Hospital in 1896, and was president of the American Medical Association in 1900-01. He has published various professional monographs and a Text Book of Gynæcology' (1900).

REED, SIR Edward James, English naval architect: b. Sheerness, 20 Sept. 1830; d. 30 Nov. 1906. He was educated at the School of Mathematics and Naval Construction in Portsmouth, was at one time connected with Sheerness dockyard, and having become an authority on naval architecture was appointed chief constructor to the navy, for which he designed a number of ironclads and other vessels. He resigned in 1870 on account of his objections to rigged sea-going turret ships which he found to be growing in favor. He sat in Parliament for the Pembroke boroughs 1874-80, for Cardiff in 1880-95 and again 1900-06. In 1886 he was a junior lord of the treasury under Mr. Gladstone. In 1878 he visited Japan on the invitation of the government of that country. He published Japan, its History, Traditions and Religions (1880); The Stability of Ships' (1884); Modern Ships of War,' with Admiral Simpson (1888); 'Poems' (1902).

REED, Elizabeth Armstrong, American author: b. Winthrop, Me., 16 May 1842. She was married to H. V. Reed in 1860. She was chairman of the Woman's Congress of Philology in Chicago in 1893 and has been a member of several learned societies. She has published 'The Bible Triumphant' (1866); 'Hindu Literature: or the Ancient Books of India (1891); Persian Literature, Ancient and Modern (1893); Primitive Buddhism, its Origin and Teachings) (1896), etc.

REED, George Edward, American educatcr: b. Brownville, Me., 21 March 1846. He was graduated from Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1869 and after studying theology in Boston University entered the New England Southern Conference in 1870. filled important appointments in the Methodist denomination 1870-89 and in the year last named became president of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.

He

REED, Hugh T., American military officer: b. Richmond, Ind., 17 Aug. 1850. He was graduated from West Point in 1873 and served chiefly on frontier duty until 1881 when he was appointed inspector-general on the staff of Governor Porter of Indiana. He was retired for disability in 1889. He has published A Calendar of the Dakota Nation' (1887); 'Cadet Regulations (1881); 'Broom Tactics' (1883), etc.

REED, James A., American legislator: b. near Mansfield, Ohio, 9 Nov. 1861. He removed with his parents to Lynn County, Iowa, in 1864, studied at Coe College, Iowa, and was admitted to the bar in 1885. He engaged in practice at Cedar Rapids in 1885-87, then removing to Kansas City, Mo. He was prosecuting attorney of Jackson County, Mo., in 1898-1900, and mayor of Kansas City in 190004.

He was elected to the United States Senate for the terms beginning 1911 and 1917.

REED, John Oren, American physicist and educator: b. New Castle, Ind., 31 Dec. 1856; d. 22 Jan. 1916. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1885, studied at Harvard in 1891-92 and took his Ph.D. at the Uni

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versity of Jena in 1897. He was a member of the faculty at the University of Michigan from 1892, becoming professor of physics and director of the physics laboratory in 1909, and serving as dean of the department of literature, science and the arts from 1907. He was joint author of 'Manual of Physical Measurements (1902); College Physics' (1902); "High School Physics (1913).

REED, Joseph, American soldier and statesman: b. Trenton, N. J., 27 Aug. 1741; d. Philadelphia, 5 March 1785. He was graduated from Princeton and spent two years studying law in the Middle Temple, London. He returned to Trenton and took up the practice of law and in 1767 was appointed deputy secretary of New Jersey. In 1774 he was appointed a member of the committee of correspondence for Philadelphia and in 1775 was president of the 2d provincial convention held in Pennsylvania and endeavored to defeat the intention of arming the province. His English connections through his marriage inclined him to a conciliatory view of the English position, though he opposed the principle of Parliamentary taxation. On Washington's appointment to commanderin-chief, Reed became his military secretary. In 1776 he was made adjutant-general, but resigned the next year and refused the office of brigadier-general and also first chief justice of Pennsylvania, preferring to remain Washington's volunteer aide, without rank or pay. In September 1777 he was elected to the Continental Congress but continued with the army and took part in many engagements. In 1778 he was made chairman of a Congressional committee to confer with Washington concerning the management of the ensuing campaign. In December 1778 he was chosen president of the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania and continued in office for three years, during which time he was one of the founders of the University of Pennsylvania and favored the doing away with the proprietary powers of the Penn family. After the English peace commissioners had failed to treat with Congress, attempts were made to bribe Reed together with other high officials. He replied: "I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." In 1780 he was invested with extraordinary powers and was principally successful in quelling the dissatisfaction of the Pennsylvania troops in the army. Consult 'Life' by Henry Reed (1846); Reed, W. B., Life and Correspondence (1847).

