Dürer. It is one of the leading manufacturing towns of Austria. The chief manufactures are woolen, cotton and linen goods, carpets, leather, shoes, hats, gold and silver ware, musical instruments and firearms. The schools rank high, especially its industrial school. Pop. (1914) 37,100.

REICHMANN, rīkн'män, Theodor, German opera singer: b. Rostock, Mecklenburg, 18 March 1849; d. Vienna, Austria, 22 May 1903. He studied at Berlin, Prague and Milan, and became widely known on the German operatic stage as a dramatic baritone. In 1882 he began his engagement at the Vienna Opera House and in that year created the part of Amfortas in Parsifal' at Baireuth. He continued at the Vienna Opera House with great success until 1889, when he came to New York and made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera House in The Flying Dutchman.' He later appeared in 'Der Trompeter von Salk-Kengen.' His reception there was most flattering, and his success was marked throughout his engagements there in 1889-90, 1890-91. After his New York activities he filled star engagements in London, Saint Petersburg, Moscow and many German cities, and then returned to his former post at Vienna, where he remained till his death. He possessed a remarkable voice; and his dramatic impersonation of his various rôles made him one of the most famous operatic singers of his day. He was notable in his presentation of the rôles William Tell, Telramund, Wolfram, Wotan (in 'Siegfried'), Hans Sachs, Tilos (in 'Der Vassal von Szigeth'), Nelusko (in 'L'Africaine'), etc.

REICHSBANK, Deutsche, the official centre of the German banking and monetary system, was inaugurated on 1 Jan. 1876, in accordance with the German Banking Law of 14 March 1875. While established with private means and forming a corporate body, it is under the management and supervision of the empire. Its original capital was 120,000,000 marks, later (7 June 1899) increased to 180,000,000 marks. The purpose of its establishment was the "regulation of the money circulation of the whole Empire, the facilitation of payments, and the utilization of available capital." The management of the institution is vested in the Imperial Chancellor, and by him delegated to the president of the bank and a board of directors, these latter appointed for life. In addition, supervision over the bank is maintained by a board of curators - the Imperial Chancellor and four members. The shareholders have a voice, principally in an advisory capacity through a general meeting, and ad interim through a central committee consisting of 15 members and 15 alternates who meet at least once a month. From this central committee three members are selected to supervise the management of the bank and participate, with advisory powers only, in the meetings of the board of directors. In matters of an unusual nature with the empire or with the German federated states the consent of a majority of the central committee is required. Upward of 500 branches of the Reichsbank are distributed throughout the empire, the shareholders of each community having such a branch, forming district committees similar in function to those of central committee, from which district com

mittees three deputies are selected to manage the local offices. The Reichsbank is authorized to issue bank notes, in no case more than thrice its cash reserve-coin, bullion, imperial treasury notes and notes of other note-issuing banks the excess over the cash reserve to be rendered secure by discounted bills secured by at least two persons of known solvency, said excess being subject to a tax of 5 per cent. These bank notes the Reichsbank is obligated to redeem in German gold coin at its central or branch offices on presentation "in so far as the available cash and money requirements permit." Such issues (Act of June 1909) are legal tender. In view of this obligation the activities of the institution are confined necessarily to banking transactions involving assets of immediate marketability; transactions in precious metals; discounting of secured bills of three months or less; purchase and sale of imperial government or federated state bonds, and other like shortterm securities specified by law; in addition it receives interest- and non-interest-bearing

moneys on deposit and "giro" account; such, if interest-bearing, not to exceed the combined capital and surplus funds of the bank. Finally, it is authorized to receive in custody and manage articles of value. It is the Reichsbank that introduced the system (10 April 1876) of "giro" transactions whereby, in lieu of cash payment between "giro" customers of the bank, the corresponding debit and credit is entered in the accounts of the respective parties, facilitating the settlement of claim and counterclaim at the same bank or between the bank and its branches or between any of the latter by simple bookkeeping transfer. This, of course, presupposes such prior arrangement with the depositors, who are then known as "giro" customers. At the present time a majority of the imperial and federated state government treasuries maintain "giro" accounts with the Reichsbanka facility employed also by most of the great German corporations, particularly since 1 Jan. 1909, by the introduction of a postal and cheque transfer system to which the Reichsbank is a party. The practical operation of the system is that of an immense clearing-house acting through a single institution. Since its inception the "giro" system has met with every demand of German finance and transactions through it have grown more than twenty-fold.

