emigration stopped in 1640, when there seemed a better prospect of liberty in England. The Puritan emigrants came as members of the Church of England with no desire to separate. The Pilgrims were already separated from the English communion and were independent in their church government. But the Puritans because of their distance from the home country and because of the influence of the Pilgrims very quickly adopted the Congregational or Independent form of church government. Modern American descendants of the Puritan settlers regard them as having been far too strict. Their so-called "blue" laws are spoken of as indicating religious bigotry and intoler

ance.

Bibliography. Byington, The Puritan in England and New England' (1897); Campbell, 'The Puritan in Holland, England and America' (1892); Neal, History of the Puritans'; the English histories of this period; works on Congregationalism.

CURTIS MANNING GEER, Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Conn.

PURITANS. See PURITANISM.

PURKINJE'S FIGURES, in optics, figures produced on a wall of uniform color when a person entering a dark room with a candle moves it up and down approximately on a level with the eyes. From the eye near the candle an image of the retinal vessels will appear projected on the wall.

PURPLE. A color located in the spectrum between crimson and violet. It is poetically termed the royal color. The ancients attributed the discovery of purple to the Phoenicians. The story of its having been discovered by a dog biting a purple-fish, and thus staining his mouth, is well-known. The purple-fish was found not only on the Phoenician coasts, but in all other parts of the Mediterranean, so that the use of it in dyeing came to be common with other nations. The modern discovery of purple colors from coal-tar makes an important epoch in the history of the dye. Painters in oil and water-colors produce various shades of purple by mixing certain red and blue pigments. For work in oil, French ultramarine, often called French blue, is mixed with vermilion or some madder red (madder carmine is best), or one of these reds with cobalt blue if a pale purple is wanted. For permanent purples in water-colors the same blues are used; but one of the madder reds, not vermilion, should be mixed with them. A much richer purple than any of the above mixtures will give is produced by Prussian blue and one of the lakes from cochineal - namely, carmine or crimson lake but it is not permanent. This purple, as well as that obtained by mixing Indian red with indigo, also fugitive, was much used by water-color painters in past years. Purple madder is the only simple purple pigment available for the artist which is durable, and it is unfortunately costly. All purples are changed to neutral and gray tints by the addition of any yellow pigment. For house-painting maroon lake with a little French blue gives a useful purple. See DYES; PURPLE SHELL.

PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. See LANGUR; WANDEROO.

PURPLE FALCON, Order of the. See ORDERS, ROYAL.

PURPLE FINCH, a handsome American finch (Carpodacus purpureus) which in some one of its varieties is known throughout the United States and Canada. The male exhibits in spring a plumage beautifully tinged with a purplish crimson; and sings a brilliant melody. These birds nest in orchard trees and similar places, and lay greenish speckled eggs. See FINCH.

PURPLE MARTIN, one of the large, lustrous, blue-black swallows of the genus Progne, several species of which inhabit South and Central America, while one (P. subis) is a familiar visitor in summer to almost all parts of the United States. They originally nested in hollow trees, but in both North and South America have at once associated themselves with mankind as soon as civilization approached their habitat, and now everywhere make their nests about buildings or in garden bird-boxes. They are among the most useful as well as interesting of our insect-hunting birds. See MARTIN.

PURPLE SCALE. See SCALE INSECTS.

PURPLE SHELL, a gastropod mollusk of the family Muricide and especially of one section of it of which the genus Purpura is typical. A great many species are found in all seas. The true purples form the subfamily, Purpurinæ. The Muricida are carniverous marine snails very destructive to other mollusks, barnacles, etc. Many of the tropical species of Murex and related genera are of large size and remarkable for the large spines borne upon the shells, but our representatives of the family are small and inconspicuous. (See DRILL). Our true purple shell (Purpura lapillus) is found in great abundance on rocky coasts on both sides of the north Atlantic, but is infrequent in the United States south of Long Island Sound, where it is replaced to some extent by related species. The shell is very thick and solid, short oval with a low spire and a large aperture, the outer lip of which is marked with revolving ridges. It is extremely variable in size, shape, color and markings. Like the drill it is carnivorous, but with us confines its attacks chiefly to the barnacles which encrust the rocks between tides, though in Europe it works great havoc on the mussel beds.

