throughout. He was a farmer successively at New Braintree, Mass. (1761), Brookfield, Mass. (1765) and Rutland, Mass. (1780). In 1773 he went to Florida as one of an investigating committee appointed to examine lands granted by the Crown to Colonial soldiers and officers who had fought in provincial_regiments during the French and Indian War. Putnam was made deputy-surveyor of Florida by the governor of the province and accompanied the expedition up the Mississippi to the Yazoo, up the Yazoo to Haines' Bluff, back to the Big Black and thence in return down the Mississippi. He planned and directed the construction of the Continental lines of defense at Roxbury and for the excellence of his work was detailed by Washington as acting chief engineer of the army. On 11 Aug. 1776 he was appointed by Congress chief engineer of the army, with colonel's rank; but preferring service in the field, he resigned in December and took command of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment. With the northern army in 1777 he did conspicuous service, particularly at Stillwater, where he headed the 4th and 5th regiments of Nixon's brigade. On 7 Jan. 1783 he was promoted brigadier-general. He was for several years a member of the Massachusetts legislature and during Shays' rebellion (q.v.) (178687) was a very efficient aide on the staff of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. In March 1787 he was chosen (with Gen. S. H. Parsons and Rev. Manasseh Cutler) a director of the Ohio company, organized (1 March 1786) with a capital of $1,000,000 in public securities, to be expended in the purchase of land in the Northwest Territory. In July a contract was made with Congress for one and a half million of acres and soon afterward an ordinance, familiarly known as the "Ordinance of 1787," was passed, providing for the government of the Territory. On 7 April 1788 Putnam, meanwhile made superintendent of the company, landed with a party of emigrants at the mouth of the Muskingum and on the present site of Marietta commenced the first organized settlement in the Northwest Territory. He concluded in 1792 at Vincennes a treaty with eight tribes of the Wabash Indians and in 1793 resigned his commission in the army. He was one of the judges of the United States court in the Territory, 1790-96, and from 1796 until his removal by Jefferson for political reasons in 1803 was surveyor-general of the United States. He was the founder of the first Bible society west of the Alleghanies (1812), a sturdy Federalist in politics and with the exception of Lafayette the last survivor of the general officers of the Continental army. Consult his 'Journal,' edited, with sketch by Dawes (1886). Putnam's papers, including the manuscript Journal' and correspondence with Fisher Ames, Trumbull, Washington and others are preserved at Marietta in the library of the college there; they were edited by Rowena Buell (1904) under the title The Memoirs of Rufus Putnam and Certain Official Papers and Correspondence.

PUTNAM, William Le Baron, American jurist: b. Bath, Me., 12 May 1835. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1855, admitted to the bar in 1858 and engaged in law practice in Portland, Me., 1858-92. In 1887 he

35

accepted an appointment by President Cleveland as commissioner to settle with Great Britain the rights of American fishermen in Canadian waters and was also a member of the commission under the treaty of 6 Feb. 1896 between Great Britain and the United States. He had twice declined appointments as justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, but in 1892 accepted an appointment as judge of the United States Circuit Court. In 1888 he was the Democratic candidate for governor of his State.

PUTNAM, Conn., city, one of the countyseats of Windham County, on the Quinebaug River, junction joint of New York, New Haven and Hartford main line and Norwich and Worcester branch, about 45 miles east by north of Hartford. It was incorporated from portions of the towns of Thompson, Killingly and Pomfret, by the State assembly in May 1855 and was organized as a municipality 3 July 1855 and in 1895 was chartered as a city. Near the centre of the city are Cargill Falls, noted for their beauty. It is the centre of an agricultural region and has a number of manufacturing interests. The chief industrial establishments are cotton and woolen mills, a tire fabric factory, silk mills, manufactories of heaters and castings and a toolmaking plant. The number of employees in the manufactories is about 2,200. It has the Day Kimball Hospital, Mother House of the Sisters of the Holy Ghost and seven churches and a Jewish synagogue. The educational institutions are a high school, State trade school, public and parish schools and a public library. There are two banks, one National, with a capital of $150,000 and one savings and the business annually is over $20,000. The government is administered under the charter of 1895, which provides for a mayor, who holds office two years, and a council of nine members. A board of three commissioners operates the municipally-owned water supply system. Pop. 9,000.

