Application of Absorption System of Refrigeration Having considered the theoretical end of absorption refrigeration, its practical application as embodied in commercial apparatus will now be discussed. For this purpose the apparatus manufactured by the Carbondale Machine Co., of Carbondale, Pa., may be taken as a good example of standard equipment. In Fig. 1 is illustrated a complete absorption refrigeration plant with explanatory designations of the various parts and piping. The method of operation is to fill the generator with aqua ammonia sufficient to cover the steam coils, and the absorber with enough to cover the water tubes. Then the brine circulation through the brine cooler is started and the cooling water is turned on at the point marked "Water Inlet"; the water enters the lowest head of the condenser, travels through the condenser, then to the absorber, thence to the weak liquor cooler and lastly to the rectifier. By thus using the same water through four parts, in series, economy of water is obtained and the cost of operation kept low. Steam is then turned into the generator coils and the evaporation of the ammonia therein builds up a pressure in the generator, condenser, and rectifier, rising until sufficient pressure is developed to condense the gas in the condenser. As the gas passes through the rectifier the cooling water reduces its temperature so that moisture, entrained in the gas, separates from it and returns to the generator through the drip pipe while the gas condensed in the condenser falls into the "Anhydrous Receiver." The liquid ammonia is then allowed to pass through the expansion valve into the brine cooler where it expands and absorbs heat from the brine. The weak liquor left in the generator after the expulsion of the gas is drawn from the bottom of the generator through the heat exchanger into the weak liquor cooler and from there into the absorber where it meets the gas coming from the brine cooler and absorbs the gas. By this absorption the weak liquor becomes strengthened and is then strong liquor which is drawn into the suction of the ammonia pump and is discharged through the heat exchanger back into the generator. FIG. 4 STEAM GENERATOR FOR ABSORP. TION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. cooler, condenser and absorber are all doublepipe construction. This is particularly adapted for low heat-room and is easily accessible. Containing nothing but straight pipes, it can be readily inspected and cleaned. PARALLEL PROCESSES BETWEEN HEATING AND REFRIGERATION IN ABSORPTION SYSTEMS. It is most interesting for the heating engineer to trace the parallel processes seized by the ammonia pump (boiler feed pump) and pumped back through the exchanger (feed water heater) into the generator (boiler) where the aqua ammonia is heated by the coils (fire) until it generates anhydrous ammonia gas (steam). The gas (steam) passes out through the rectifier (steam separator) and ultimately reaches the expansion valve and cooling coils where it expands and does work just as steam does in an engine. USING EXHAUST STEAM IN REFRIGERATING It would seem that a refrigeration system using exhaust steam as a motive power would be the answer to the problem as to what to do with the exhaust steam in the summer time in the building power plant. If a power plant can be made more economical when the exhaust is only used for heating in the winter, how much more advantageous would it be to employ the same exhaust in the summer to produce refrigeration in all its many desirab forms?, The generators which constitute the FIG. 5-ATMOSPHERIC CONDENSER, WITH ABSORBER BELOW AND WEAK LIQUOR COOLER AND RECTIFIER ALONGSIDE. between heating and refrigeration; in fact, this analogy has been pointed out before for compression systems, but it can also be closely followed in absorption systems. Take, for instance, the strong liquor after passing through the absorber; it is heart of the absorption refrigeration system are built of cast-iron in smaller sizes and of lap-welded steel in the larger ones. The steam is fed into the upper manifold shown in Fig. 4, and from the manifold enters the pipe coils located inside the SHELL-TYPE CONDENSER. used where it is necessary to economize in floor space. A 50-ton condenser of this type requires only 5 ft. square floor space. Its chief advantage lies in the fact that it has a high water velocity in the coils, thus insuring a low condensing pressure and, besides, this has fewer joints than a double pipe condenser. An apparatus for use in conjunction with ammonia absorption refrigerating