The name "purple shell" applied to this group of mollusks is derived from the use to which certain species were put by the ancients in the preparation of their most valued dyestuffs, for which the city of Tyre was especially famous, and upon which its prosperity about 1000 B.C. was founded. The Tyrian purples were of several shades, varying from blue to a dull crimson, dependent upon the particular variety of shell employed and the substances mixed with the extract. Among the most important species utilized were Murex trunculus, M. brandaris and Purpurea patula. These snails were gathered on both the African and European shores of the Mediterranean. smaller ones were crushed in mortar-shaped holes in the rocks and mixed with soda, urine, sea-water and other substances; the larger animals were removed from their shells or the dye squeezed out. The desired colors were obtained by exposure to the sun and by various combina

The

tions and the cloth was steeped in a large excess of fluid until the proper effect had been produced. The fluid is contained in a saccular gland which opens into the mantle cavity and has at first the color and consistency of cream and a disagreeable odor,, but changes to purple upon exposure to light. Consult Simmonds, Commercial Products of the Sea.'

PURPURA. See PURPLE-SHELL.

PURSER, the cashier or chief clerk on

board a passenger steamer. In the navy a purser was formerly an officer who took charge of the provisions of a ship of war and saw to their distribution among the officers and crew. He had very little to do with money matters, but generally bore an evil reputation among the sailors for unfair dealing and rapacity. The designation is now discarded for that of paymaster, whose duties are broader.

PURSLANE, a pot-herb and well-known weed forming a good fodder for pigs; often called "pussley." See PURTULACA.

PURSUIVANT, pèr'swi-vant, a title used in the heraldry of England, Scotland and Ireland and derived from the old Latin word "proseque," to follow. It is the lowest of heraldic offices, but from the pursuivants were usually selected the superior officials known as herald and king-at-arms. The English college of arms has four pursuivants, the Scottish heraldic establishment has three and the Ulster king-at-arms in Ireland has four.

or

PURU-PURUS, poo-roo'-poo-roos', PURU PULAS, a tribe of Brazilian Indians, now_extinct or represented only by the Pamary or Paumary, but formerly living along the Purus River (q.v.) in western Brazil. They were naked savages, who slept on the sand instead of in hammocks, and were afflicted by a leprous disease which covered them with bluish and whitish spots. They used practically no shelter or covering, except leaf umbrellas, and wore their hair long and unkempt, cut only on the forehead in a square bang. Linguistically they seem to have been separate from the surrounding peoples. Consult Brinton, "The American Race' (1891).

PURUANDIRO, poo-roo-än-de-rō, Mexico, a town of the state of Michoacán and capital city of the district of Puruandiro in central Mexico, situated on the southern shore of a small lake, about 42 miles northwest of Morelia. It does a large business in Mexican leather and in the agricultural produce of the surrounding country. Pop. 10,000.

PURURAVAS, in Vedic mythology a king of ancient India, son of Ila, a youth of many virtues, who is married to Urvasi, one of the celestial nymphs, Apsarases, usually loved by the Gandharvas. Urvasi's marriage to Pururavas is based on the condition that she shall never see him naked. The jealous Gandharvas cause a disturbance in the night and Pururavas springs up, whereupon the Gandharvas cause a flash of lightning to illuminate the room and Urvaśī sees him and vanishes. Pururavas, disconsolate, seeks the world over for her and at last discovers her in the form of an aquatic bird, swimming with other Apsarases in a lotus lake. In response to his pleadings Urvaśī promises that he may return to her for one night a year later. Purusavas keeps the tryst

31

and on the following day the Gandharvas make him one of themselves. Another version is that Urvasi spends four autumns_among mortals and is besought by her lover, Pururavas, to return, but refuses; promising, however, that his offspring shall worship the gods and that he himself shall enjoy heaven. Consult Macdonell, A. A., Vedic Mythology' (Strassburg 1897).

