The practical wisdom of the scheme is apparent to any but the casual observer. It is a policy made necessary by the changed conditions and the enormously increased cost of education. Fifty or twenty-five years ago an increase in the number of students meant simply the addition of so many chairs in chapel and recitation room. Today the elective system, the multiplying of technical arts, and the increasing demand for courses in engineering and in the pure and applied sciences, makes the problem a serious one. At least a halfdozen of our universities are spending a million dollars yearly, and a dozen or more require an annual budget of half a million.

In the older states some church colleges could wisely devote their endowment to affiliated work in connection with the state university, while others, by virtue of their location, endowment, and acquired strength, have a clear mission as separate colleges. Every case must be determined on its own merits. The affiliation idea is not a sign of retreat, but of advance, to safeguard the energy through co-operation. The church college does not abandon the field. Affiliation leaves neither the state university nor the church college just the same as before, but the result is a new university aggregation in which the essential mission of both is yet recognized and assured without needless duplication of libraries, laboratories, and endowments. The sum total of results will be better for all concerned.

The plan is practical and economical. Especially is this true in new territory where church foundations have not yet been built up. Transportation and communication have become so simple that objection cannot be raised. The time is past when a university or even a college can be built up by plate collections. A college without a library or laboratory is a hopeless aspirant for favor. Without means to pay ample salaries, such a college must be content with a teaching staff of inferior men. Is it wise to attempt to duplicate work already adequately provided for, or is it better by honorable co-operation to husband resources and thus to promote the interests of all concerned? In the long settled sections the problem remains: What shall we do for our young people who are already in the state universities?

It avoids all problems of church and state. There is an error current that church and state are separate, even competitive agencies. They are simply forms of activity, the same people working thru both. By the affiliated-college plan common instruction is provided by the central institution along scientific and technical lines. In the field of religious education each sect provides

tion, who, while not wishing to take up university work, are yet desirous of making some further preparation for their duties.

(3) The conservatory of music offers such opportunities as are usually offered by the best conservatories. The instructors of the conservatory also carry on what work is offered in the state university.

(4) The Wesley Guild, whose object is to bring the college into more helpful relations with the Methodist students of the university, and to bring the students into touch with the leading men of the denomination.

(5) To bring to the college for a special course of lectures some leading scholar, preferably of the denomi nation, under whose auspices Wesley College is conducted. The first year is made notable by the presence in this capacity of Professor Borden P. Browne, LL.D., of Boston University.

state

(6) The tenth month of the academic year is to be devoted to institute work at different points in the

instruction for its own adherents. As the foundations are on private grounds, the university remains free from any entangling arrangements that might bring down upon it the charge of discrimination and partiality.

The plan leaves the church free to carry on the work which is peculiarly its own, i. e., the giving of religious instruction and the training of intelligent denominationalists. The denominational college burdened with the entire round of instruction finds it impossible to give to this special field the time and attention possible in the associated college relieved of the necessity of offering work in scientific and technical lines.

Such a college affords an opportunity for its students, and for any others who desire to see and to hear leading men of the denomination, and to learn of its purpose and spirit. There is awakened a living interest in church affairs, and the students are impressed with the same respect for religious education that they now have for instruction along technical lines. This, the separate college, burdened with the entire college curriculum, is unable to do. But the affiliated college, enabled to concentrate its energies on a smaller field, is able to render this very service which is most vital to keep the church in living touch with the young people and to assure their co-operation and support in years to

come.

A final consideration is the larger vision, the broader horizon made possible by the larger institution-and character strong and abiding is as much to be found in the larger as in the smaller institution. The larger institution can provide better facilities, better instruction, and more competent direction. Experience in nearly a dozen institutions, large and small, confirms the writer in the belief that students receive as much personal attention in the larger school as in the smaller, and in most cases from men of wider experience and information.

Young people of different tastes, preparing for different pursuits in life, are mutually benefited by being educated together. The prospective clergyman educated along with the future lawyer, farmer, engineer, and scientist comes to know their ways and problems and has opportunity to make himself and his cause understood and acceptable to them. He is more the man and less the monk, the better able to sympathize with and to counsel men by reason of having grown up with them. And experience shows that promising candidates for the ministry are to be found in the state university, provided the church is present in proper form to speak the right word at the right time.

