on the note, principal thereof, or the digging and delivery of the trees.

The court having found that the money paid to the First National Bank of Sanger by plaintiff for the note was paid by him as the agent of Miller, one of the parties jointly liable on the guaranty, was correct in holding that the transaction amounted to a payment under, and in accordance with, the terms of the reformed contract.

The judgment is affirmed.

Kerrigan, J., and Richards, J., concurred.

[Civ. No. 2642. Second Appellate District, Division One.-July 8,

1919.]

S. E. VANDEGRIFT, Respondent, v. J. B. MULLEN,

Appellant.

[1] VENDOR AND VENDEE-FORM OF MORTGAGE AGREEMENT SILENT— CUSTOM NOTICE. Where an agreement for the sale of real property calls for the execution of a mortgage by the vendee, but is silent as to the form thereof, the vendor has no right to exact a mortgage different in form from that prescribed by section 2948 of the Civil Code, even though there is a custom prevailing in that locality as to the use of a form which contains many conditions not mentioned in such code section, in the absence of a showing that the vendee has knowledge, either actual or constructive, of such custom.

[2] ID. INTENTION OF PARTIES - PRESUMPTION.-Where there is a statutory form for the execution of a particular written instrument and the agreement between the parties calling for the execution of such an instrument is silent as to the form to be used, in the absence of a showing that the parties had knowledge as to the existence of a custom as to the form thereof, the presumption, if any, must be that the parties had in view the legal form and not some other form as to which the agreement is silent.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. John W. Shenk, Judge. Affirmed.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.

Loeb & Loeb and W. A. Alderson for Appellant.

Delphin M. Delmas for Respondent.

sum of

JAMES, J.-The plaintiff was successful in this action, which was brought to recover judgment for a money alleged to have been paid to the defendant on account of the purchase price of certain real property. The defendant has appealed.

[1] In consideration of the payment to him of a certain sum of money, defendant issued to plaintiff a writing, which was subscribed by him, covering the terms of purchase of a certain tract of land. This writing contained the following paragraph:

"I agree to furnish an unlimited certificate of title vested in the buyer's name showing clear of all incumbrances and to accept for said real property the sum of $11,700.00 net to me, to be paid in the following manner: The balance of $11,050.00 Vandegrift Realty Co. agrees to pay as follows, one-fourth (4) cash on delivery of deed, balance mortgage 1, 2 and 3 years at 7% interest, payable semi-annually."

The preliminary payments were made in accordance with the terms stated and the parties met together for the pur. pose of completing final papers, including the execution of a mortgage. The defendant then presented a mortgage which contained various terms, including those for the compounding of interest, the payment of street liens and assessments, insurance on the property, attorney's fees in case of foreclosure, a condition that the mortgage might determine upon default of any payments of the principal or interest, etc. The plaintiff presented and offered to execute a mortgage in the form prescribed by section 2948 of the Civil Code. This mortgage the defendant refused to accept, and announced that he would accept no other mortgage than that which he had prepared. This suit was then brought by the plaintiff to recover back the money already paid out under the agreement. The sole question presented is as to whether the defendant, under the terms of the agreement, had the right to exact from the plaintiff the execution of the mortgage in the particular form determined upon by the defendant. This form contained many

conditions not mentioned in the code section to which we have referred; in fact, nearly all of the particular conditions which we have noted it did contain constitute no part of the mortgage form prescribed in the section cited. However, it is the contention of the defendant that the contract was made with reference to a custom prevailing in the county of Los Angeles; that by that custom the form of mortgage offered by the defendant was the one generally adopted and in use. Several witnesses were examined and testified that the form prepared by the defendant was the one most generally in use, although it was admitted that the shorter or statutory form was found occasionally on the books of the county recorder. A printer of legal and commercial blanks testified that there were some five or more different forms furnished to the trade, but he did not dispute the statement made by the other witnesses to the effect that the long form containing conditions similar to those inserted in the mortgage by the defendant was the one most generally made use of. It will be noted from the paragraph which we have quoted from the agreement or writing signed by the defendant that no form of mortgage is referred to. In order to have read into an agreement a custom or practice, it is necessary not only to show that such custom prevails, but that the contract was made with reference to the custom. Where no express words are relied upon as referring to the custom at the time of making the agreement, it must then be shown that the party attempted to be bound had knowledge, actual or constructive, of the custom itself. (2 Parsons on Contracts, 9th ed., p. 696; 2 Page on Contracts, p. 926.) We find no evidence quoted from which it would appear that the plaintiff had any actual knowledge of the existence of the custom as to the form of mortgage used, and we do not think that under the facts the plaintiff should be constructively charged with notice of any such custom. [2] Where there is a statutory form for the execution of written instruments, then, if we are to look for a presumption in the construction of contracts, it would be logical to infer that the parties, making an agreement which was silent as to a form to be used, had in view the legal form and not some other form. (Hale Bros. v. Milliken, 5 Cal. App. 344, [90 Pac. 365].) Our conclusion is that the evi