PURUS, poo-roos', an affluent of the Amazon, which rising in the east of Peru traversing the northwest corner of Bolivia and entering Brazil, a northeastward course of over 1,800 miles, joins the Amazon about 100 miles above the latter's confluence with the Madeira. It has a very winding course and a comparatively slight fall. In the flood season it is navigable almost throughout its length and steamers ascend it for over 800 miles. Chief among its numerous tributaries is the Acre. Its source was discovered in 1864 by Chandless, an English explorer. Throughout most of its course the shores of the Purus are covered with dense forests in which are to be found but few inhabitants. Those who are living there are, for the most part, native Indians.

PURVER, per'ver, Anthony, English translator: b. Hurstbourne, Hampshire, 1702; d. Andover, Hampshire, July 1777. He was at first apprenticed to a shoemaker, but mastered Hebrew, and at 20 opened a school. Later he went to London where he became a Quaker and there began his translation of the Bible in 1733, a task which occupied him for 20 years. It was completed in 1763 and published under the title A New and Literal Translation of all the Books of the Old and New Testament' (1764). The publication was known as the 'Quaker's Bible' and by many was pronounced crude and unscholarly, while warmly approved by Southey and other critics. He also published 'Youth's Delight (1727); 'Poem to the Praise of God' (1748), and Counsel to the Friend's Children' (1785).

PURVES, pėr'věs, George Tybout, American clergyman: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Sept. 1852; d. New York, 24 Sept. 1901. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1872 and from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1876. He was pastor at Wayne, Pa., 1877-80, and professor of New Testament literature and exegesis at Princeton Theological Seminary 1892-1900. In the last-named year he accepted a call to the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York. He wrote "The Testimony of Justin Martyr to Early Christianity'; 'The Apostolic Age,' etc.

PURVEY, per'vi, John, English Biblical translator: b. Lathbury, Buckinghamshire, about 1354; d. about 1427. While associated with Wyclif, whose disciple he became, he undertook with other scholars the revision of the translation of the Bible made by Wyclif in 1380. The revision was substantially a new work merely based on Wyclif's copy which had retained many Latinisms from the Vulgate. The new translation, on the other hand, was made in good idiomatic English. It was completed about 1388, four years after Wyclif's death. For his Wyclifite views he was imprisoned in 1390, recanted to escape martyrdom in 1401, and for two years was vicar of West Hythe, Kent. Purvey wrote against the corrup

tion of the Church a work entitled 'Ecclesiæ Regimen.' Consult Leachler, John Wyclif and his English Precursors,' translated by Lorimer (1884).

PUS. See SUPPURATION.

PUSEY, pū'zi, Caleb, American Quaker colonist: b. Berkshire, England, about 1650; d. Chester County, Pa., 25 Feb. 1727. He was educated a Baptist, but joined the Quakers and came with Penn's company to America in 1682, erected the first mills in the province known as the "Chester Mills," and of which Penn himself laid the cornerstone. He laid out roads, treated with the Indians, was sheriff of Chester County for two years, justice of the peace and of the County Courts for many years, an associate justice of the Supreme Court and for 10 years a member of assembly. He published a great number of pamphlets and articles in defense of his creed, among them 'A Serious and Seasonable Warning) (1675); 'A Modest Account from Pennsylvania of the Principal Differences in Point of Doctrine between George Keith and those of the People called Quakers' (1696); Saturn's Harbingers Encountered' (1700), etc.