REED, Myrtle, American author: b. Chicago, Ill., 27 Sept. 1874; d. 1911. She has published 'Love Letters of a Musician' (1899) which has been widely read; 'Later Love Letters of a Musician) (1900); The Spinster Book' (1901); 'Lavender and Old Lace) (1902; new ed., 1907); "The Master's Violin' (1904); 'A Spinner in the Sun' (1906; new ed., 1909); 'Old Rose and Silver) (1909); Master of the Vineyard' (1910; new ed., 1911); Threads of Grey and Gold' (posthumously, 1913).

REED, Thomas Brackett, American statesman: b. Portland, Maine, 18 Oct. 1839; d. Washington, D. C., 7 Dec. 1902. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1860, winning the first prize in English composition. He then took up the study of law, went to California in 1863,

and was admitted to the bar there. In 1864 he was appointed assistant paymaster in the United States navy and assigned to a gunboat patrolling the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. On receiving his discharge from the navy, he returned to Portland and established a law practice. His interest in public affairs and ability as a speaker soon made him prominent in the Republican party in Maine and in 1868 he was elected to the lower house of the State legislature, where he served two years. He then entered the State senate and before his term had expired, was elected attorney-general of Maine. From 1874 to 1877 he was city solicitor of Portland and in 1876 was elected to Congress and served there continuously until his resignation in 1899. He first attracted attention in April 1878 by a speech in opposition to a bill to reimburse William and Mary College for losses sustained at the hands of the Federal troops during the war. From that time his readiness in debate, knowledge of parliamentary law and marked executive ability made him a power in the House. In 1885-89, while the Republicans were in the minority, he was their acknowledged leader on the floor and in 1899 was chosen speaker of the House. The Republican majority was small and the business of the House continually delayed by the "filibustering course of the Democrats. Speaker Reed did not hesitate to enforce strict rulings against such tactics and ordered the clerk to count as present all members actually in the House, whether they answered to the roll-call or not. This aroused the strongest opposition from the Democrats; his conduct was denounced as tyrannous and illegal and the epithet of "Czar" applied to him. His rulings were, however, sustained by the House and later by the decision of the Supreme Court; and in the next Congress, when the Democrats were again in power, he had the satisfaction of seeing his rules adopted by the party that had so violently denounced them. In 1895 and 1897, he was again elected speaker and this time his conduct of the business of the House met with the approval of both parties. As speaker, he had a powerful influence in constructing and guiding legislation, though his name is connected with no single important measure and he raised that office to a position second only to that of the President of the United States. He was a consistent opponent of free silver and was largely instrumental in defeating the free silver bill of 1890. He was also a strong advocate of the policy of protective tariff but was opposed to the administration policy in regard to imperialism and the questions resulting from the Spanish War. To this fact his resignation from Congress in 1899 is sometimes attributed. In 1896 he was prominent candidate for the presidency and at the Republican National Convention received 842 votes, being second to McKinley. After 1899 he was engaged in the practice of law in New York. He contributed frequently to the magazines, edited a series of volumes on oratory entitled 'Modern Eloquence,' and published 'Reed's Rules of Parliamentary Procedure.

a

REED, Walter, American military surgeon and bacteriologist: b. Harrisonburg, Rockingham County, Va., 1851; d. Washington, D. C.,