The condition of the Reichsbank is indicated .from the following figures taken from the report for 23 April 1917 (in round numbers): Cash reserve, 3,108,220,000 marks, comprising coin and bullion, to the amount of 2,549,000,000 marks, and treasury and loan bank notes to the amount of 550,420,000 marks; other bank notes, 8,800,000 marks; bills discounted, 8,484,800,000 marks; advances, 9,280,000 marks; investments, 105,160,000 marks; other securities, 1,088,000,000 marks; notes in circulation, 8,144,920,000 marks; deposits, 4,014,320,000 marks; other liabilities, 366,240,000 marks; and reserve fund, 83,460,000 marks. The note issue in circulation on this particular date was 8,144,920,000 marks, or 5,036,700,000 marks in excess of the cash reserve. This excess was secured primarily by discounted bills amounting to 8,484,800,000 marks, in addition to the other bank assets amounting to 1,218,984,000 marks, a total of 9,703,784,000 marks, which, minus liabilities of

4,380,570,000, leaves net a balance of 5,323,214,000 marks. The note circulation based upon bills discounted constitutes what is denominated the "elastic" part of the whole note issue, in that it is closely adapted to the varying state of the market, based, as it is, upon the actual evidences of everyday business. What profit undue inflation would give to the bank and its stockholders is counterbalanced by the 5 per cent tax on same that the government receives

a charge that maintains the excess note issue to the actual needs of business.

During its first 35 years of existence (18761911) the Reichsbank's net profits amounted in round figures to 691,000,000 marks; during the same period the Imperial Treasury received 325,500,000 marks and the stockholders 336,400,000 marks of these net profits, this being for the latter an annual average of 6.92 per cent. Consult Reisser, J., 'Die deutsche Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration' (1909); 'Germany's Economic Forces' (1913); Report on Co-operation in American Export Trade' (Washington 1916).

REICHSRATH, rikнs'rät, the representative council of the empire of Austria. It consists of an Upper House (Herrenhaus), formed of the princes of the imperial family, certain hereditary nobles, archbishops and bishops of princely title, and life-members nominated by the emperor for distinguished service in art, science, the Church and State; and a Lower House (Abgeorduetenhaus), elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage, under the Electoral Law of 26 Jan. 1907. Austrian male citizens over 24 years of age who have resided for at least a year in the place of election are entitled to vote for deputies. In 1917 the Upper House contained 237 members and the Lower House 516, the latter elected for six years. See AUSTRIA.

All

REICHSTADT, rikн'stät, Duke of (NAPOLEON FRANÇOIS CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE), titular emperor of France: b. Paris, 20 March 1811; d. Schönbrunn, Austria, 22 July 1832. He was son of Emperor Napoleon I (q.v.), and from his birth was styled "king of Rome." In 1814 Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son, but the Senate took no notice of the youth and called Louis XVIII to the throne, whereupon Maria Louisa and the boy removed to the palace of Schönbrunn, near Vienna. After Waterloo Napoleon proclaimed his son Napoleon II (22 June 1815). He was brought up at the court of his grandfather, the Emperor Francis, who created him Duke of Reichstadt (1818). His education was careful, and he was early trained to the military profession. At the July Revolution in 1830 his name was mentioned as a candidate for the French throne, and Talleyrand is said to have made an unsuccessful effort in his behalf. After passing through subordinate grades he was made a lieutenant-colonel in June 1831, and took command of a battalion in the Gyulai regiment of Hungarian infantry, then garrisoned at Vienna. He was extremely attentive to his military duties, but he had grown very tall and slender and symptoms of consumption had early shown themselves. His physician advised a removal to Schönbrunn, but this proved unavailing. His last words, addressed to his mother, were "Ich gehe unter, meine Mutter, meine Mutter." The Duke was