PUSEY, Edward Bouverie, English scholar and theologian: b. near Oxford, 22 Aug. 1800; d. Ascot Priory, Berkshire, 16 Sept. 1882. He was a son of the Hon. Philip Bouverie (of the Radnor family), who assumed the name of Pusey by royal license on becoming lord of the manor of that name in Berkshire. He was educated at Eton and Oxford University, where he was graduated with first class honors. Soon after he was elected to a fellowship at Oriel College. He studied for two years in Germany, taking up more especially Oriental languages, theology and German, and in 1828 was appointed regius professor of Hebrew, a post which he retained all his life, and to which a canonry at Christ Church is attached. In 1826 he had published a book summarizing the progress of German theological thought since the Reformation, expounding the rationalistic views regarding religion which were common in Germany, his account of which was founded on his own personal experience of what he believed to be the evils of Rationalism. He became through the influence of his friends Hurrel, Froude and Newman an ally of the theological party who started the Tracts for the Times (see TRACTARIANISM), but the agitation had been going on a little time before he took an active part in it. His first tract was the 18th, 'On the Benefit of Fasting'; he subsequently wrote another (the 66th) on the same subject, and two (the 67th and 69th) (On Holy Baptism.' In connection with the same High

Church movement he undertook the jointeditorship of the 'Library of the Fathers' and the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology.' In 1843 he was suspended from preaching in the university pulpit for three years on account of a sermon on the Eucharist, in which he advocated the doctrines of the real presence, sacerdotal absolution and of the duty and privilege of confession. Except for literary labors and occasional sermons, Dr. Pusey's life was henceforward an uneventful one. Among his chief works are a treatise on 'The Ancient Doctrine of the Real Presence'; 'Letters to the Archbishop of Canterbury in Defence of Church

Principles; a treatise on 'Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister'; a History of the Councils of the Church (1857); a learned Commentary on the Minor Prophets' (186077), an important contribution to Hebrew scholarship. Nine lectures on 'Daniel the Prophet (1864), and The Church of England, or Portion of Christ's Holy Catholic Church: an Eirenicon (1865). As a leader of the Tractarian or High Church party he kept a large section of that party from drifting into the Catholic Church and remained unshaken in his fidelity to the church of his baptism. On this ground, perhaps, the party received the popular name of Puseyites. Pusey House, containing his library, was founded and endowed as a memorial to continue the tradition of his teaching. Consult Liddon, 'Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey (5 vols., 1893-99); Grafton, 'Pusey and the Church Revival' (1902); Rigg. J., 'Character and Life-Work of Dr. Pusey' (1883); Savile, B. W., 'Dr. Pusey, an Historic Sketch, with Some Account of the Oxford Movement' (1883).

PUSEYISM. See OXFORD MOVEMENT, THE

PUSHKIN, poosh'kin, Alexander (spelled also POUSHKIN, POUCHAKIN), Russian poet: b. Moscow, 26 May (7 June) 1799; d. Saint Petersburg, 29 Jan. (10 Feb.) 1837. He received his first education in the Lyceum at Tsarskoë-Selo. In 1817 he entered the service of the government in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 1820 was retired to southern Russia because of his liberal opinions, until 1824 was a subordinate in the office of the governor-general of Odessa, angered his superior by an epigram and was withdrawn wholly from the service and ordered to live on his estate of Mikhailovskoë. In 1826 Nicholas I allowed his return to Saint Petersburg, where he was made imperial historiographer. His only work of research, however, was the 'History of the Revolt of Pugachev'; he labored in the archives on an account of Peter the Great, which came to nothing. He died from a wound received in a duel, and the Tsar appropriated 150,000 rubles to settle his affairs and publish his works. These included, above all, Eugeni Onyegin' (1828), a metrical narrative in a somewhat Byronesque fashion; and Boris Godunov,' a tragedy dealing with the troublous period following the death of Tsar Feodor. Pushkin performed a great service for the Russian language and literature; molding the former, which prior to his time was uncouth and unwieldy, and freeing the latter from its French tradition and placing it solidly upon a native basis. He has been called "undeniably and essentially the great national poet of Russia." gin) (by Spalding, 1881); of the Poems (by There are English renderings of 'Eugeni Onye

Panin, 2d ed., 1888); and of the 'Prose Tales (by Keane, 1896). A memorial work, Translations from Pushkin,' by Turner, appeared in 1899. Consult Shaw, Sketch of Pushkin's Life and Works' (1845); Flach, 'Un Grand Poète Russe' (1894). See BORIS GODU NOV; EUGENI ONYEGIN.

