Economic Analysis Before Adam Smith: Hesiod to Lessius

according Adam Smith Aristotle Aristotle's Athens Baba Metzia Bernardino of Siena Buridan buyer Cajetan canon canon law canonists capital century Chapter Christian commodity conception concerning considered contract cost currency currency debasement discussion doctrine Duns Scotus economic activity economic analysis economic thought economists emphasis established example exchange gain given Gratian Hesiod Hostiensis human income individual interest payment involved issue J. T. Noonan Jewish jurists justice Justinian Justitia et Jure labour later lender lending Leon Walras Lessius lucrum cessans Luis Molina market price measure medieval merchants Mishnah Molina monetary money loans morality natural Navarrus Nider nominalist obliged ownership particular persons philosophers Plato problem production profit purchase reasoning relationships relevant role Roman law scholastic schoolmen Scotus seller significant social St Bernardine St Thomas Summa theologica theologians theory of value things trade tradition transactions treatment usury utility value of money writes