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made the hero of 'L'Aiglon' ('The Eaglet'), a drama by Edmond Rostand (q.v.). Upon the accession of Napoleon III (q.v.) he was reckoned among French sovereigns as Napoleon II. Consult Welschinger, 'Le Roi de Rome' (1879); Lacroix, Le Roi de Rome' (1899); Wertheimer, 'Der Herzog von Rom) (1902).

REICHSTAG, rikнs'täg, the representative legislative body of the German nation as a whole. The Bundesrath is of the separate German states. The president of the Reichstag is elected by the deputies. In 1917 the Reichstag was composed of 397 members, elected by universal suffrage and ballot for the term of five years. See GERMANY.

REICK, rik, William Charles, American journalist and publisher: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 29 Sept. 1864. He was educated at Harvard, and engaged in newspaper work at Philadelphia in 1883. In 1888-89 he edited the London and Paris editions of the New York Herald and in 1889-1903 he was city editor of that publication. He was president of the New York Herald Company in 1903-06, and of the Public Ledger Company of Philadelphia in 1907-12. He was one of the principal owners of the New York Times in 1907-12, and chief owner of the New York Sun in 1911-17.

REID, red, Alexander Peter, Canadian physician: b. London, Ontario, 22 Oct. 1836. He was educated at the universities of McGill, Edinburgh and New York. He practised for a time in Ontario, but in 1860 went to the Northwest Territory; returning in 1864 he engaged in practice in Nova Scotia, chiefly at Halifax. He was instrumental in founding the Halifax Medical College and held several chairs there, also serving as president for several years. He was for 16 years visiting physician at the City Hospital, superintendent of the Hospital for Insane for 15 years and later served at the Victoria General Hospital. He was deeply interested in securing legislation governing the study and practice of medicine in Nova Scotia; was secretary of the Provincial Board of Health in 18931904, and afterward was chief health officer for Nova Scotia. He was subsequently retired on a pension.

REID, Daniel Gray, American financier: b. Richmond, Ind., 1 Aug. 1858. He was educated in the public schools, entered the Second National Bank of Richmond as a clerk in 1874 · and worked his way up to its vice-presidency in 1895. He became interested in the tin-plate industry at Elwood, Ind., in 1892; and in 1895 he was one of the organizers of the American tin-plate industry, of which he was elected president. He removed to Chicago in 1897 and to New York in 1899. He assisted in the organization of the National Steel Company, the American Steel Hoop Company and the American Sheet Steel Company; and on the organization of the United States Steel Corporation in 1901 he became a director and member of the executive committee. He was also interested in railroad organizations and many banks and trust companies.

REID, SIR George, Scottish artist: b. Aberdeen, Scotland, 31 Oct. 1841; d. 9 Feb. 1913. He studied art in Edinburgh, Utrecht, Paris and The Hague, being the pupil in turn of Mollinger, Israels and Yvon. In 1891 he was

elected president, in succession to Douglas, of the Royal Scottish Academy and knighted. He was widely known for his fine portraits and was also distinguished as a flower and landscape painter and as a book illustrator of high merit.

REID, George Agnew, Canadian painter: b. near Wingham, Ontario, 1860. At Paris he was a pupil of Constant, Lefebvre and DagnanBouveret and became a constant exhibitor at the Salon. The World's Fair Columbian medal was awarded to his 'The Foreclosure of the Mortgage (1893). He excels in figure painting and has been successful in panel decoration and the series in the entrance hall of the Municipal Buildings, Toronto, contain very good examples of his style. In 1898 he was president of the Ontario Society of Artists.

