was raised against the new iron nomenclature: that persons who had previously been selling coal, varying from 12 to 8 с as anthracite, would resent the prefix of semi. But if, in the rectification of our boundary line, our neighbor's well is found on our land, it may be sad for him, but it is nevertheless an unalterable fact. It should be remarked, in conclusion, that so long as this point of view is selected for viewing coals, it is indifferent whether the per cent. of C, or the per cent. of V. H-C, or the quotient of one divided by the other, be selected as the best means of classification, since one of the first two data being given, the other two can be calculated; but this is a very different thing from basing the classification upon the percentage of C or V. H-C, when the comparison of their sum with the impurities is neglected. NOTE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF FERROMANGANESE IN THE BLAST FURNACE. BY F. VALTON, PARIS, FRANCE. (Read at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting, May, 1877.) IN the number of the Engineering and Mining Journal for April 7th, 1877, Mr. W. P. Ward, of Cartersville, Georgia, explains in a very interesting manner, the results he obtained in the manufacture of ferromanganese in the blast furnace. These results may be summed up as follows: Production in the blast furnace of an alloy containing 67.2 per cent. manganese and 3 per cent. of carbon at most, with a utilization of the manganese amounting to 58 per cent. With the exception of the indicated proportion of carbon, which should be almost doubled to express the true state of facts, we would have had no observations to make on Mr. Ward's paper had he taken into account the results obtained in the same line in other centres of production. Before 1870, spiegel with 8 or 10 per cent. manganese only was known among blast-furnace products. In a journey to Sweden, in 1871, I ascertained that the Schysshyttan works manufactured regularly a spiegel with 18 per cent. manganese. Later, at the Vienna Exhibition, in 1873, the Sava and Jauerburg works, in Carniola, presented to the jury a ferromanganese, obtained in the blast fur nace, having 33 per cent. manganese. I say ferromanganese purposely, because above 25 per cent. this alloy should change its name; the properties of iron are then so much concealed that the magnet has no longer any power. These works have improved their manufacture and reached 45 per cent. About 1875, several French works tried the manufacture of ferromanganese in the blast furnace, and fully succeeded. It must not be forgotten that at the Philadelphia Exhibition, there was some 60 per cent. blast-furnace ferromanganese made by the St. Louis works of Marseilles. The Terrenoire Company had even sent an alloy with 75 per cent. of manganese made in the same way. We will add that in this last case the utilization of the manganese employed amounted to 70 per cent. in a product made regularly and truly commercially. CAN WE TRANSMIT POWER IN LARGE AMOUNT BY ELECTRICITY? BY N. S. KEITH, NEW YORK CITY. (Read at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting, May, 1877.) THIS question is suggested by a statement made by Dr. Siemens, widely printed in the journals of the day, that a continuous rod of copper, thirty miles in length and three inches in diameter, is capable of conveying that distance, electrically, energy equal to 1000 horse-power. It is not attempted to advance the statement that the source of power shall be zinc, nor even coal, but waterfalls, which from their situation are not practically available for manufacturing establishments in their immediate vicinity. In order to fully consider this subject, we must understand the doctrine, I may say the science, of the correlation of the forces, so called. We must understand that all matter is endowed with an amount of force, and that each atom and molecule, simple and compound, has its specific portion of the whole. This force, at rest, is called latent heat, intrinsic energy, or potential. In motion it is called heat, light, electricity, chemical affinity, attraction, magnetism, power, etc., according to its sensible manifestations. These are the effects of the one force active in different substances, or in different assemblages of matter. Force put in motion comes to rest by reason of the resistance to motion which it encounters; in overcoming resistance the manifestation is sensible heat. Each of these manifestations of force is convertible to one or all of the others, and they are all caused by some mode of motion. Force may be illustrated by a spring under tension, or by a suspended weight. Release the spring and weight, and they give off as much force or energy as was used in setting up the tension of the spring, and in raising the weight perpendicularly the length of its fall. Any of these forces then may, figuratively speaking, release the weight and spring. While there is but one electricity, there are two conditions of it, namely, static, which is electricity at rest but under high tension, and voltaic electricity or galvanism, which is a mode of motion. It has but one cause, and that is active force, or matter in motion. Yet we, for perspicuity, call electricity by friction, static or frictional; electricity by chemical affinity, chemical, from its immediate cause, or voltaic or galvanic, from its discoverers; electricity by magnetism, magnetic; electricity by heat, thermic; electricity by mechanical power, dynamic. Since chemical and thermic electricity have too costly sources for our purpose, we must consider the magnetic and dynamic. Now that we have learned what electricity is, we must understand what it is not. As an entity it does not exist; it is a signification simply. When we comprehend it as a condition or quality of matter in self-containing motion, not as a current or flow of something through matter, we will be able to deduce facts in the science, and sustain them by practical illustration. The first conception by the mind of a force or