of the "Labor Law," the Industrial Commission has promulgated a number of rules which have come to be known as the "Industrial Code." They are published, as compiled up to July 1, 1916, by the State Department of Labor, together with the law itself.

Following are the rulings bearing on the matters of heating and ventilation: Rule 160. Ventilation. Every dressing room shall have at least one window or skylight opening directly to the outdoor air or air shaft, which shall be so constructed and maintained as to be easily opened at least one-half of its required area, except that in case a separate hospital or emergency room is provided and maintained at all times for the exclusive use of females and such room has a window or skylight opening to the outdoor air, the dressing room shall not be required to have such window or skylight.

Rule 161. Every dressing room, washroom or locker room enclosed by walls which extend to the ceiling, unless provided with windows which have an area opening directly to outdoor air, not less than one-tenth of the floor area, shall have exhaust ventilation equal to not less than six changes of air per hour at all times when such rooms are in use. A skylight shall be deemed the equivalent of a window, provided that it has fixed or movable louvres with openings of the net openable area prescribed for such window. In any such room, the commissioner may require such ventilation as may be necessary.

Rule 162. Heating and Illumination. Every dressing room shall be heated to a temperature of not less than 58° F., and shall be so lighted that all parts of the rooms are easily

visible. If daylight is not sufficient for this purpose, artificial illumination shall be maintained at all times when the room is in use.

Rule 556 refers to the removal of smoke, steam, gases and dust from foundries. It is specified that "where smoke, steam, gases or dust arising from any part of the operations of the foundry are dangerous to health and where a natural circulation of air does not carry off such smoke, steam, gases or dust, there shall be installed and operated hoods, ventilators, fans or other mechanical means of ventilation approved by the commissioner of labor."

Rules 700-716 gives the appliances to be applied for the removal of dust, gases and fumes from grinding, polishing and buffing wheels, including the sizes of branch pipes, size of main pipes and fan inlets and outlets suction, arrangement and construction of pipes, etc.

Rule 718 provides for the removal of fumes, vapors and gases emitted or created in connection with some twenty special processes of manufacture.

Rule 721 gives similar arrangements for the removal of lead dusts and fumes in the manufacture or use of white lead, red lead, litharge, sugar of lead, arsenate of lead, lead chromate, lead sulphate, lead nitrate or fluosilicate, or in the manufacture of pottery, tiles or porcelain enameled sanitary ware, including the corroding or oxidizing of lead, and the crushing, mixing, sifting, grinding and packing of all lead salts or other compounds.

"Recommendations for the size of the cyclone separator or dust collected," states

End Elevation

third offences incur penalties running up to $250.00 and imprisonment for 60 days.

PRACTICE OF THE NEW YORK STATE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION.

"It is a customary practice in the Department when we find it necessary to install exhaust systems for the purpose of carrying away dust and gases, etc., to issue orders and set a time when compliance is necessary."-JAMES L. GERNON, First Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Inspection.

the purpose of using, or continuing its use, in whole or in part, as a public building, public or private institution, schoolhouse, church, theatre, special hall, public hall, miscellaneous hall, place of assemblage or place of public resort, or as a factory, workshop or mercantile or other establishment and to have accommodations for ten or more employees, and no building more than two stories in height, designed to be used above the second story, in whole or in part * shall be erected, and no alteration shall be made therein, until a copy of the plans and specifi

cations thereof has been deposited with the supervisor of plans of the building inspection department of the district police by the person causing its erection or alteration, or by the architect thereof. Such plans and specifications shall include those for heating, ventilating and sanitation, as the supervisor of the plans may require."

A fine of from $500.00 to $1,000.00 is provided for anyone who violates the provision of this requirement.

PRACTICE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING INSPECTION DEPARTMENT OF THE DISTRICT

POLICE.

"This Department has no regulations relating to the heating and ventilating of factory buildings, but such work is taken up only in special cases by the State Board of Labor and Industries, and applies to factories where buffing and grinding wheels, etc., are used; and to the ventilation of sanitaries in factory buildings. The matter of heating and ventilating factories has not been compulsory except in special cases in certain factories on account of the processes used in manufacturing and also on account of the number of employees distributed in rooms to operate the machines, etc. The Massachusetts law provides that, if so directed, plans for heating and ventilation shall be filed with the plan of the building thereof.-J. J. CAREY, Deputy Chief.

Under the power conferred by Section 996, if he finds "that the heating, lighting, ventilation or sanitary arrangements of a shop or factory are injurious to the health of persons employed or residing therein, * * * he shall notify the owner, proprietor or agent of such shop or factory or building by personally serving a notice in writing or mailing it to his last known address, to make the necessary alterations or additions. Said notice shall describe the alterations and additions which shall be installed therein and the time in which each alteration or addition therein required shall be made and each appliance installed."

Penalties are provided running from $50.00 to $100.00 per day after the expiration of the

time limit set by the inspector for making required changes.

The term "shops and factories" includes the following: Manufacturing, mechanical, electrical, mercantile, art and laundering establishments, printing, telegraph and telephone offices, railroad depots, hotels, memorial buildings, tenement and department (apartment) houses.

In connection with the safe-guarding of machinery, owners and operators of shops and factories are required to make suitable provision for emery wheels and for metal and wood-working machinery generally. The various requirements and the methods prescribed for fulfilling them are given in detail in the code.