PUSS IN BOOTS, a well-known nursery tale by Charles Perrault, whose version, 'Le chat botté appeared in his 'Contes de Fées' (1697). It was probably taken from Straparola's Piacevoli Notti." The story is found

in a Norse version in 'Lord Peter,' and in the Swedish Palace with Pillars of Gold,' in which the cat befriends a girl, whose adventures are similar to those of the Marquis of Carabas. In a Sicilian version is found the first hint of a moral which is lacking in the above-mentioned tales; that is, the ingratitude of the man. Cosguin imagined from the moral that its origin was Buddhistic, for the story could only have arisen in a comparatively civilized community; but the only Hindu version, the Match-Making Jackal, discovered about 1884 in Bengal, has no moral at all. The most complete moral is found in Zanzibar, in the Swahili tale of 'Sultan Darai,' in which the beneficent beast is a gazelle; the ingratitude of the man is punished by the loss of all that he had gained; the gazelle, which dies of neglect, is honored by a public funeral. A well-known German version is that by Tieck, 'Der gestiefelt Kater,' 1795).

PUSTULES. See PIMPLES.

PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE, a novel by Charles Reade, published in 1870. The scene is laid in an English manufacturing town, and the story narrates the struggles of Henry Little, workman and inventor, against the jealousy and prejudice of the trades unions. Like all of Reade's stories, Put Yourself in His Place has a wealth of dramatic incident, and moves with dash and vigor. It is notable for its underlying purpose of exposing without censure the errors of early trades unions.

PUTCHOCK, pu-chok', or PUCHUCK, the root of Aplotaxis lappa, the "costus" of the ancients, a composite plant growing on the Himalayas in the vicinity of Cashmere. It has long lyrate leaves and heads of purple florets. It is exported to the Malay countries and to China, where it forms a main ingredient in the Chinese pastille-rods known as joss-sticks. In Upper India it is given as a medicine in various complaints ranging from coughs to cholera.

PUTLITZ, poot'lits, Gustav Heinrich Gans, EDLER HERR VON UND ZU, German novelist and poet: b. Retzin, Prussia, 20 March 1821; d. there, 9 Sept. 1890. He was educated at Magdeburg, Berlin and Heidelberg, was engaged in the civil service in 1846-48 and made his début in literary circles by his comedies which aptly portrayed high social life and excelled in humor. In 1863 he was appointed director of the court theatre at Schwerin. and his collected dramas were published in 1850-69. His poems were characterized by much beauty and grace and his charming fairy poem Was sich der Wald erzählt (1850) was widely circulated. His novels were also popular. Among his publications are 'Vergissmeinnicht' (1851); 'Brandenburgher Geschichten (1862); Novellen' (1863); Funken unter der Asche' (1871).

PUTMAN, Emily James Smith, American author and educator, daughter of Justice James C. Smith: b. Canandaigua, 15 April 1865. She was graduated at Bryn Mawr College in 1889 and studied at Girton College, Cambridge University, in 1889–90. She was teacher of Greek at the Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, in 1891-93; Fellow in Greek at the University of Chicago in 1893-94, and dean of Bernard College in 1894-1900. She was married to George Haven Putman (q.v.) in 1899.

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She was a trustee of Barnard College in 190005, and vice-president and manager of the Women's University Club, New York, in 1907– 11. In 1901-04 she was president of the League for Political Education. Author of 'Selections from Lucian) (1891); The Lady' (1910); 'Greek Religion' (1913).

