con-
stitutions of Clarendon, 99, 101; flight
of, 101; return to England and death,
106 ff.
Bengal, British in, 447.
Berlin Decree, 528.
Bible, Wycliffe and the, 230; Puritanism
and the, 321.
Bishops, dioceses of, created, 21; pri-
macy of Canterbury, 22; election of,
206.
Britain, Roman villa in, 3; contrasted
with Gaul, 6; effects of Roman rule
on, 7-9.
Britons, contest with German invaders,
3-8; contrasted with Gauls, 7.
Bryce, on the Australian Constitution,
645 ff.
Cabinet, prime minister in, 594; princi-
pal features of, 596; compared with
presidential system, 598; relation to
political education of the nation, 600;
relation to the press, 602; compared
with weakness of presidential system,
602 ff.
Calcutta, Black Hole of, 447.
Calvinism, contrasted with Lutheranism,
308; and Puritanism, 325.
Canada, relative strength of French in,
452; Montcalm in, 453; Pitt's scheme
for the conquest of, 456; arrival of
Wolfe in, 457; Wolfe's campaign in,
459.
Capitalists, rise of, 513; philosophy of,
515, 614.
Catholics, on the Continent in the six-
teenth century, 310; James I and, 335:
disabilities of, 399 ff.; James II and,
406 ff.; relation of, to colonization, 426.
Charles I, signs Petition of Right, 347;
contest with Parliament, 347 ff.; dis-
solution of Parliament in 1629, 353;
and the Declaration of Sports, 362;
personal government of, 364; breaks
with the Long Parliament, 371; trial
and condemnation of, 373 ff.; char-
acter of, 375 ff.
Christianity, in Britain, 8, 9; introduc-
tion into England, 12, 15; conversion
of Northumberland, 15; work of the
Irish missionaries, 17, 18; see Refor- | Cobdenism, 614 ff.
mation, Puritanism, and Catholics.
Chronicle, the Old English, origin of,
35: Swithun's work on, 36; expan-
sion of, under Alfred, 36.
Church, organization by Theodore, 21 ff.;
controversy over powers of, under
Henry II, 99 ff.; in the Middle Ages,
204 ff.; as an organization, 205; elec-
tion of bishops, 206; and the pope,
208; convocations, 212; legislation
relating to, 214; jurisdiction of, 216;
and Wycliffe, 221 ff.; decline of power, |
246 ff.; in the fifteenth century, 247;
Froude's view of, in sixteenth century,
248 ff.; Henry VII and, 249.
Church, The Anglican, the Elizabethan
establishment, 295 ff.; and Laud,
355 ff.; see Puritanism; monopoly of
offices by members of, 399 ff.; and
non-conformists, 402; and contest
with James II, 404 ff.
Church, Roman, missionaries sent to
England by, 13; triumph of, at
Whitby, 20, 21; Theodore sent to
England by, 21; Cnut's visit to, 44;
sanctions Norman Conquest, 61; its
jurisdiction, 204; temporal superior-
ity of, 206; relation of, to ecclesiastical
appointments, 208; English legisla-
tion against, 211; Wycliffe's attitude
toward, 229; English view of, in the
sixteenth century, 251; Parliament
and the breach with, 255 ff.; Cran-
mer and, 281 ff.: Elizabethan
break with, 297 ff.; reform of, 313;
the Council of Trent and, 314; char-
acter of, after 1564, 317; James II and,
404 ff.
Clarendon, Constitutions of, 99 ff.;
Assize of, 102.
Clarke, on labor politics, 608 ff.
Classes, earls and barons, 78 ff.; knights,
80 ff.; the unfree, 81 ff.; industrial,
513; see Labor.
Cnut, secures the throne, 38, 39; destroys
rivals, 39; character of his rule, 41,
44; his military system, 42; favors
the Church, 43; journey to Rome, 44,
letter to his people, 44.
Colonization, advance of, 424; advan-
tages of, 424; political aims in, 425;
religious motive in, 427 ff.; as a source
of gain, 430; and settlement, 430.