The penalty for failing to comply with the provisions of the code within 30 days vary from $100.00 to $300.00 for each offense.

Additional provisions are included (Section 6330-2) covering especially dangerous works or processes, such as the manufacture of white lead, red lead, litharge, sugar of lead, arsenate of lead, lead chromate, lead sulphate, lead nitrate, or fluo-silicate. In such cases "every employer shall without cost to the employees, provide devices, means and methods for the protection of his employees who, while engaged in any work or process included in section 2 are exposed to lead dusts, lead fumes or lead solutions:

* *

*

"(a) Working rooms, hoods and air exhausts for the protection of employees engaged in any work or process which produces lead dusts or lead fumes. The employer shall provide and maintain work rooms adequately lighted and ventilated, and so arranged that there is a continuous and sufficient change of air, and all such rooms shall be fully ventilated and separated by partition walls from all departments in which the work or process is of a non-dusty character; and all such rooms shall be provided with floor, permitting an easy removal of dust by wet methods or vacuum cleaning, and all such floors shall be so cleaned daily.

"Every work or process referred to (given above) including the corroding or oxidizing of lead, and the crushing, mixing, sifting, graining and packing of all lead salts or other compounds shall be so conducted and such adequate devices provided and maintained by the employer as to protect the employee, as far as possible from contact with lead dust or lead fumes. Every kettle, vessel, receptacle or furnace in which lead in any form referred to is being melted or treated, and any place where the contents of such kettles, receptacles or furnaces are discharged, shall be provided with a hood connected with an efficient air exhaust; all vessels or containers in which dry lead in any chemical form or combination

referred to, is being conveyed from one place to another within the factory, shall be equipped, at the places where the same are filled or discharged, with hoods having connection with an efficient air-exhaust; and all hoppers, chutes, conveyors, elevators, separators, vents from separators, dumps, pulverizers, chasers, dry pans, or other apparatus for drying pulp lead, dry-pans dump, and all barrel packers and cars of other receptacles into which corrosions are at the time emptied, shall be connected to an efficient dust-collecting system; such system to be regulated by the discharge of air from a fan, pump, or other apparatus, either through a cloth dust-collector having an area of not less than 1⁄2 sq. ft. of cloth to every cubic foot of air passing through it per minute, the dust collector to be placed in a separate room which no employee shall be required or allowed to enter, except for essential repairs, while the works are in operation; or such other apparatus as will efficiently remove the lead dusts from the air before it is discharged into the outer air."

In Cleveland, Ohio, a new building code became effective October 14, 1913. It is known as Ordinance No. 29,798. This code has the following relating to "factories and workshops:"

"Every building, room or part thereof hereafter erected for, or converted to use as a factory or workshop in which there shall be less than 20 sq. ft. of floor space for each employee or occupant, shall have in operation, while occupied, a mechanical system of ventilation so designed and installed as to provide at least six complete air changes per hour.

"Unless natural ventilation is provided as required by the ordinances of the City of Cleveland, and maintained while occupied, every factory in which there is more than 20 sq. ft. of floor space for each employee or occupant, shall have in operation, while occupied, a system of ventilation so designed and installed as to provide at least four complete air changes per hour."

PRACTICE OF THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO.

"The specific requirements for the construction of factories (Title 7) has not yet been adopted by this Department. The heating systems approved in this Department for factory construction are either a direct steam or blast system, or may be a furnace blast system. The only ventilation required in factories is that which is obtained through the windows. The new, modern type of factory construction has considerable glass area for light. Either

double-hung windows, or pivoted sash are used, and we find the ventilation in these cases very satisfactory. However, we find in some of the old factory buildings a very limited amount of windows and the air in these cases is very bad. Then it is necessary for the Chief to exercise his authority by ordering some type of ventilation to be installed."-GEORGE H. HAMILTON, Chief Deputy, Department of Inspection.

Illinois.

The Illinois law regarding the heating and ventilation of factory buildings is probably the most explicit of any so far enacted in this country. It is entitled, "An act to provide for the health, safety and comfort of employees in factories, mercantile establishments, mills and workshops in Illinois and to provide for the enforcement thereof." (Reenacted and approved June 29, 1915. In force July 1, 1915.)

Section 10 reads: "In every factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop, where one or more persons are employed, adequate measures shall be taken for securing and maintaining a reasonable and, as far as possible, equable temperature, consistent with the reasonable requirements of the manufacturing process. No unnecessary humidity which will jeopardize the health of employees shall be permitted."

The meat of the law is in Section 11 which reads: "In every room or apartment of any factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop, where one or more persons are employed, at least 500 cu. ft. of air space shall be provided for each and every person employed therein, and fresh air, to the amount specified in this act, shall be supplied in such a manner as not to create injurious drafts, nor cause the temperature of any such room or apartment to fall materially below the average temperature maintained: Provided, where lights are used which do not consume oxygen, 250 cu. ft. of air space shall be deemed sufficient. All rooms or apartments of any factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop, having at least 2,000 cu. ft. of air space for each and every person employed in each room or apartment, and having outside windows and doors whose area, shall not be required to have artificial means of ventilation; but all such rooms or apartments shall be properly aired before beginning work for the day and during the meal hours. All such rooms, or apartments, having less than 2,000 cu. ft. of air space, but more than 500 cu. ft. of air space, for each and every person employed therein, and which have outside windows, and doors whose area is at least one-eighth of the floor area, shall be provided