REID, Harry Fielding, American geologist: b. Baltimore, Md., 18 May 1859. He was educated at the Pennsylvania Military Academy and at the Johns Hopkins University, later studying in England and Germany in 1884-86. He was connected with the faculty of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, in 188694; with the University of Chicago in 1895-96; and in 1896 went to Johns Hopkins, where he has been professor of dynamical geology and geography since 1911. He has been special expert in charge of the earthquake section of the United States Geological Survey since 1902 and in 1917 he was one of the National Research Council sent to Europe by the government to study scientific developments in connection with the European War. Author of 'Parts VIVIII, Highways of Maryland' (1899); and joint author of 'Second Report on Highways of Maryland (1902); 'Report of California State Earthquake Investigation Committee, Vol. II (1910).

REID (Thomas), Mayne, British author of tales of adventure: b. Ballyroney, County Down, Ireland, 4 April 1818; d. near Ross, Herefordshire, England, 22 Oct. 1883. The son of a Presbyterian minister, he was educated for the ministry, but love of adventure took him to this country, where he engaged in various callings and traveled widely as hunter and trader. In 1843 he was a journalist in Philadelphia, but joined the United States army as a volunteer in 1846 and fought in the Mexican War, his experiences in which furnished him with materials utilized in several novels. He afterward I went to London and became well known as a writer of thrilling stories, many of them based on his American experiences, such as The Rifle Rangers'; 'Scalp Hunters'; "The War Trail'; The Headless Horseman,' etc. He returned to America in 1867 and founded the Onward Magazine, which was unsuccessful, and in 1870 went back to England. Many of his tales were translated into French and German. They were all very readable and healthy in tone, though extravagant in incident. Consult 'Memoir by his wife (1890).

REID, Ogden Mills, American editor and publisher, son of Whitelaw Reid (q.v.) and grandson of Darius Ogden Mills (q.v.): b. New York, 16 May 1882. He was educated at the University of Bonn, Germany, and at Yale, and was admitted to the bar of New York State in 1908. He then began work as a reporter on the New York Tribune, occupying dif

ferent positions in his progress toward managing editorship in 1912 and editorship in 1913. He succeeded his father not only as editor but as principal owner of the Tribune and is president of the Tribune Association. His policy in conducting the newspaper has been marked by much vigor and straightforwardness and the gathering of an able staff.

REID, Robert, American painter: b. Stockbridge, Mass., 29 July 1862. His work shows the influence of Impressionalism, but as the pupil of Boulanger and Lefebvre in Paris, where he began his art studies, he maintains an academic correctness and insistence upon detail which render his work singularly effective. His great decorative piece in the Paris Exposition of 1900 ('America Unveiling Her Natural Strength) was much admired and like all his productions in this department has extended his reputation. The Library of Congress; Massachusetts State House, Boston; Appellate Court House, New York; Paulist Fathers' Church, New York; and many private buildings contain mural decorations by him.

REID, SIR Robert Gillespie, a Newfoundland railway contractor: b. Coupar-Angus, Scotland, about 1842; d. Montreal, Canada, 3 June 1908. In 1865 he went to Australia, where he took part in gold-mining and public works; in 1871 came to America and constructed many railways in the United States and Canada. The heaviest section of the Canadian Pacific was built by him; and he was prominent also in bridge-work, constructing the international railway bridge over the Rio Grande, the international bridge across the Niagara and (1886) the Lachine bridge over the Saint Lawrence. In 1893 he made a contract with the colony of Newfoundland whereby he was to build a railway from Saint John's to Port-au-Basque to be completed in three years at $15,600 per mile. For the further consideration of a land-grant of 5,000 acres per mile of construction, he was to maintain and operate the railway for 10 years. He contracted with the colonial government in 1898 to operate all the railways of the island for 50 years, maintaining them in a safe and efficient manner, on condition that the railways should become his property at the end of that period. He was to obtain also 4,500,000 acres of land concessions additional and the government land telegraph lines. On his part he contracted also to build and operate seven steamers transporting passengers and goods at various points in the island; to buy and operate the Saint John's dry-dock; to build and operate an electric street railway in Saint John's; to pave a specified portion of Saint John's; and to pay $1,000,000 within one year from the date of the signing of the contract. In fact, he became the real owner of the island and was popularly known as "Tsar» Reid. Sir Robert Bond, the Liberal leader, protested against the contract; a material revision of the contract was made favorable to the colony and the property transferred to the Reid-Newfoundland Company. He was knighted in 1907.