machines for distilling off the gas contained in the aqua ammonia and thus generating anhydrous ammonia at a cost under 18 cents a pound, has been designed by the Carbondale Machine Co., Carbondale, Pa. This is accomplished without interfering with the operation of the refrigerating machine and does not require the closing of an expansion valve, as in the case of charging with anhydrous ammonia. The economizer is simple in construction and can be placed in any convenient spot in the engine room. Its operation requires no more attention than that necessary in the ordinary charging of anhydrous or of purging. The apparatus and its operation are described and illustrated in a bulletin (No. 17) issued by the company. The War and the Heating Engineer Chicago Commission on Ventilation Makes Definite Proposals for Changing Army Cantonment Construction. A plan to furnish twice as much air space per soldier in the Rockford (Ill.) cantonment for the draft army as is at present proposed has been worked out by the Chicago Commission on Ventilation. The development of the plan was the outcome of the protest made by The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers to the War Department, as reported in last month's issue. Squad houses, for eight men each, instead of company houses for 200 men each, are proposed by the Chicago commission. Each building will provide 600 cubic feet of air per person. "In the end," said Health Commissioner John Dill Robertson, "the small buildings will mean economy. If 200 men live together in one large room, it will mean that one man can give 200 men a contagious disease. When there are only eight in a room, at the most only seven can be infected." Those present at the meeting were Dr. Robertson, William D. Harkins, J. W. Shepherd, Dr. E. V. Hill, Harry Hart, George Beaumont, John Howatt, James Davis, S. R. Lewis, M. J. Sturm, Fred Postel, Dr. C. P. Caldwell, and F. B. De Forest. Heating Men in Military Service. Charles L. Collette, advertising manager of the Kewanee Boiler Company, Kewanee, Ill., has been given a captain's commission in the Sixth Company, Infantry Section, Illinois Division of the First Officers' Reserve Corps. He has been training at Fort Sheridan, Ill. Perry C. Satterthwaite, son of J. N. Satterthwaite, of Satterthwaite Bros., Tecumseh, Mich., heating and plumbing contractors, has been appointed a second lieutenant at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan, engineering department. The following young men connected with the United States Radiator Corporation, Detroit, Mich., have enlisted for war service in the army or navy: Joseph A. Cook, Charles Crute, C. D. Rood, Percy Tuttle, William Wolpel, Harry N. Smith, A. H. Hanson, I. I. Hodes, T. R. Flanagan, John Keightly and G. L. Williams. H. S. Rumsey, formerly vice-president and general manager of the L. M. Rumsey Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo., is now a captain in the First Missouri Artillery. Captain Rumsey is a veteran of the Spanish-American War. William E. Sloan, Jr., son of W. E. Sloan, of Samuel Sloan & Co., Rochester, N. Y., has joined the Naval Reserves, at Newport, R. I. M. Stanley Hunting, son of S. E. Hunting, president of the Hunting Co., Watertown and Rochester, N. Y., has been commissioned second lieutenant in the field artillery, having successfully passed the requirements at the Officers' Training Camp, at Madison Barracks, N. Y. Charles G. Dennison, of the American Radiator Company, Chicago, has been commissioned captain in the new National Army. Herman A. Voss, of the same company, has been made first lieutenant, and Harold Pynchon, second lieutenant. H. L. Whitelaw has joined the Overseas Training Camp for Canadian Reserve Officers, at Toronto, Ont. W. B. Hutchinson, son of Thomas H. Hutchinson, manufacturers' agent, New York, is a second lieutenant, having been commissioned last year. He is a graduate of Cornell University and has served at the Plattsburg Training Camp during the past few months. A. W. Clegg, of F. A. Clegg & Co., Louisville, Ky., has enlisted in the Quartermaster's Corps. Building the Army Cantonments. Neiler, Rich & Co., Chicago, Ill., have been selected as supervising engineers in charge of the heating for Camp Custer Cantonment, at Battle Creek, Mich. Both Mr. Neiler and Mr. Rich have been on the ground, and Mr. Rich will be located there permanently until the completion of the work. Sarco Co., Inc., New York, has received orders for temperature regulators for each of the sixteen cantonment camps, as well as for the Selfridge Aviation Field, near |