PUTNAM, put'nam, Frederick Ward, American archæologist and ethnologist: b. Salem, Mass., 16 April 1839; d. 1915. He became curator at Essex Institute in Salem in 1856, was graduated from Harvard in 1862 and in 1864 became director of the Essex Institute Museum. In 1867 he was appointed superintendent of the East Indian Marine Society's Museum at Salem and in 1875 was appointed civilian assistant on the United States surveys west of the 100th meridian, his duties being to make investigations and reports of the archæological and ethnological material collected. In 1876-78 he was in charge of the Agassiz collection of fishes at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and in 1886 was appointed professor of American archæology and ethnology at Harvard. He was chief of the department of ethnology at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. He is author of numerous pamphlets on scientific subjects, was one of the founders and editors of the American Naturalist, and has edited many volumes of 'Annual Reports of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology' and 'Proceedings of the Essex Institute.'

PUTNAM, George Haven, American publisher and author, son of G. P. Putnam (q.v.): b. London, England, 2 April 1844. He was educated in New York, Paris and Göttingen, leaving the university at the latter place to enter the Union army as a volunteer in 1862. He served through the war, was a prisoner at Libby in the winter of 1864-65, and attained rank as major of volunteers. He is head of the firm G. P. Putnam's Sons, was a leader in reorganizing the American Copyright League in 1887 and was instrumental in securing the passage of the copyright bill in 1891. He has published Authors and Publishers) (1883); 'The Artificial Mother' (1894); 'Books and their Makers in the Middle Ages (1896); The Censorship of the Church (1906); Abraham Lincoln' (1909); Memories of a Publisher> (1915).

PUTNAM, George Palmer, American publisher and author: b. Brunswick, Me., 7 Feb. 1814; d. New York, 20 Dec. 1872. He entered the book store of Jonathan Leavitt in New York in 1828, became a member of the firm Wiley and Putnam in 1840 and in 1841 went to London where he conducted a branch business. In 1848 he returned to New York, opened a publishing house, engaged in the production of finely illustrated books and established Putnam's Magazine 1853-56, which was resumed in 1868 and afterward merged with Scribner's Monthly. In 1866 he established the publishing firm now known as G. P. Putnam's Sons. He was an ardent advocate of international copyright reform, secretary for many years of the Publishers' Association, a founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and wrote 'A Plea for International Copyright) (1837); 'Chronology) (1833); 'The Tourists in Europe' (1838);

'American Facts' (1845); (The World's Progress (1850); 'Ten Years of the World's Progress (1861), etc.

PUTNAM, Herbert, American librarian: b. New York, 20 Sept. 1861. He was graduated at Harvard (1883); studied law at Columbia (1883-84), and was admitted to the bar (1886). He received also the degrees of Litt.D. from Bowdoin (1898), LL.D. from Columbian (now George Washington University, 1903), University of Illinois (1903), University of Wisconsin (1904), Yale (1907), Williams (1911), Litt.D. from Brown (1914). From 1884-87 he was librarian at the Minneapolis Athenæum, and at the Minneapolis Public Library (1887-91). After this he practised law at Boston (189295), and became librarian at the Boston Public Library (1895-99). Since March 1899 he has been librarian of Congress. He was twice president of American Library Association (1898, 1904). Numerous articles have been published by him in reviews and professional journals.