REID, Samuel Chester, American naval officer: b. Norwich, Conn., 25 Aug. 1783; d. New York, 28 Jan. 1861. He entered the United States navy as a midshipman when very young, rose rapidly in rank and in the War of

1812 commanded the privateer General Armstrong. He repulsed the British attack in the harbor of Fayal, Azore Islands, 26 Sept. 1814, the enemy having three heavily armed vessels with 2,000 men to his single vessel with 90 men and seven guns. During 10 hours' fighting, the British lost 300 killed and wounded and the Americans two killed and seven wounded. The British government subsequently apologized for the attack on an American vessel in a neutral port, and the engagement is considered important in having prevented British ships from attacking New Orleans and so enabling Jackson to reach that city in time to save it. Reid was subsequently harbormaster and warden of the port of New York. He invented a signal telegraph, reorganized the pilot-boat system, established a lightship off Sandy Hook and designed the present flag of the United States, first used in 1818, suggesting the retention of the original 13 stripes and the addition of a star for each new State.

REID, Thomas, Scottish metaphysician: b. Strachan, Kincardineshire, 26 April 1710; d. Glasgow, 7 Oct. 1796. He was graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1726, and in 1736 presented to the neighboring living of New Machar. It was his custom to preach the sermons of Tillotson and Evans rather than his own compositions, for he was already chiefly absorbed in the study of metaphysics. In 1748 he published a paper in the London 'Philosophical Transactions, in which he opposed the introduction of mathematical formulas into metaphysical and moral speculations, and particularly criticized the statement of Hutcheson that the benevolence or moral merit of an agent is "proportional to a fraction having the moment of good for the numerator, and the ability of the agent for the denominator." He was in 1752 elected professor of philosophy in King's College, his department comprehending logic, ethics, mathematics and physics. His Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense' (1764) aimed at the refutation of Hume skeptical theory. Affirming the impossibility of proving the existence of an external world from reason, or experience, or instruction, or habit, or any other principle hitherto known to philosophers, Reid introduced the doctrine of an original instinct or "common sense" (q.v.) as the ground of the belief. In 1764 he was transferred to the University of Glasgow as successor to Adam Smith in the chair of moral philosophy. His course included metaphysics, moral philosophy, natural law and political right. He was a member of a philosophical society before which he read several essays, including an 'Examination of Dr. Priestley's Opinion Concerning Matter and Mind, Observations on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More' and 'Physiological Reflections on Muscular Motion.' In 1781 he withdrew from public duties to devote himself exclusively to philosophical studies. In 1785 he published 'Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man,' consisting of his academical lectures, and in 1788 his Essays on the Active Powers of Man, his last important work. An edition of his works with notes and dissertations was prepared by Sir William Hamilton (incomplete, 1846). Consult the 'Life' by Dugald Stewart (1804); McCosh, Scottish Philosophy from

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Hutcheson to Hamilton' (1890); Sneath, "The Philosophy of Reid) (1892).

REID, SIR Thomas Wemyss, English journalist: b. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 29 March 1842; d. London, 26 Feb. 1905. He contributed frequently to English reviews and magazines, edited the Leeds Mercury (1870-87) and The Speaker from 1890 to 1899, when he resigned. He was knighted in 1904. He was the author of 'Cabinet Portraits: Sketches of Leading Statesmen of Both Parties' (1872); 'Charlotte Brontë: A Monograph (1877); The Land of the Bey) (1882); 'Mauleverer's Millions' (1885); and Lives' of W. E. Forster (1888), Lord Houghton (1890), Lord Playfair (1899), Gladstone (1899) and William Black (1902). His 'Memoirs,' edited by his brother, were published in 1905.