23 Nov. 1902. He was graduated from the medical department of the University of Virginia and from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York and was made first lieutenant assistant surgeon, United States army, 26 June 1875. His promotions were captain assistant surgeon, 26 June 1880, and major surgeon, 4 Dec. 1903. In 1890-91, while stationed at Baltimore, he made particular study, of bacteriology in the laboratory of Prof. William. Welch, of the Johns Hopkins University; and established a laboratory of his own, in which he gave instruction to the student-officers of the Army Medical School. As curator of the Army Medical Museum, at Washington, D. C. (from 1893), he continued his researches and soon became known as one of the leading bacteriologists of the country. His ability was especially displayed in his investigations of the cause and progress of epidemic diseases. In 1898 he was made head of a board for the study of the epidemics of typhoid occurring among the troops collected for the Spanish-American War. After the war he made several voyages to Cuba and was on duty at Havana, studying the diseases of the island and more particularly yellow fever, as a member of a board for its investigation. After a series of brilliant experiments, he was able to announce that yellow fever is conveyed by a certain variety of mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata), individuals of which become infected by biting persons ill Iwith the fever and by their bite introduce it into the blood of non-immunes. The United States military government at once proceeded to measures of extermination which banished the fever from Havana, where it had prevailed for three centuries. The Atlantic seaboard of the United States was also thereby freed from constant peril. This achievement must rank among the important triumphs of bacteriological science. Consult Keane, Scientific Work and Discoveries of the Late Major Walter Reed' (Senate Doc. 118).

REED, William Bradford, American lawyer: b. Philadelphia, 30 June 1806; d. New York, 18 Feb. 1876. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1825 and accompanied Joel R. Poinsett to Mexico as private secretary. Then taking up the practice of law, he became attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1838. In 1850 he was appointed professor of American history at the University of Pennsylvania and in 1857 became United States Minister to China. The next year he negotiated the treaty with China which regulated commercial relations as well as made more secure the rights obtained by the previous treaty of 1844. Subsequent to his return to America in 1860 he settled in New York and corresponded for the London Times besides contributing to The American Quarterly__Review and the North American Review. He engaged in a controversy with George Bancroft, concerning certain statements repeated by the historian to the effect that his grandfather, Joseph Reed, meditated abandoning the American cause and going over to the British. In this controversy Reed wrote 'President Reed of Pennsylvania, a reply to George Bancroft and Others' (1867). Bancroft responded with 'Joseph Reed, an historical Essay) (1867), to which Reed replied with 'A Rejoinder to Mr. Bancroft's Historical Es

say' (1867). He published 'Life and Corréspondence of Joseph Reed' (1847); 'Life of Esther de Berdt' (1853).

REED, (1) in music, the sounding part of several instruments, such as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe and bagpipe, so called from its being made from the outer layer of a reed (Arundo sativa or donax) found in the south of Europe. The name is also applied to the speaking part of the organ, though made of metal. Reeds are generally divided into two kinds - the beating reed, used in the organ, clarinet, etc., requiring to be placed upon a tube to produce a musical sound, and the free reed, used in instruments of the harmonium and concertina kind. (2) In weaving, an appurtenance of the loom, consisting of two parallel bars set a few inches apart and furnished with a number of parallel slips or reeds, called dents, between which the warp threads are passed. The reed is set in a swinging frame, called a lathe, lay or batten. In the hand lathe, the bottom of the batten is furnished with a shelf, called the shuttle race, along which the shuttle is driven. The office of the reed is to beat the weft up to the web and the force of the blow determines the compactness of the fabric.

REED, FLUE AND STRINGED INSTRUMENTS, TEMPERAMENT, TUNING AND VOICING OF. Temperament.The intervals of the perfect octave are divided naturally into 53 parts or commas, the successive sounds of the diatonic scale being separated by these commas into the following intervals:

Nature's arbitrary division of the octave, into intervals of exact dimensions, is not satisfactory, nor does it admit of an exact equalizing; the only possible approach to it being by the method known as the "even temperament," which method or principle was discovered and established by John Sebastian Bach, in the early part of the 18th century, who learned that certain intervals would bear being tuned sharp (in excess of) or flat (short of) perfect; the thirds and fourths being tuned sharp and the fifth tuned flat of perfect, thus distributing among all the 12 keys of the octave, the three commas or points by which the major tones exceeded the minor, thus rendering equal the five tones in the diatonic series. Previous to this time, it had been the custom to tune to perfect intervals, those keys having not over three sharps or flats and play in those keys only. The problem to be solved was to so divide the octave into 12 semitones by fixed sounds, that each one of the 12 sounds could be made the key note upon which a properly proportioned diatonic scale could be based, either in the major or minor form, and a melodic or harmonic progression made possible through the whole 24 major and minor scales; so that from any one of these 12 notes a uniform chromatic scale could be constructed, thus making possible modulations of unlimited variety and beauty.