PUTNAM, Israel, American Revolutionary soldier: b. Salem (now Danvers), Mass., 7 Jan. 1718; d. Pomfret (now Brooklyn), Conn., 19 May 1790. His education was a desultory one. In 1740 he removed from Salem and purchased in that part of Pomfret, Conn., which is now Brooklyn, the farm where he afterward resided. It is said that he also hung out a shingle advertising entertainment for man and beast. There is also the well-known anecdote of the exploit in which he crept into the lair of a destructive wolf and there dispatched the animal. But little definite is known of Putnam's life until he is found in 1755 in receipt of a commission as captain of Connecticut volunteers in a regiment sent by the colony to aid in repelling a threatened French invasion of New York. He was present at the defeat of the French and Indians under Dieskau near the southern end of Lake George, and later was very successfully employed as a ranger and scout. In 1756 he commanded a company in Abercrombie's army, which had Crown Point as an objective, but was so outplayed by Montcalm as to be obliged to act rather defensively than offensively. He received a major's commission from the Connecticut legislature in 1757. During Abercrombie's expedition against Ticonderoga in 1758 Putnam commanded an advance guard and scouting party of 100. In the retreat following the rash and disastrous attack on the post he became aide to Abercrombie, replacing Howe, who had been shot. Having been sent out in August to capture from the enemy a large quantity of British stores, he was taken prisoner and tortured by the Indians, but rescued by a French officer. He was sent to Ticonderoga and thence to Montreal, where he was exchanged. Promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1759, he accompanied the force sent against Montreal, upon whose surrender Canada passed into English hands. In 1762 he commanded the contingent of 1,000 sent by Connecticut in the naval expedition against Havana. His vessel was wrecked off the Cuban coast, but those on board escaped by rafts, and took part in the successful attack on Havana. He was sent out against the Indians of the frontier, who, under Pontiac (q.v.), were menacing Detroit, in 1763. A peace was concluded; Putnam returned to

his farm, and there remained in retirement until 1775. When the news of Lexington reached him, he is said to have been plowing, Cincinnatus-like; and at once to have turned loose the oxen and ridden to Cambridge. A Connecticut regiment was forthwith organized, and Putnam, with a brigadier's commission, appointed to command it. In May he led a battalion to Noddle's Island, where he captured a sloop and burned a schooner of the enemy. He was a participant in the battle of Breed's (Bunker) Hill, which he had helped to fortify; the chief command in the action has been claimed for him against Prescott. Trumbull, in his picture in the Capitol at Washington, shows Putnam in brilliant uniform defending a gun. Commissioned major-general in July, he was placed in command at New York, and was ranking officer within the fortifications during the battle of Long Island. After having been stationed at Philadelphia, Crosswick and Princeton, he was sent in May 1777 to command in the "Highlands" of New York. Owing to the loss of Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton, he was removed from his command; but later was restored on being acquitted by a court of inquiry. Subsequently, when he was commanding in Connecticut, Horseneck, an American outpost, was attacked by the British under Tryon. Putnam, according to the story, escaped by dashing on horseback down-hill, and eventually pursued the retreating Tryon, from whom he took 50 prisoners. In the winter of 1779 he was stricken with paralysis and incapacitated from further service. Consult 'Lives,' by Tarbox (1876), and Livingston (1901); Ober, 'Old Put, the Patriot (1904).

PUTNAM, John Pickering, American architect: b. Boston, Mass., 1847. He was graduated from Harvard in 1868, studied later in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and in the Royal Academy of Architecture, Berlin. He has since practised his profession in Boston and has published 'The Open Fire Place in All Ages'; 'The Principles of House Drainage'; Improved Plumbing Appliances'; 'The Outlook for the Artisan and His Art.'

PUTNAM, Mary Traill Spence Lowell, American author, sister of James Russell Lowell (q.v.): b. Boston, Mass., 3 Dec. 1810; d. there, 1 June 1898. She was married to Samuel R. Putnam in 1832 and later traveled abroad for several years. Her literary work was confined to magazine writing until 1844, when she translated from the Swedish Fredrika Bremer's "The Handmaid.) She afterward published 'History of the Constitution of Hungary) (1850); 'Records of an Obscure Man' (1861); The Tragedy of Errors' and 'The Tragedy of Success,' a dramatic poem in two parts (1862); 'Fifteen Days' (1866); Memoir of Charles Lowell' (1885), etc.

PUTNAM, Rufus, American Revolutionary soldier: b. Sutton, Mass., 9 April 1738; d. Marietta, Ohio, 1 May 1824. He was apprenticed in 1754 to a millwright, but acquired some knowledge of surveying and later found employment in that profession. In March 1757 he enlisted as a private for service in the French and Indian War, and re-enlisted yearly until 1761, being made ensign in 1760. His story of the campaigns in which he served may be read in the Journal' which he kept