if not higher, have been endured without fatal results. One of the best authorities on this subject is Prof. Frederic S. Lee of Columbia University. He directs particular attention to the importance of air movement as separate and distinct from mere heat and humidity. He remarks: "In proportion, however, as the temperature of the air approaches or surpasses that of the body and the humidity of the air is sufficient to prevent the evaporation of sweat, loss of bodily heat by the customary channels becomes lessened. Without adequate means for eliminating the heat that is being constantly produced within, the internal temperature rises and a febrile condition results. Such a state is reached the sooner the more mechanical work is performed and the more heat is thereby produced. Its oncoming is favored also by a lack of movement in the air. With a continuance of the unfavorable environmental conditions a simple rise of internal temperature may pass into a higher fever characteristic of simple heat prostration, or a moderately severe heat stroke with a temperature up to 40.6° C. (105° F.), and finally into the hyperpyrexial or intense form of heat stroke, in which the bodily temperature has been known to rise to the phenomenal height of 47.6° C. (117.8° F.)."

Mr. Hoffman is of the opinion that the best practical information can be obtained from those in charge of linoleum works. Certainly in his own experience the temperature conditions there were the most trying of which he has knowledge. They do not compare with, but are in contrast to the excessive heat experienced in the lower levels of the Comstock Lode. A comparison really is difficult, if not impossible, for totally different bodily effects are experienced. In the Comstock Lode the air suffers also chemical contamination, as is the case in the drying-rooms of linoleum works.

In his investigations at steel plants, Mr. Hoffman states that he does not recall excessive temperatures much over 120° F., as far as actually determined. The enormous heat inside the furnace may be over 2,000°, but it dissipates so rapidly in the general atmosphere that, as shown by the government report on labor conditions in the iron and steel industry, it rarely, if ever, exceeds 147° F., which was ascertained 12 ft. away from the tap-hole of a furnace. Such a heat, of course, does not affect the body as a whole, which can only be said to be the case in a close compartment, such as the drying room of a linoleum plant or the engine room of a submarine.

It is stated by Dr. W. Gilman Thompson

that the oil mixture in linseed manufacture is heated to approximately 450° F., during which progress certain fumes are evolved. This temperature, however, has no reference to the heat conditions in the dryingroom. In linseed oil manufacture the substance is mashed and pressed to a temperature of 125°, but whether the men are exposed to this heat for a sufficient length of time to be injuriously affected, is not made clear by the available discussion. It is said that the workmen are protected from the excessive heat by drafts of compressed air.

According to an investigation by Mr. Hoffman, made some years ago, the temperature in drying chambers at linoleum plants may be raised as high as 180° F., but this temperature may possibly not prevail when the rooms permit ingress and egress on the part of the workmen, while placing in or taking out rolls of linoleum. Of course, the time exposure on the part of these men is relatively short and it should not be understood that the work as such is seriously injurious or exactly proportionate to the degree of temperature exposure for a very limited period of time. The effects of sudden and radical temperature changes may, in the long run, be more seriously injurious to health than short-time exposures to high temperature, even though the latter are experienced at frequent intervals over comparatively long periods of time. This, however, is debatable.

Announcement is made that the forthcoming summer meeting of The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engincers will be held in Chicago, July 18, 19 and 20. These dates fall on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday.

It is expected that one of the papers to be presented at the summer meeting will be an elaboration of the address delivered at the March meeting of the Illinois Chapter on the hot water heating system at the plant of the Crane Company and plans are being made to take the delegates in a body for an inspection of this plant.

Heating Engineers' Society in New Quarters.

New quarters for the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers have been taken in the Engineering Societies Building. The new offices are on the same floor as formerly but in a larger roomRoom 712.

Volume 22 of the society's Proceedings, covering the transactions for the annual and summer meetings of 1916 has been sent out. It is a volume of 595 pages. In addition to the verbal discussions of the various papers and topics, are a number of written discussions which add materially to the value of the Proceedings.

Appointment of Committees on Boiler Code and Research.

President J. Irvine Lyle of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has appointed two committees which are expected to accomplish important work for the society during the next year. One is a committee to formulate a standard code for the testing of low pressure heating boilers. This committee consists of Homer Addams, chairman; Prof. John R. Allen, J. J. Blackmore, Ralph Collamore, William H. Driscoll, Walter L. Fleisher, Louis A. Harding, James F. McIntyre, Edwin A. May, Percival H. Seward and Walter S. Timmis.

The other committee will investigate the matter of the establishment of a bureau of research, to be conducted under the auspices of the society. The personnel of this

committee is as follows: George W. Barr, chairman; Harry M. Hart, Prof. James D. Hoffman, William F. McDonald, William W. Macon, James W. H. Myrick and Perry West.

Ventilation of Submarines Discussed by New York Chapter.

Practical and vital problems encountered in the ventilation of submarines and how the Navy Department is meeting them were presented at the March meeting of the New York Chapter, March 19, by Lieutenant E. D. McWhorter, U.S.N. The meeting was held at the Building Trades Club, with President Arthur Ritter in the chair. It was in charge of a committee headed by D. D. Kimball.

The fact that many of the chapter members had witnessed the submarine manouvers at New London last November added greatly to the interest in Lieutenant McWhorter's address, which was illustrated by lantern slides.