The method then of tempering the notes of keyed instruments consists in arbitrarily adjusting the enharmonic diesis, that is, the dis

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tinction there is naturally between D sharp and E flat, G sharp and A flat, by tuning these notes too sharp for one and too flat for the other of these natural tones or intervals, and by making a similar compromise between the more minute discrepancies of the diatonic scale. Thus while no interval will be exactly true, yet none will be so adjusted as to shock the ear by false intonation, but rather add a color or quality to the tonality of the instrument, which, though harmonious, would otherwise be characterless.

Rule for Tempering Pianos and Organs.Tune middle C to desired pitch, then tune Ffifth below-sharp of C, until between C and F, there result three beats in five seconds. Next tune A-sharp-fourth above F-sharp of the latter, until there results one beat, each second. Next tune G-fourth below middle C-flat of C, by one beat a second; then tune D-fifth above-flat to G, by three beats in five seconds; A-fourth below flat to D; E-fifth above-flat to A; B fourth below - flat to E; F-sharp-fourth below-flat to B; Csharp-fifth above-flat to F-sharp; G-sharp

fourth below-flat to C-sharp; D-sharpfifth above-flat to G-sharp, which will make D-sharp as sharp of A-sharp, as the latter is sharp of the first F tuned.

In all the above intervals, the fifths beat three times in five seconds; the fourths beat once a second, or five times in five seconds. All the 12 notes, from F below middle C to first E above, have now been tuned; the temperament has been confined to the smallest possible compass to lessen the liability of errors, and if the first F above middle C is now tuned three beats in five seconds, flat of A-sharp below, it will be a perfect octave to the first F tuned.

Tuning.-The art, principle or act of so adjusting the intonations of keyed musical instruments as to make possible consecutive musical tones agreeable to the ear. The method varies according to the kind or character of the instrument. Where strings are used, as in pianofortes, harps, violins, violas, guitars, zithers, etc., tuning consists in adjusting the tension of the strings by turning the pins or pegs around which the strings are wound. In band and orchestral wind instruments, a crook or joint is used, sometimes called a slide, because it slides in and out to adjust the length of the column of air in the tube to the point where the desired pitch of the fundamental note is obtained.

In reed organs it depends upon the adjustment of the comparative weight, length and thickness of the reeds, and in pipe organs upon the length of the vibrating column of air in the flue pipes.

In the tuning of strings, the pitch is determined by the size, length and tension of the wire. In reed tuning the desired pitch is obtained by filing or scraping the reed; at the base or fixed end to flatten the tone and at the point or free end to sharpen it.

Organ pipes are tuned according to their construction. The large open flue wood pipes are lowered or flattened in pitch by being lengthened by a sliding cap or by a board fastened to the back, at the top, and is raised or sharpened in pitch by being shortened.

The large open metal flue pipes are tuned by cutting away or adding to the length or

by a slit in the back near the top, making two flaps to be opened or closed as required; closing them lowers the pitch, opening them raises it; the small metal pipes being tuned by the use of a conical horn, with which the tops of the pipes are contracted or expanded, as the pitch is to be lowered or raised respectively. Stopped metal pipes are tuned by a cap, raised or lowered as desired, and reed pipes by adjusting the wire which bears upon the reed, the raising or drawing up of the wire increasing the effective length of the reed and so flattening it and vice-versa. In the tunning of pipe organs, the reed pipes are the last to be tuned, since they are the most liable of all the pipes to become disarranged.

Voicing of Keyed Musical Instruments.— The voicing of organ pipes consists in the adjustment of their various parts, consisting of the mouth, throat, lips, languid and ears, the correct method of treatment having been learned by experience many years ago and of late years demonstrated by mathematical calculations and by the investigations of scientists.

The languid is that flat piece of the pipe which lies horizontally above the upper part of the foot, and it is against this languid the "sheet of wind" is forced from the "wind way below. Some of the pipes have the languids grooved upon their face, as one method of voicing, and some metal pipes are voiced by bending the ears, which are placed on either side of the mouth. Pipes once voiced at the factory seldom need any alteration.

