amount used at the end of each period or

500+ of 500 =

500167 667 gal.

Therefore a 700-gal. storage heater with a heating capacity of 125 gal. per hour would produce the smallest load on the steam boiler and an instantaneous steam heater would produce the greatest load. As far as cost goes, the reduction in the size of the steam boiler and the size of steam pipe and valves for the storage heater will more than counterbalance the additional cost of the storage heater.

In regard to checking the sizes of cast-iron steam boilers, it has always been found that the grate area has a great deal to do with the amount of steam produced. It is easily possible to get double the rating out of the same boiler when the grate area is doubled or when the draft is increased so as to burn double the quantity of coal.

Even with natural draft and frequent attention we do not believe it is wise to exceed a combustion rate of 10 lbs. of coal per square foot per hour which at 8000 B. T. U. turned into steam gives a rating of 8000 X 10 250 =320 sq. ft. per square foot of grate surface. This method will give a pretty good check on any cast-iron heating boiler although for residence work not over 6 or 7 lbs. of coal per square foot of grate per hour should be figured.

A Residence Without a Chimney.

A building without a chimney and supplied by one company with steam for heating, electricity for light and power, gas for cooking and water for domestic purposes is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is located in Excelsior Springs, Mo., being known as the Ligon Apartments. The building has a full cement basement which has storage lockers belonging to each apartment. It is constructed of red cherrycolored brick, trimmed with stone trimmings and is divided into twelve apartments, each having large closets and private baths. The apartments are furnished with the latest improved combination furniture, all beds being of the disappearing type, leaving a maximum amount of room space during the day time.

The steam for heating is furnished through underground mains and this, as well as the other services mentioned, are supplied by the Excelsior Springs Water, Gas and Electric Company. The building is piped for the American District Steam Company's Atmospheric system.

In place of the chimney there are small openings in the wall about 4 in. square, for taking away the fumes from the gas stoves. No provision is made at all for any other fire.

A Correction.

In the article in THE HEATING AND VENTILATING MAGAZINE for May, 1917, on "Recent Progress in the Use of Gas for House Heating," it was mentioned that the compilation of the data presented in the article had been made by a committee on auxiliary heating appointed by the American Gas Institute. It should be stated that this compilation was made by the committee on auxiliary heating of the National Commercial Gas Association.

In a letter calling attention to this error, George A. Barrows, chairman of that committee states: "There is a committee of the American Gas Institute on house heating, of which Mr. C. C. Winterstein, of the United Gas Improvement Company, of Philadelphia, is chairman. These two committees are co-operating, the committee of the American Gas Institute studying particularly the engineering questions while the committee of the National Commercial Gas Association is paying particular attention to the commercial questions."

In this connection attention is called to the article on "Manufactured Gas for House Heating," by George S. Barrows and C. C. Winterstein, in the March, 1917, issue.

LIGON APARTMENTS, EXCELSIOR SPRINGS, MO., BUILT WITHOUT A CHIMNEY

When the building was being constructed the owner was advised to put in a flue for emergency purposes. His reply was that he was satisfied something would happen to his building before it did to the company's plant. It was figured that he saved from 10% to 12% on insurance by leaving out all suggestions of furnace or fire-places.

A 500-gal. tank, fitted with steam coils for furnishing hot water to the building is located in the basement. The heating system and the hot water tank are on separate valves so that either may be operated at It any time independently of the other. should be mentioned that the company

The Illinois Chapter, through a committee composed of J. A. Cutler, chairman; Benjamin Nelson, E. J. Claffey and August Kehm, is busily engaged in the preparation of the local details for the forthcoming meeting of The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, in Chicago, July 1820. The government, it is announced, will furnish a large part of the programme through authorized representatives of both the army and navy. Also, features of engineering interest are being arranged for locally, and a special entertainment programme is being arranged for the ladies. Headquarters will be at the LaSalle Hotel.

Kansas City Chapter Takes Up Mechanical

Blast Systems of Heating.

Mechanical blast systems of heating were discussed at length before the Kansas City Chapter at its June meeting, held at the Coates House. The meeting was preceded by a chapter dinner. The subject for discussion was divided into three parts: 1.the design of air washers and ducts; 2.design of fans and driving mechanism of same; and 3.-the mechanical installation.

Mr. Waddington discussed the development of air washers and stated the first apparatus used to filter air was an ordinary cotton screen. This was succeeded by the coke air washer, in which air was passed through a bed of ordinary coke, which was kept wet with moisture. The coke washer was succeeded by the rain type of washer, where the air passed through a sheet of water, and this type was succeeded in turn by the mist type, in which air passed through a chamber of fine water mist after which it passed through eliminator blades

Tempering coils 900 to 1,200
Main Ducts 900 to 2,000
Laterals
900 to 1,200
Risers
Registers

Mr. MacMorran, in discussing the design of fans and driving mechanism, defined tip speed as the velocity of the periphery of the wheel. Static pressure is pressure due to resistance and more properly could be defined as maintained resistance. A propeller or disc type of fan is suitable for low resistance, and with a fan having 1,200 ft. velocity of air through the fan with a free delivery, under a 2-in. static pressure, the velocity would be only 400 to 600 ft. A tip speed of 5,000 ft. or approximately a mile a minute is the maximum for this type of fan. It is better to have a tip speed about 2,500 ft. per minute, but this speed would overcome only a low static pressure. The H. P. increases directly with the resistance, which is opposite to that found in housed fans of the steel plate or multiblade type.