Continental System, The, 520 ff.; origin
of, 520-523; theory of, 523; English
argument for, 525; Napoleon and,
527 ff.; development of, 528 ff.;
economic justification for English
view of, 532; evasion of, 535.
Corbett, on Drake, 434 ff.
County, representation in Parliament, 128.
Cranmer, Thomas, appeal to a general
council, 281 ff.; his degradation, 283;
first recantation, 284; renewed sub-
missions, 286; preparations for humili-
ation of, 287; the real recantation, 288;
the sixth confession, 289; the seventh
recantation, 290; the last day of, 291 ff.
Cromwell, Oliver, and the death warrant
of Charles I, 374; his dissolution of
the Long Parliament, 381 ff.; criticism
of his action, 387; Guizot's view of,
389.
Cromwell, Thomas, the King's chief
secretary, 264; as vicar general, 265;
and Fisher, 267; and the monasteries,
269 ff.
Cunningham, on motives for coloniza-
tion, 423 ff.; on the industrial revolu-
tion, 505 ff.
Danes, their havoc in England, 30 ff.;
renewed attempts of, 38; victory of,
under Cnut, 38.
Declaration of Right, formulated, 417 ff.
Dispensing power, 156; exercise by
James II, 404 ff.
Disraeli, in opposition to Gladstone, 566;
as Chancellor of the Exchequer, 572;
introduces Parliamentary reform, 573;
triumph of, 574.
Dissent, see Nonconformists.
Dixon, on the breach with Rome and
Elizabethan settlement, 255 ff., 295 ff.
Drake, Sir Francis, his circumnavigation
of the globe, 434 ff.; raids Spanish ship-
ping, 434 ff.; sails northward, 440;
crosses the Pacific, 440 ff.
Earls and barons, legal position of, 78 ff.
Egbert, at Charlemagne's court, 27;
supremacy over England, 28.
Elizabeth, first Parliament of, 295; and
English insularity, 307; religious
policy, 325.
Erasmus, writes Praise of Folly, 231.
Escheat, 77.
Feudalism, not retrogression, 4, 5; ele-
ments of, 74 ff.; and military system,
74; and land tenure, 74; legal inci-
dents of, 76; abolition of incidents of,
396.
Fisher, trial and execution of, 267.
France, commercial rivalry with England,
520 ff.
Franks and Anglo-Saxons contrasted, 7.
Freeholder, 159; see Manor.
raeli's measure, 573; introduces new
reform bill in 1884, 583; and the House
of Lords, 587; writes to Lord Tennyson,
587; correspondence of, with the Queen,
589; negotiates with opposition, 592.
Green, J. R., on adoption of Christianity
and unification of England, 12 ff.; on
Alfred, 30 ff.; on Puritanism, 321 ff.
Green, Mrs. J. R., on town life in the
Middle Ages, 185 ff.
Hales, the case of, 406.
Hallam, on restoration of 1660, 391 ff.
Henry II, first dispute with Becket, 98;
attitude toward powers of clergy,
99 ff.; Constitutions of Clarendon, 99;
Assize of Clarendon, 102; judicial re-
forms, 104; inquest of sheriffs, 105;
character of his rule, 108.
Freeman, on the Witenagemót, 48 ff.; Henry VIII, and ecclesiastical training,
on Norman Conquest, 61 ff.
Froude, on the eve of the Reformation,
246 ff.
250 ff.; motives of, in divorce con-
troversy, 252; policy of State, 253;
and Parliament, 255; as supreme head
of the Church, 261; rejoices on death
of Catherine, 273.
Hobson, on imperialism, 623 ff.
Hunter, on the Indian Mutiny, 638 ff.
Impeachment, instances of, 144; of
Strafford, 364 ff.
Gasquet, on the origin of the doctrinal Imperialism, economic argument for,
Gaul, and Britain contrasted, 6.
George III, personal government of, 492
ff.; uses his friends, 493; relations to
Chatham, 494; government through
Lord North, 496 ff.; failure of his per-
sonal government, 498; protest against
his intervention, 500.
