The death of Elizabeth, however, occasioned a change in Raleigh's fortunes. Raleigh's enemies had made James believe that Raleigh was opposed to his accession. James immediately deprived him of all offices, and on 17 July 1603 committed him to the tower. On November 17 he was tried for treason. According to modern rules the evidence was insufficient, but Raleigh was declared guilty and was sentenced to be executed on 11 December.

On 10 December, however, he was reprieved and committed to the tower. Here for 13 years he lived in tolerable comfort with his wife, son and personal servants. He devoted himself to study and to scientific experiments, and, at the request of Prince Henry, began his chief literary work, the History of the World.' At length, in March 1616, on his promise to guide an expedition to a gold mine in America, Raleigh was released. The Spanish Ambassador, fearing an invasion of Spanish possessions or an attack on the Mexican plate-fleet, protested. The king, however, warning Raleigh that either act would be punishable by death, allowed him to proceed. Raleigh ignored the warning, captured San Tomás, and, failing to reach the mine, was kept from attacking the plate-fleet only by the refusal of his followers. On Raleigh's return to England, Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, demanded his immediate execution. Raleigh's admissions and perjuries left the king's commissioners no choice. 28 October the justices of the King's Bench ordered Raleigh's execution under the suspended sentence of 1603. He was executed in the Old Palace Yard 29 Oct. 1618.

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Of Raleigh's poetry, so highly praised by his contemporaries, but little was published during his life and much is probably lost. Many poems once attributed to him are now attributed to others. The poems, certainly his, have been collected by Dr. Hannah, 1885. Of Raleigh's prose works, the most important is his 'History of the World' (1614).

Bibliography. The chief lives of Raleigh are those of William Oldys (1736); Thomas Birch (1751); Arthur Cayley (1805); Patrick Fraser-Tytler (1833); Edward Edwards (1868); J. A. St. John (1868); and Mr. William Stebbing (1891). That by Mr. Stebbing is the best. There is also a popular sketch by Mr. Edmund Gosse (1886). Consult also Mr. S. R. Gardiner's History of England,' and the publications of the Hist. MSS. Comm., and, concerning Raleigh's literary work, the introduction to Dr. Hannah's edition of his 'Poems (1885), the bibliographies of Dr. Brushfield, and his Sir Walter Raleigh and His History of the World' (1887). Among more recent works are Selincourt's Great Raleigh' and biographies (1914) by Marshall and Towle.

ARTHUR H. NASON, Instructor in English, New York University. RALEIGH, SIR Walter, English author and educator. He was educated at University College, London, and King's College, Cambridge, and was for many years professor of modern literature at University College, Liverpool. In 1900 he was appointed to the chair of English language and literature at Glasgow University; and since 1904 has held the chair of English literature at Oxford University. He was knighted in 1911 and elected a Fellow of Mer

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ton College in 1914. He has published The English Novel' (1894); Robert Louis Stevenson) (1895); Style) (1897); 'Milton' (1900) 'Wordsworth (1903); Shakespeare) (1907) 'The English Voyagers' (1904); Six Essays on Johnston' (1910); Romance) (1917).

RALEIGH, N. C., city, capital of the State, county-seat of Wake County, in lat. 35° 47 N., long. 78° 48' W., on the Southern, NorfolkSouthern and the Seaboard Air Line railroads, about 28 miles southeast of Durham, 148 miles northwest of Wilmington and 60 miles northeast of Pinehurst.

Topography.- Raleigh occupies an elevation of 363 feet. It is just northeast of the geographical centre of the State, in the upper valley of the Neuse River, which flows southeast to Pamlico Sound. The city, platted around a beautiful park of 10 acres, which is called Capitol Square, is divided into four sections by four broad streets which extend from this centre. The magnificent oak trees in Capitol Square give Raleigh the popular name of "The City of Oaks."

Manufacturing. In 1900 the manufacturing interests of Raleigh represented an invested capital of $1,611,000, with products valued at $2,204,000. Cotton and fertilizer products are the leading articles of commerce. The largest manufacturing establishments are phosphate works, foundries, machine shops, car shops, wood-working factories, ice factories, cotton mills and cottonseed-oil mills. Other manufactures are underclothing, hosiery, carriages and agricultural implements. In 1914 capital invested amounted to $2,012,000; products valued at $2,916,000.