Cased or steel-plate fans show greater efficiency and are more suitable for work under static pressures of around 1⁄2-in. and above.

The multiblade type of fan of equal capacity should be operated at about 50% greater speed than the steel plate fan, but the power required to drive a multiblade fan is about 60% that required for a steel-plate fan. Multiblade fans thus take about 15% to 20% less space and require less power than the steel-plate fans of equal size. The advisable tip speed is around 2,900 to 3,000 ft. per minute. Mr. McMorran also stated it was cheaper to drive the fan by engine than by motor, as the exhaust steam from the engine could be sent through the coils and hence the only cost would be that in generating steam at about 25 lbs. pressure, rather than 2 or 3 lbs. pressure.

Mr. McIntyre spoke of the mechanical installation and stated that the main thing to be guarded was to have proper supports for the coils. He advocated reinforced concrete for this purpose. The proper venting of coils was necessary for efficient service and in his opinion 50% of the coils are not properly vented. The arrangement of the steam supply should be such that each coil would get an adequate amount of steam

under all conditions and particularly the outside coil, which has the heaviest duty. The returns from the coils should be separate and so arranged that one coil return could not stop another. He also stated that it was his experience that a good pump and receiver was a great help to a mechanical blast job.

The Kansas City Chapter it was reported, now has about thirty members, with a dozen applications on file. Nine members expressed their intention of attending the summer meeting of the society in Chicago, July 18-20.

National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association.

New officers were elected at the annual meeting of the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association, which met in Cleveland, O., June 13. For president, D. Rait Richardson, of New York, succeeds John D. Green, who asked to be released from further duties as president. Mr. Green was made an honorary member of the executive committee. The other new officers are: Vice-president, W. G. Wise, Akron, O.; secretary, Allen W. Williams, Columbus, O. (re-elected); treasurer, Irving L. Jones, Utica, N. Y. Executive committee: E. P. Miller, W. L. Dawborn and George L. Wilkinson. One of the most important actions taken was the discontinuance, for the present, of the association's advertising campaign, one reason being that the trade will take all the warm-air furnaces that can be produced this year.

New Books.

VENTILATION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES, third edition, containing also the board of health requirements and the regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, together with the model ventilation requirements as promulgated by The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, has recently been published by the Heating and Ventilating Magazine Company, New York. The volume, with its 178 pages of text, shows in a striking manner, the advance of compulsory ventilation laws, as well as the need for a new compilation. Minnesota, for instance, has adopted a remarkably complete code for school buildings. Indiana has revised its code, as has also New Jersey and Vermont. These and other changes, such as the revision of the Illinois School law and of the Massachusetts building

inspection law, are presented in comprehensive abstracts, together with a carefully-compiled abstract of the exhaustive Ohio building code, as far as enacted. A section is given over to the laws regarding the heating and ventilating of industrial buildings, recent revisions being included of the requirements in Tennessee, Illinois, Kansas and New York. The latter takes in the recent rulings of the New York Industrial Commission, made since the enactment of the law, bearing on the matters of heating and ventilation. Finally, the model requirements set forth by The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, are presented in revised form, supplemented by "General Notes Inserted by the Council" which did not appear in the society's first publication. Size 4 X 6 in.

POWER PLANTS AND REFRIGERATION, being Volume 2 of the important work on "Mechanical Equipment of Buildings," by Louis A. Harding and Arthur C. Willard, has made its appearance and bears out the hopes, to a marked degree, of those who had been awaiting its publication. In order to make the volume more complete, several of the chapters appearing in Volume 1 have been reprinted, including the chapters on heat; water, steam and air; and fuels and combustion. The new volume is modeled on the same broad lines as Volume 1. Manufacturers' data, which have been found useful and reliable, are presented in detail, supplementing the authors' own voluminous data. Special mention should be made of the chapter on "Chimneys for Power Boilers," which is remarkably complete, and also the chapter on "Power Plant Piping." An entire chapter is given over to the "Arrangement of Steam Power Plants," embracing typical layouts in some fifteen different institutions. Other important chapters are those on boilers and rules for construction, mechanical stokers, superheaters and economizers, mechanical draft, feed-water heaters and feed-water purification, steam engines, steam turbines, pumps, steam condensers, cooling ponds and towers, coal and ash-handling machinery, and isolated power plant data. Under refrigeration chapters are presented on units employed in refrigeration practice, heat transmission and construction of cold storage walls, methods of producing artificial refrigeration, cold air, compression and vacuum machines; ammonia condensers, brine circulation system, the ammonia absorption machine and ice-manufacturing plants, including details of a notable installation. Size 7 X 91⁄2 in. Pp. 766, with 496 illustrations, including nine double-page inserts. Bound in flexible leather. Price $5.00. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, or may be had through the book department of THE HEATING AND VENTILATING MAGAZINE.