motion having its source within a circuit, and manifesting itself at all parts thereof, is that of a current or flow of something. The probability is, electric current is molecular change of form caused by tension upon the atoms composing the molecules in the direction of disrupting them. There is certainly a change of dimensions of matter subjected to electricity, as there is with heat and magnetism. This change of form causes friction of adjacent molecules and its resultant heat. This heat is the exact equivalent of the energy causing the electric current. Energy, when used as electricity, is called electromotive force; this varies in degree with its tension, as in case of its illustration by a weight in suspension, or by a spring. Some use the term intensity to express the same. The tension of a spring may illustrate the electromotive force of static electricity, which imparts its charged energy with a single impulse. A suspended weight released increases its speed each foot of fall, and consequently its force and effective quantity. So with voltaic elec tricity each cell in circuit increases the speed and quantity of current. In case of dynamic electricity, each increment of circuit receiving electric impulse adds to speed and quantity of current. All matter offers an amount of resistance to changes of form or arrangement of molecules, whether by heat, electricity, magnetism, or any other of the forces. This resistance is specific for each substance. The specific resistances opposed to electromotive force have been tabulated relatively in the cases of metals coinmon in the arts, and with the important alloys. The metals are the best conductors, or, in other words, offer the least resistance. Then follow solutions of binary salts, other liquids, et sequentia. Copper and silver offer the least resistance, are relatively alike, and are graded as 1 in scale of resistances. Iron offers nearly six times the resistance of copper, and is graded 5.95. Heat increases the resistance of metals to the extent of about 0.2 of 1 per cent. for each degree Fahrenheit rise in temperature. Electricians have a formula which sets forth Ohm's law. This is that the current (sometimes called quantity) of electricity is the result obtained by dividing electromotive force by resistance; thus, The unit of electromotive force is called a volt, in commemoration of Volta, the inventor of the voltaic pile. It is very nearly represented by the electromotive force, or energy, or intensity of a Daniell cell. The unit of resistance is called an ohm, after Ohm, who laid down the law. A wire of pure copper, 6046.5 feet in length, and inch in diameter, has a resistance of one ohm. The unit of a current or quality is called a weber, or veber, after Weber, another investigator in the line. A weber of current represents the energy set free by the combustion of 11 grains of carbon, or 11 grains, about, of coal, or 1 grain of hydrogen, with a development of 6 units of heat in 6338 seconds. That amount of free or sensible heat is set free in the circuit. Thus, one volt of electromotive force forces one weber of electric current through a circuit of one ohm resistance, requiring to do so 4673 foot pounds of energy, with a development of 6 units of heat in the circuit in 6338 seconds. The heat set free is the exact measure of the force used. If we pass this weber of current through a solution of copper sulphate, the electric equivalent amount of metallic copper will be deposited, namely, 31.75 grains in the same time. Now, if we increase electromotive force by adding another cell in the circuit, making electromotive force 2, and so regulate resistance that it remains one ohm, a current of 2 webers passes in the same time, Now we find that twice as much zinc is consumed in each cell, or four times as much in the circuit, or its equivalent in energy is used in depositing only twice as much copper. We have in the circuit four times as much heat, which is the measure of the energy expended. Chemical decomposition is the measure of current, while heat is the measure of electromotive force multiplied by current. Increase electromotive force to 3, keep resistance 1, and we have current of 3, and nine times the energy expended, resulting in nine times the heat. It is now to be seen that by increasing definitely the amount of electromotive force, and at the same time keeping resistance as low as possible, we may use a definite amount of energy, and distribute it as heat throughout the circuit in proportion to the special resistance of its parts, and utilize it as mechanical power. The object of increasing E at the expense of C is that we may save in weight of copper constituting the conductors. We get the energy distributed throughout the circuit, though but the square root of it is shown in chemical action when measured by the amount of copper or other metal deposited in a single depositing cell. If we magnetize a core of soft, non-carburized iron, within a coil of copper wire, by bringing it into the magnetic field of an electro or a permanent magnet, at the instant of stoppage of motion, a current of electricity will start in the coil in one direction; that is, the molecules composing the circuit will turn in one direction, and then the action ceases. Remove the core and coil, a reverse current starts and continues as long as motion lasts in removing them from the field. If we revolve this arrangement between the poles of a magnet, thus alternately magnetizing and demagnetizing the core, we will get a succession of discharges of magnetism through the copper coil utilized as electricity. While the core is acquiring magnetism there is no current in the coil, as there is no magnetic resistance to motion which requires force to overcome. As soon as it begins to lose magnetism an electric current is induced in the coil, which we may cause to do work by proper mechanical appliances. We will find that the coil and core are heated, and the amount of heat is the measure of the mechanical force used, less that due to |