In opening his address Lieutenant McWhorter stated that he was after information rather than in a position to give it. He said the principal problem in the ventilation of submarines was in connection with storage battery ventilation. The electric batteries give off hydrogen gas in excessive quantities and this has to be taken care of to prevent dangerous accumulations. Then it is necessary to ventilate the electric motors when running submerged and also to remove the oil vapors that accumulate in the operation of the oil-fired Diesel engines. All of the foregoing is in addition to the general ventilation requirements for the ship's personnel. For the latter purpose a compartment of 150 cu. ft. area is provided in which compressed air is stored at a pressure of 2,250 lbs. per cubic inch. For general ventilation purposes, when running on the surface, there are usually two 600-cu. ft. supply blowers driving air through ducts to the various points of the hold and two exhaust blowers of the same capacity exhausting the air outboard.

The new types of submarines, said Lieutenant McWhorter, can easily go from 24 to 36 hours submerged, without resorting to any chemical means of renewing the air supply. By the use of such chemical means it is possible to stay submerged as long as ten days.

The danger of hydrogen gas explosions is the important item as this gas becomes an explosive at a concentration of 3% or 4%. For this reason it is necessary to have a separate ventilating system for the bat

tery cells. On the surface this system exhausts outboard but when submerged the gas is carried to another part of the vessel and mixed with the other air and recirculated. Regarding the oil vapors, the same procedure is followed except that the oil vapors can be expelled from the vessel when running submerged. If in the vicinity of enemy vessels, however, this would leave a streak of oily water that would betray the vessel's presence. Another reason for separating the ventilation of the engine room from that of the motors is that the oil vapors have a tendency to rot the insulation.

Regarding the air supply to the men . themselves the speaker said that their allowance was 35 cu. ft. per hour and that it was a common experience to have the carbon dioxide run up to 200 parts in 10,000. Whenever the air got particularly bad or the heat excessive, electric fans were started that helped greatly to relieve the

men.

In response to questions Lieutenant McWhorter said that the interior temperatures in submarines ran from 40° to 120° F. Submarines are very cold in winter and are particularly hot in summer.

He said a great many suggestions for improving conditions in submarines or adding to the facilities are thrown out on account of the lack of space available or the weight of the extra appliances. The submarine itself has to be very substantially built as the water pressure at a depth of 200 ft., for instance, is 89.7 lbs. per square inch. He said it was a mistake to suppose that the air pressure inside the submarines increases when deeply submerged as the hull of the vessel takes up all the pressure of the water. The principal effect on the part of the men of any extended submergence is that they usually experience a sleepy feeling on coming to the surface.

In the discussion of his address it was suggested that it might be possible to dispose of the excess hydrogen by combining it with oxygen and by means of a high tension electric current transforming the mixture into water. Lieutenant McWhorter said that this might be a good suggestion to work on, but it must be remembered that such an apparatus must be capable of handling 200 cu. ft. of hydrogen per minute and space would have to be found on the vessel for such apparatus.

On motion of Frank K. Chew three cheers were given for Lieutenant McWhorter for his interest in coming before the chapter and on the suggestion of William H. McKiever, the chapter will present the lieutenant with a suitable souvenir.

It was announced that the May meeting

of the chapter, which will be the annual meeting, will be given over to "The Ventilation of Battleships." M. W. Franklin is the chairman of the committee in charge of the May meeting.

Crane Company's Hot Water Heating Plant Described Before Illinois Chapter.

"Hot Water Heating Under Forced Circulation, as Installed in the Crane Plant," was the subject of an illustrated address presented by S. H. McCreary, of the Crane Company, at the March meeting of the Illinois Chapter, March 12. The talk followed a chapter dinner at the Chicago Engineers' Club.

The speaker was introduced by President F. W. Powers. Mr. McCreary stated that the total cost of the new Crane Company plant would approximate $10,000,000 of which $1,000,000 would represent the cost of the heating equipment. The entire plant comprises 50 buildings covering an area of 50 acres and the company has an additional 160 acres adjoining its plant for possible future extensions.

No less than 300,000 sq. ft. of heating surface are now in service, arranged on six circuits in tunnel systems, aggregating a total length of 4,978 ft. The heating system contains 5,332 gal. of water and Mr. McCreary stated that the average drop in temperature of the water in making the circuit of the system is 16°. He stated that one day during the past winter, when the temperature outdoors was 10° F. below zero, the outgoing temperature of the water was 187° and the incoming temperature, 152°, giving a drop of 35°.

At the conclusion of Mr. McCreary's address and upon his request, President Powers gave a description of the system of temperature control installed in connection with the heating plant.

The large attendance at the meeting resulted in a lively discussion on the merits of hot water and steam heating, which was participated in by George Mehring, Robert A. Widdicombe, August Kehm, J. C. Hornung, Harry M. Hart, Dr. E. Vernon Hill, J. F. Tuttle and George H. Kirk.

Michigan Chapter Elects New Officers.

New officers were elected as follows at the annual meeting of the Michigan Chapter, which was held at the Fellowcraft Club, Detroit, February 23: President, Ralph Collamore; vice-president, J. R. McColl; treasurer, Harry A. Hamlin; secretary, Wil