Buildings and Cemeteries.-The State Capitol, a substantial granite structure, stands in Capitol Square; nearby are the Supreme Court building, the State Library, State Geological Museum, Raney Library, Governor's mansion, United States government post office and courthouse. Other prominent_public_buildings are the county courthouse, State insane asylum, State penitentiary, State institutions for the blind, one for white and one for colored, State Institute for Deaf and Dumb, Old Ladies' Home and Rex Hospital. There are here National and Confederate cemeteries. The National Cemetery contains 1,207 graves, 572 of which are unknown dead.

Education. The educational institutions are the Peace Institute (Presbyterian), Saint Mary's (Protestant Episcopal) and Meredith College for young women. The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, opened in 1889, has 26 buildings and accommodations for 800 students. Other schools are King's Business College; the Shaw University (Baptist) and Saint Augustine's School (Protestant Episcopal) are for colored boys and girls. Several State educational institutions have been mentioned. There are graded and normal schools for white and colored pupils. A large summer school for white teachers is held here each year. Not far distant from the city are the State University and the Wake Forest College (Baptist). The Supreme Court Library contains 21,375 volumes, the State Library 44,529 volumes and the Olivia Raney public library 14,121 volumes. All the religious denominations have handsome churches for both races. There

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RÂLES are two orphanages, one under the auspices of the Methodist Church, the other in charge of the Roman Catholic Church. There are two daily and 10 weekly newspapers.

Banks and Finances.-There are three national banks, one State bank and three savings banks. The banks have a combined capital of $545,000 and deposits amounting to $8,300,000. The assessed property valuation in 1915 was $13,708,000. There are excellent fire and police departments, and all municipal improvements are provided for by a regular tax.

Government.- The city is governed under the commission charter of 1912, which provides for a mayor and two other commissioners elected every two years. The administrative officials are chosen by the mayor and commission.

History. The site of the present city was selected in 1792 by the legislature for the location of the State capital. In the same year the city was founded and named in honor of Walter Raleigh (q.v.). In 1794 the legislature held its first session in Raleigh. The city was incorporated in 1795, and in 1803 was reincorporated. The city was occupied by General Sherman part of 1865. Pop. about 19,218. Consult Battle, The Early History of Raleigh.' ALAN T. BOWLER, General Secretary, Chamber of Commerce, Raleigh, N. C.

RÂLES, sounds heard in the respiratory passages, due to certain modifications in the normal structure of the bronchi or alveoli, or both. Sounds that originate in the pleural cavity are distinguished as friction sounds. Râles are new sounds, not common to healthy lungs, and are created either in the bronchi, bronchioles, air-vesicles or pathological cavities. They are due to a number of causes, the most frequent of which are (1) the passage of air through narrowed bronchi, such narrowing being the result of inflammation of the mucous membrane or of muscular spasm, and (2) the passage of air through or by a certain amount of fluid, either mucus, pus, blood-serum or combinations of these. Râles of the first type are dry; those of the second are called wet. The dry râles are usually musical, and on placing the ear to the chest, where they are present, one hears either high-pitched whistling sounds, sibilant râles or low-pitched, blowing or sonorous râles, depending on the source of the sound, whether finer or larger bronchi. Both types may commingle. Such râles are common in asthma, in the chronic bronchitis of emphysema and in the early stages of a bronchitis, before the exudation of mucus has begun. The moist râles are usually of two kinds: (1) very fine or subscrepitant râles, resembling in sound the rubbing of a lock of hair between the fingers, and (2) larger mucous râles. former are common in various types of disease in which the air-vesicles are involved, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, tuberculous pneumonia, etc. They are due to congestion and the pouring out of blood-serum into the area. The most mucous râles are present in bronchitis. They occur in the larger bronchi, or in cavities, and resemble the bubbling and gurgling sounds of water in a pipe. It requires the trained ear of the physician to distinguish between the

The

different varieties, and much experience to be able to prejudge the significance of the râles after they are heard.