REID, Whitelaw, American diplomat: b. Xenia, Ohio, 27 Oct. 1837; d. London, England, 15 Dec. 1912. He was graduated from Miami University in 1856; and began his journalistic career as editor of the Xenia News, in 1858-59. In 1860 he became a reporter for the Cincinnati Gazette, in 1861-62 was war correspondent, and later Washington correspondent for the same paper, the brilliancy and accuracy of his war reports attracting considerable attention among newspaper men. He was aide-de-camp on the staff of General Morris and General Rosecrans in West Virginia. In 1863-66 he was librarian of the House of Representatives and after the war spent some time on a cotton plantation in Concordia Parish, La. In 1868 he joined the editorial staff of the New York Tribune; in 1869 became managing editor and in 1872_editor-in-chief. Under his management the Tribune came to rank among the leading papers of the city in the trustworthiness of its news reports. He twice declined an appointment as Minister to Germany, was Minister to France in 1889-92 and negotiated important reciprocity treaties, and in 1892 was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Vice-President. He was the Special Ambassdor from the United States to Queen Victoria's jubilee in 1897; was a member of the American-Spanish Peace Commission in Paris in 1898; and was Special Ambassador at the coronation of Edward VII in 1902. In April 1905 he was appointed Ambassador to the Court of Saint James, to succeed Joseph H. Choate, and held that post till his death. had been a regent of the University of New York since 1878. His' notable publications include 'After the War, a Southern Tour' (1867); Ohio in the War' (1868), an important contribution to the local history of the State; Schools of Journalism' (1870);_ 'The Scholar in Politics) (1873); Newspaper Tendencies) (1874); 'Town Hall Suggestions' (1881); Two Speeches at the Queen's Jubilee' (1897); Some Consequences of the Late Treaty of Paris) (1899); (Our New Duties' (1899); A Continental Union' (1900); 'Our New Interests' (1900); and 'Problems of Expansion (1900). He wrote the introduction for the centennial edition of Thackeray's 'Vanity Fair in 1908 and was one of the speakers at the English celebration of the centenary of Dickens' birth. In English history, his address on Edmund Burke has been pronounced his most important study.

He

REID, SIR William, Scottish meteorologist and colonial governor: b. Kinglassie, Fifeshire, 1791; d. London, 21 Oct. 1858. He was educated at the Royal Academy at Woolwich, and in 1809 entered the army as lieutenant of engineers, serving in the Peninsular campaign under Wellington, in America in the War of 1812 and in Belgium in 1815. He was appointed governor of Bermuda in 1839, and by his excellent administration of affairs greatly improved the deplorable agricultural condition of the island. He opened a market for their products in New York and by these and other efficient methods gained the title of "the good governor." In 1846 be became governor of the Windward Islands and in 1848 he returned to England and was appointed commanding engineer at Woolwich. In 1851 he was knighted and appointed governor of Malta, where he remained until 1858. He was raised to the rank of major-general in 1856. He became interested in meteorology in 1831 while superintending the repair of injuries inflicted by a severe hurricane at Barbados, and engaged in a correspondence with William C. Redfield (q.v.) of Yale College. The correspondence has since been presented to Yale. His publications include An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts Arranged According to Place and Time' (1838) and The Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms' (1849).

REID, William Thomas, American educator: b. near Jacksonville, Ill., 8 Nov. 1843. He served in the Union army during the Civil War, was graduated from Harvard in 1868 and was headmaster of the high school, Newport, R. I., 1868-71. He subsequently taught in the Boston Latin School, was superintendent of the Brookline, Mass., schools 1873-75, was principal of the San Francisco Boys' High School 1875-81 and president of the University of California 1881-85. He founded the Belmont School for Boys at Belmont, Cal., the most important col-. lege preparatory school on the Pacific Coast and was for many years its headmaster. Consult Adams, 'Some Famous American Schools' (1903).