dence as here presented was insufficient to show that the contract was entered into having in view the custom prevailing in Los Angeles County as to the form of mortgage to be used. The judgment of the court as entered was therefore right.

The judgment appealed from is affirmed.

Conrey, P. J., and Shaw, J., concurred.

[Crim. No. 473. Third Appellate District.-July 9, 1919.] THE PEOPLE, Respondent, v. A. R. DREVOIR, Appellant.

[1] CRIMINAL LAW-AIDING PRISONER TO ESCAPE-LEGAL CUSTODYKNOWLEDGE OF DEFENDANT SUFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION.-In a prosecution for aiding a prisoner to escape from custody, it is not essential that the information directly allege that the defendant had knowledge that the person aided was in legal custody if the facts alleged be of such a character that such guilty knowledge would necessarily be inferred.

[2] ID.-CASE AT BAR-KNOWLEDGE INFERRED.-Where the information in such a prosecution shows that the escaping prisoner was in jail and in the custody of the deputy sheriff, that the defendant was also a prisoner in the same jail, that the escaping prisoner attacked the deputy sheriff in an effort to escape from the jail, and defendant joined in the assault and by his aid the prisoner escaped, that the defendant also escaped, but was later captured by the deputy sheriff, it sufficiently shows that the escaping prisoner was in legal custody and that the defendant had knowledge of the fact when he aided in the escape.

[3] ID.-VENUE-PROOF.-Where it is shown that the escaping prisoner had had a preliminary examination before a committing magistrate in a particular city located in a given county in this state, that he was committed to the county jail in that county and was in the immediate keeping of the deputy sheriff at the said county jail, that it was in that jail that both the defendant and the escaping prisoner were being confined when the assault upon the deputy sheriff was made and both the prisoner and defendant escaped, the latter only being recaptured, the venue in such county sufficiently appears.

[4] ID.-LEGAL COMMITMENT OF PRISONER-KNOWLEDGE BY DEFENDANT IMMATERIAL.-Whether or not the defendant knew that the

prisoner whom he aided to escape was legally committed to jail and was there being held in custody is immaterial. The defendant can justify his assistance in the prisoner's escape only, if at all, by showing that the prisoner was being illegally confined. [5] ID. CUSTODY OF PRISONER-PRESUMPTIONS.-There is no presumption that a prisoner held in a county jail is being illegally restrained. The presumption, if presumption should be indulged, is that the officer who has him in custody and is confining him in jail is acting in obedience to some duty devolved upon him and under legal process.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tehama County, and from an order denying a new trial. John F. Ellison, Judge. Affirmed.

The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.

James T. Matlock for Appellant.

U. S. Webb, Attorney-General, and J. Charles Jones, Deputy Attorney-General, for Respondent.

CHIPMAN, P. J.-Defendant was informed against by the district attorney of the county of Tehama for aiding one Patrick Riley (with sundry aliases) to escape from the custody of Deputy Sheriff C. A. Lange of said county. The information sets forth with much particularity the facts and circumstances attending the crime charged, showing that on January 21, 1919, said Riley was confined in the county jail of said county on a commitment for the crime of forgery. "That the said A. R. Drevoir on or about the 21st day of January, 1919, at and in the County of Tehama, State of California, and prior to the filing of this information and at a time when the said Patrick Riley alias Jack Brennan alias Jack Hayes was attempting to escape from said jail and while he was struggling with the Deputy Sheriff C. A. Lange, who was then trying to restrain him from escaping, did willfully, unlawfully and feloniously grapple with the said C. A. Lange and pull him away from the said Patrick Riley alias Jack Brennan alias Jack Hayes and by so doing did permit and cause the said Patrick Riley alias Jack Brennan alias Jack Hayes to escape from the said County jail in the City of Red Bluff and by means thereof the said Patrick Riley alias