RALPH, James, American author; b. Philadelphia, Pa., about 1698: d. Chiswick, Surrey, England, 24 Jan. 1762. He was a clerk to a Philadelphia conveyancer, and in 1724 went to England with Benjamin Franklin, who praises him as "ingenious" and "extremely eloquent." As an actor, editor and newspaper writer he was not successful. He then became a teacher in Berkshire, and was welcomed as an adherent of the Prince of Wales' party, which he supported by pamphlet, poem and newspaper contribution. Afterward bought into silence, he received a pension on the accession of George III. Pope ridicules "a thing of his, entitled 'Night,' a poem," in the lines of the 'Dunciad,'

"Silence ye wolves! while Ralph to Cynthia howls, And makes night hideous - Answer him, ye Owls!" Franklin pathetically complains that he "did his best to dissuade Ralph from attempting to become a poet"; but apparently Pope was more effective. Ralph's History of England during the Reigns of King William, Queen Anne and George (1744) is valuable for the information it contains.

RALPH, Julian, American author: b. New York, 27 May 1853; d. there, 20 Jan. 1903. At 13 he began newspaper work as typesetter and later engaged as reporter at Red Bank. N. J. From here he removed to Webster, Mass., to edit The Times of that place, and thence to New York, where he came into prominence in reporting the Beecher trial in 1875. He shortly engaged with the New York Sun and held a position on its staff for 20 years. He was in the East during the Chinese-Japanese War in 1894 reporting that struggle and traveling in many parts of Asia. Returning to London he joined the foreign staff of the New York Journal and reported the Turkish-Greek War, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, and the crowning of the Tsar of Russia. The outbreak of the Boer War found him again a field correspondent, attached to the commands of Lords Roberts and Methuen. He returned to America in 1902 and continued his work of special correspondent up to the time of his death. He had a wide knowledge of affairs and a picturesque and vivid style. Some of his books are 'On Canada's Frontier'; 'Our Great West'; 'Chicago and the World's Fair'; 'People We Pass'; Alone in China'; 'An Angel in the Web'; At Pretoria'; 'War's Brighter Side'; "The Making of a Journalist.'

RALPH IRON. See SCHReiner, Olive.

RALPH ROISTER DOISTER, a play by Nicholas Udall. It was the first English comedy, although not printed until 1556, and probably written about 1540. At this time its author was head master of Eton, and the comedy was written for the schoolboys, whose custom it was to act a Latin play at the Christmas season. An English play was an innovation, but Ralph Roister Doister' was very successful. It follows Terence and Plautus, Ralph, "a swaggering simpleton, a feeble, conceited fop of the days of Henry VIII," having his prototype in the Miles Gloriosus.' It is in rhyming couplets, interspersed with songs.

In recent years it has been produced at Tufts College, Medford, Mass.

RALSTON, râl'ston, William Ralston Shedden, English Russian scholar: b. London, 4 April 1828: d. there, 6 Aug. 1889. He was the son of W. P. Ralston Shedden and educated at Cambridge. During the period of his college years his father entered upon a litigation to obtain possession of some Ayrshire property and in this effort dissipated his whole fortune. The name of Shedden becoming somewhat notorious in connection with the suit, the son adopted the additional surname of Ralston; and obtained a post at the British Museum in 1853. He gave his attention to the study of Russian, a language then little known. He published Kriloff and His Fables) (1868), a translation of Tur guénieff's 'Liza' (1869); Songs of the Russian People' (1872), and 'Russian Folk Tales' (1873). He made several journeys to Russia and became the life-long friend of Turguénieff, and was also made a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg. He projected an exhaustive history of Russia, but did not publish it. In 1874, however, he published his Oxford Taylorian lectures, Early Russian History.)

RAM, Thomas, English bishop: b. Windsor, 1564; d. Dublin, 24 Nov. 1634. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and in 1599 accompanied Essex to Ireland, and in the following year was made dean of Cork. On 2 May 1605 he was consecrated bishop of the united sees of Ferns and Leighlin. Ram was a careful bishop, constantly resident, and did what he could to maintain schools, but the recusant clergy excommunicated all who used them. He was one of the 12 bishops who, 26 Nov. 1626, signed a protest against tolerating popery.

RAM, Battering. See BATTERING-RAM.
RAM, Hydraulic. See HYDRAULICS.