The voicing of reeds in the common house organ is accomplished by giving the free end of the reed a slight curl or circumflex, and this also causes the reed to speak or sound more promptly and with less pressure of wind.

The voicing of pianos consists in the stabbing of the felt of which the hammers are made, by several needles fastened in a handle. The thrusts should be made directly toward the centre of the hammer and not through the top of the felt, from the sides. In the making of hammers, which is done by machinery, one entire set being covered with felt at a time, there is a variation as to hardness in the individual hammers, and voicing is relied upon to lighten up the felt and give a uniform character of tone throughout the entire scale of the piano.

EDWARD QUINCY NORTON, Author of Construction, Tuning and Care of the Pianoforte.)

REED-BIRD. See BOBOLINK.

REED CANARY GRASS, a grass of the genus Phalaris. See GRASSES IN THE UNITED STATES.

REEDBUCK. See REITBOKS.

REEDER, Andrew Horatio, American politician, first governor of Kansas Territory: b. Easton, Pa., 6 Aug. 1807; d. there, 5 July 1864. He practised law at Easton and was a prominent Democratic politician when, in 1854, he was appointed by President Pierce the first governor of the newly-formed territory of Kansas. Upon arriving at his post he at once rendered his position difficult by declaring his intention rigidly to put down the violence resulting from the conflict of the two parties respecting slavery. In the election of March 1855 more than three-fourths of the votes cast

were illegal, but the governor issued certificates of election to all claimants whose papers were regular and against whom no protests or official notice of frauds were presented. His action he defended as strictly legal and declared that any other would have been revolutionary, though he confessed to knowledge of the fraudulent voting. He was dismissed from office by the President and he returned to Lawrence to reside and to join forces with the Free-Soil movement. He was nominated by this party as Territorial delegate to Congress. A legislature of the Free-State party formed under the instrument known as the Topeka constitution elected him to the United States Senate in 1856. But the election was refused ratification by Congress. President Lincoln appointed him a brigadier-general at the outbreak of the war, but considerations of age induced him to decline. Consult Spring, Kansas' (1885); Robinson, 'The Kansas Conflict' (1892).

REEDFISH, a crossopterygian ganoid fish (Calamoichthys calibaricus), which, with the bichir is the only survivor of a group prominent in palæozoic time, which dwells in the sluggish reedy rivers of the Senegal coast of Africa, searching the mud of the bottom for prey.

REEDSBURG, Wis., city in Sauk County, 150 miles northwest of Milwaukee, on Baraboo River and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. It has lumber, dairying and livestock interests, manufactures woolens and flour and is a shipping point for potatoes, apples and other products. Pop. 2,615.

REEF, the part of a sail comprehended between the top or bottom and a row of eyelet holes generally parallel thereto. The object of the reef is to reduce the surface of the sail in proportion to the increase of the wind; for which reason there are several reefs parallel to each other in the superior sails; thus the topsails of ships are generally furnished with three reefs and sometimes four; and there are always three or four reefs parallel to the foot or bottom of those main-sails and fore-sails which are extended upon booms. When a reef has to be taken in the sail is slightly lowered; the men climb out along the lower boom or yard, which they lean over, with their feet supported by the foot-ropes, fold the loose portion of the sail around the yard and tie them up with the cords inserted in the eyelet-holes. As the operation of reefing is dangerous in stormy weather many ships are now fitted up with a patent apparatus by which sails may be reefed from the deck.

Reef also implies a chain of rocks lying near the surface of the water.

REEL, a revolving contrivance on which fibre, thread, cord, rope, fabric, etc., are wound to form them into hanks or skeins, and for various other purposes. The term is applied in agriculture to a device having radial arms carrying horizontal slats and rotated by gear or pulley connected with the axle of a harvester, for pressing backward and holding the stalks of grain in position for being severed by the knives. In angling, a skeleton barrel attached to the butt of a fishing rod, around which the inner end of the line is wound, and from which it is paid out as the fish runs off with the bait, and is gradually wound in again as his struggles become less violent, bringing him to land or