REIDSVILLE, N. C., city in Rockingham County, 75 miles northeast of Raleigh, on the Southern Railway. It is situated in a tobaccoraising district and has tobacco factories and warehouses as well as a cotton-mill. Pop. 4,828.

REIGHARD, ri'gärd, Jacob Ellsworth, American zoologist: b. Laporte, Ind., 2 July 1861. He was graduated in 1882 from the University of Michigan; studied also at Freiburgim-Breisgau, was assistant professor of zoology at the University of Michigan in 1887-88 and 1890-92, and directed the scientific work of the Michigan fish commission in 1890-95. In 1898-1901 he was in charge of the biological survey of the Great Lakes for the United States Fish Commission. From 1895 he held the chair of zoology in the University of Michigan. He wrote The Anatomy of the Cat (with H. S. Jennings, 1901) and many papers on freshwater biology and sub-aquatic photography.

REIGN OF TERROR, a period of the French Revolution, conspicuous for its horrors and cruelties. It is generally considered to extend from 21 Jan. 1793, the date of the execu

tion of Louis XVI, to 28 July 1794, when Robespierre and other sanguinary leaders were guillotined. Every day, during the Reign of Terror, victims were hurried, after a mock trial, to the scaffold, and the prisons were kept replenished by fresh captives from all parts of France. When all the nobility who could be reached had been cut off, the middle and lower classes were drawn upon for victims, and the terrorists even laid traps for each other, in their mad ambition and fear of what the future might bring. At last a successful coup d'état was secretly organized, which resulted in the extermination of the more rabid revolutionists and the lifting of the awful nightmare which had brooded for months over France. The Reign of Terror had its reaction in the despotism of Napoleon and eventually in the restoration of the Bourbons.

REIKIAVIK, ri'kē-ä-vik, or REYKJAVIK, rik'yä'vik (Dan. REIKEVIG), Iceland, capital of the island, stands on the southwestern coast and is an important northern port from which considerable trade is carried on. It is the seat of a local legislature and, under the constitutional law of 1903, of a minister appointed by the Danish king. It is also the seat of a bishop. The climate is not very severe as generally supposed. The people are unusually intelligent; the chief institutions include a public library, college, gymnasium, observatory, churches and medical, divinity and nautical schools. A noteworthy attraction is a statue of Thorwaldsen. A great fair is held annually

REIMARUS, ri-mä'roos, Hermann Samuel, German scholar: b. Hamburg, 22 Dec. 1694; d. there, 1 March 1768. Early in life he devoted himself to the study of languages, and he became distinguished for his knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. From about 1714 he studied at Jena and afterward lectured at Wittenberg. He became in 1723 rector at Wismar and in 1728 was appointed to the professorship of Hebrew in the Gymnasium of Hamburg, which he subsequently united with the professorship of mathematics. He edited the works and wrote the life of his father-in-law, 'De Vita et Scriptis J. Alb. Fabrici Commentarius) (1737). The edition of Dio Cassius, begun by Fabricius and ended by him, shows him as a philologist in a favorable light. Among his further publications are 'Die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der natürlichen Religion' (1754); 'Betrachtungen über die Kunsttriebe der Thiere (1762), and Vernunftlehre) (1756). In the Wolfenbüttelsche Fragmenten eines Ungenannten (published by Lessing in 177778) he made an application of the rules laid down in the last-mentioned work against the positive doctrines of Christianity. Until published by Lessing it was known only in manuscript to a few of his most intimate friends. It precipitated the well-known controversy between Lessing and Pastor Goeze of Hamburg. Toward the end of his life Reimarus applied his hours of leisure to the study of natural history, of which he acquired an extensive knowledge and led to his 'Observations, Physical and Moral, on the Instinct of Animals) (2 vols. 1760. See LESSING.

REIMS, rēmz. See RHEIMS.