RAMA, rä'mą, in Hindu mythology the name common to a personage appearing as three incarnations of Vishnu (q.v.), all great_warriors of surpassing beauty. These three forms are distinguished as Bala Râmâ or Balaram, Parasurama or Parasram, and Râmâ Chandra or Dasrat Râmâ, Râmâ first appeared in the sixth incarnation, and his deeds are celebrated in a poem called the 'Râmâyana,' the best great epic poem of ancient India. In this poem all three of the heroes are celebrated, but the lastnamed, or Râmâ Chandra, has his life and deeds detailed at greater length than the others. The story tells how Sita, his wife. was carried away to Ceylon by the king of demons, one Ravana, and how Råmâ rescued his wife, bridging the water between Ceylon and India by the aid of an army of monkeys. He slew the demons and became a great hero. The Râmâyana is often likened to the 'Iliad,' to which it bears great resemblance. See SANSKRIT LANGUAGE; SANSKRIT LITERATURE.

RAMADAN, rä-mä-dän', or răm-a-dǎn', the ninth month in the Mohammedan calendar, has 30 days. Since the Mohammedan year is a lunar one, Ramadan comes at all the seasons, being eleven days earlier each year. In about 33 years the month has made a complete cycle of the year. Ramadan is important chiefly because it is supposed to be the month in which Mohammed received his divine revelation and is there

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fore made a month of solemn observance among the faithful. During the 30 days the true believer abstains, between dawn and sunset, from all eating, drinking, smoking; bathing and all other delights of the body are likewise forbidden. The more devout of the Mohammedans remain behind closed blinds during the day and devote themselves to prayer and to reading the Koran, and particularly Sura, in the second book of which are found the references to the fast of Ramadan. There are special prayers, 20 in number, which during this month are added to the usual evening prayers, repeated at dusk by the true believer. Ramadan is also the month in which the Turkish government usually takes occasion to institute reforms, or to promise to institute them, apparently to curtail the national expenses and lighten the tax burden, and generally to undertake those measures that tend to popularize the government with its subjects.

The fast of Ramadan terminates each day with nightfall, and as the Mohammedan keeps. the letter rather than the spirit of the law of the Koran, the nights of this month are filled with feasting, the more joyous because of the abstinence during the day. These repasts often become wild revels, or even flagrant debauches, which last until daylight, when the glutted participants once more betake themselves to fasting and prayer. Following the fast of Ramadan for three days there is celebrated the feast of the Lesser Beiram, during which all labor ceases and the Mohammedans give themselves to all sorts of table enjoyments. Consult Huart, C. I., 'Histoire des Arabes' (Paris 1912).

RAMALEY, răm'a-li, Francis, American botanist: b. Saint Paul, Minn., 16 Nov. 1870. He was graduated at the University of Minnesota in 1895, and was assistant instructor in botany there in 1894-98. Since 1899 he has been professor of biology at the University of Colorado; and also director of the Mountain Laboratory, Tolland, Colo., since 1909. He has contributed articles on botany and public health to technical journals and is author of 'Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado' (1909); 'Prevention and Control of Disease' (1913).

RAMAYANA, ra-mä'ya-ną. Like almost all Hindû masterpieces the Ramayana also is very lengthy. It has 24,000 distichs. It is well authenticated that Valmiki, the poet, wrote the chief part of this epic; minor additions are by unknown authors. The theme treats of Rama. It tells at great length of the abduction of Rama's wife, Sitâ, by an evil spirit, Râvana, who took her to his cave, Lankâ, in Ceylon, and whence Râma, aided by the cunning ruler of the monkeys, Hanuman, finally carries her off into safety. At a much later date, and probably due to priestly inspiration, an addition is made to the poem in which Râma becomes an incarnation of the god Vishnu. This simple tale is enormously elaborated and spun out to unreasonable and at times tedious lengths by various means, such as the injection of extraneous matter, fairy tales, anecdotes, animal fables, and so forth, until it acquired its present formidable length of nearly 50,000 lines, many of them of 11 syllables, others of 13 and 15. Parts of the Ramayâna indeed resemble in their mechanism quite closely that of the 'Arabian Nights,' one story leading to another,