APPENDIX

THE UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE AFFILIATION IDEA IN CANADA For some time the University of Toronto has held such relations with. church colleges. The presidents of these associated colleges, the term college being used in a more general sense than in the United States, applied not only to arts colleges, but also, e. g., to theological seminaries, are ex-officio members

of the university council and senate. There is a division of the curriculum and a just division of fees. All submit to the entrance conditions of the university which are those framed by the educational authorities of the Province of Ontario. Each college establishes its social and religious requirements without conflicting with others. University honors are open to all. The colleges thus associated are: (1) Knox College, affiliated with the University of Toronto, is a "purely" theological seminary, and is supported by the Presbyterian Church, in Canada. By a system arranged with the university, students taking a full arts course may substitute certain subjects in Knox College. In this way the combined course in arts and divinity may be shortened one year. (2) St. Michael's College, also affiliated, is under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. In philosophy and history the students of St. Michael's take their lectures in the college, the results of the examinations being accepted by the university. St. Michael's comprises arts, theology, a commercial school, and schools of grammar and high-school grades. (3) Wycliffe College, an institution of the Church of England, is federated with the university. Federation is by act of Parliament and renders the relation between the two institutions organic, the college becoming a part of the university itself. Federated colleges are represented in the senate and council of the university; affiliated institutions have a representation in the university senate only. (4) Trinity College (connected with Trinity College is St. Hilda's College, residence for women, under the direction of a lady principal) under the control of the Anglican Church, is also a federated college. Trinity College, like its sister federated colleges (University and Victoria), offers under the Federation Acts of 1887 and 1901 such courses as were set off to the colleges, omitting such work as was assigned to the university proper. Members of other communions are admitted without religious test and for the courses in church catechism and the prayer book are allowed to substitute work in Christian ethics and Christian evidences. Trinity College likewise maintains a school of theology. (5) Victoria (University) under the auspices of the Methodist Church, in Canada, is federated with the University of Toronto. Affiliated in arts with Victoria University are four other colleges located in different parts of Canada. Victoria also provides a faculty in theology. (6) University College, a secular college, by the Federation Acts of 1887 became the complement of the University of Toronto in the system of higher education provided by the Province.

At McGill University are located four divinity schools, all affiliated with the university. There is also a department of Semitic languages in the university itself, which, however, is used almost exclusively by the theological students. These four schools are: (1) The Congregational College of Canada, under the supervision of the Congregational Church in Canada; (2) The Diocesan College of Montreal under the auspices of the Church of England; (3) Presbyterian College, in connection with the Presbyterian Church, in Canada; (4) The Wesleyan College of Montreal, under the auspices of the Methodist Church, in Canada. Affiliated with McGill University, are four other arts

colleges located in the provinces of Quebec, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia, with three of which colleges the affiliation concerns the work of the first two years in arts; in the fourth, the work of the first year only. McGill University is also affiliated to the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin,

under conditions which allow an undergraduate who has taken two years work and has passed the second year sessional examination in arts, to pursue his studies and take his degree at any of these universities on a reduced period of residence.

At the University of Manitoba four denominations have established colleges or rather, the University comprises these four colleges and the governing Board. (1) St. Boniface College, representing the Roman Catholic Church; (2) Wesley College, the Methodist Church, in Canada; (3) St. John's College, the Episcopal Church, in Canada; (4) Manitoba College, the Presbyterian Church, in Canada. Representatives from each of these colleges sit in the university council. Degrees of divinity are granted by the affiliated colleges, candidates for the degree being required to take or pass examinations on the subjects of the first two years in arts as prescribed by the university, Greek being compulsory. Such graduates in divinity have in the university equal rights and privileges with the other students of the university. The university has the sole power in the Province of Manitoba to confer degrees in Arts, Law, and Medicine. The University of Manitoba more nearly resembles the University of London than, perhaps, any other American educational institution.