Gild, Craft, character of, 175; relation to
Merchant Gild, 176 ff.; early gilds,
177: growth of, 180; struggle for privi-
leges, 179; internal organization of,
181.
Gild, Merchant, character of, 171; origin
of, 171 ff.; membership in, 172; regula-
tions of, 174; relation to Craft Gild,
175.
Gladstone introduces Reform Bill, 567;
debates with Lowe, 569; amends Dis-
624; in America, 626; in Europe, 628;
overproduction as basis of, 630; an
alternative to, 632; social reform and,
634.
India, steps in rise of British dominion
in, 443, 444; explanation of easy con-
quest of, 444 ff.; early European views
of, 446; the British in Bengal, 447; the
Black Hole of Calcutta, 447; Clive and
the battle of Plassey, 448; native
armies of, 449; Mutiny of 1857 in, 638
ff.; causes of the Mutiny in, 639;
course and results of Mutiny in, 640 ff.
Indulgence, Declaration of, 410.
Industry, in the Middle Ages, see Gild;
the great revolution in, 505 ff.; rea-
sons for English leadership in, 507;
regulative policy in, 508; character of
changes in, 509 ff.; the Manchester
Labor, effects of machinery on, 511; in
politics, 608 ff.; formation of labor
parties, 608; and state interference,
612, 615; and Chartism, 614; and
Cobdenism, 614.
Laisser-faire, policy of, 610; criticised,612.
Lappenberg, on Cnut, 38 ff.
Laud, character of, 355; and ecclesiasti-
cal discipline, 356; and Church archi-
tecture, 358; dislike of the Puritan
Sabbath, 359; and the Declaration of
Sports, 362.
Lecky, on Methodism, 478 ff.
Lords, House of, see Parliament.
Lutheranism, in England, 276; con-
trasted with Calvinism, 308.
Lyall, on British dominion in India,
443 ff.
114 as an historic landmark, 118;
merits of, 119; exaggerations of, 120;
value to later generations, 121.
Mahon, Lord, on conquest of Canada,
452 ff.
Maitland, on the Anglo-Saxon Conquest,
I ff.; on the growth of the manor,
158 ff.
Manor, growth of, 158 ff.; early English,
3, 4; thirteenth-century description of,
158; conservatism in, 160; manage-
ment of, 161 ff.; accounts of, 162 ff.;
at the close of the fourteenth century,
164 ff.; in the fifteenth century, 166;
summary of development of, 167.
May, on George III's personal govern-
ment, 492 ff.
Mercia, rise under Offa, 25; code of laws
for, 26; relations with Wessex, 26 ff.
Methodism, origin at Oxford, 480; mis-
sionaries of, 482 ff.; lay preachers of,
484 opposition to, 485; and worldly
things, 486.
Ministers, control of, 140; see Cabinet.
Moghul, see India.
Monasteries, dissolution of, 269 ff.
Monks, Wycliffe on, 228; execution of
the Charterhouse, 264; the passing of
the, 297.
More, Sir Thomas, and the Utopia, 237;
trial and execution of, 267.
Morley, on Cromwell, 381 ff.; on Wal-
pole, 466 ff.; on Reform Bill of 1884,
582 ff.
Mortmain act, 214.
Napoleon, and the Continental System,
521 ff.
New learning, the, 231 ff.
Nonconformists, see Puritanism; reli-
gious disabilities of, 399 ff.
Norman Conquest, formal completion
of, 71; nature of, 73, 74: effect on
English political development, 73 ff.
Macaulay, on James II and the Whig North, Lord, government for George
McKechnie, on Magna Carta, 110 ff.
Magna Carta, former views of, 110; the
term "freemen" in, 112; the enforce-
ment of, 113; relation to the classes,
III, 496 ff.; fall of, 502.
Northumbria, supremacy and conver-
sion of, 15; greatness of, under Ead-
wine, 16; Irish missionaries in, 17 ff.;
as the diocese of York, 21.
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