PUTNAM, Fort, a former Revolutionary fort at West Point, N. Y.

PUTS AND CALLS.

CHANGE.

See STOCK EX

PUTTENHAM, put'ën-am, George, English author: b. about 1530; d. about 1600. He is reputed to be the writer of a work entitled The Arte of English Poesie, contrived into three bookes; the first of Poets and Poesie, the second of Proportion, the third of Ornament, which appeared anonymously in 1589. The Arte is a review of ancient as well as modern poetry and was written for the court. It shows considerable literary knowledge and no small critical power. Its author wrote several other pieces which have been lost. The authorship of The Arte' also has been claimed for Richard Puttenham, his brother.

PUTTIALA, put-të-ä'lä. See PATIALA. PUTTKAMER, poot'kä-měr, Robert Viktor von, Prussian statesman: b. Frankfort-onthe-Oder, 1828; d. Karzin, Prussia, 15 March 1900. He was educated at Heidelberg, Geneva and Berlin, entered government service in 1854 and as a friend and relative of Bismarck his rise was rapid. He was elected to the Reichstag in 1873 as a Conservative member and in 1877 was chief president of the province of

Silesia. In 1879 he became minister of education and public worship and endeavored to carry out the compact Bismarck had made with the Clericals. In 1881 he was appointed minister of the interior and vice-president of the ministry. He energetically enforced measures against the Socialist party and his methods in favoring the election of government candidates aroused the opposition of the Radicals and were bitterly attacked in a speech by Eugene Richter. After the accession of Friedrich III, Puttkamer resigned and though it was expected that he would be reinstated when Wilhelm II came to the throne, he was merely appointed chief president of Pomerania in 1891.

PUTTUN. See PATTAN.

PUTTY, a mixture compounded of whiting and linseed-oil, sometimes with a slight addition of white lead, beaten together to the consistence of a thick dough. It is used by glaziers for the purpose of fixing sheets of glass in the frames of windows, etc., and also by painters for filling up holes in the surface they are about to paint. It becomes very hard when dried. Plasterers make a so-called putty of ground white lime softened with water. Putty powder is tin dioxide, useful for polishing glass, etc.

PUTUMAYO, poo-too-mä'yo, or IÇA, a South American river, rising in the southwestern part of Colombia on the eastern slope of the Cordillera. It flows southeast for about 1,000 miles, almost on the line of the equator in its midcourse, receives at the right the San Miguel and Yahuas and at San Antonio after about 150 miles in Brazil empties into the Amazon. It was explored by Reyes and Crevaux, is navigable within 100 miles of its source and promises to be a valuable commercial waterway between Brazil and Colombia. The name is also applied to the territory through which it flows, which was exploited early in the 20th century by an English syndicate. Sir Roger Casement headed an official investigation, which disclosed the utmost barbarity in collection of rubber from the natives. The company was driven out of existence. Consult Hardenburg, The Putumayo' (1912) and 'The Putumayo Red Book' (1914).

PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, Pierre, pē-ār pü-vés de shä-vän, French painter: b. Lyons, 14 Dec. 1824; d. Paris, 25 Oct. 1898. He sprung from an old Burgundian family of strong Catholic traditions. His father was an engineer and he himself was destined to the same carcer, but an intervening illness and a journey to Italy confirmed a predilection for painting. His first master was Ary Scheffer, with whom he studied but a short time and went for a second visit to Italy. Returning he put himself under the tuition first of Delacroix, then of Couture, but parted from each of them after a short period, as he had with his former master, from an inability to submit to any leading but his own artistic instincts. Certain marks of the influence of these men are seen by critics, particularly of Delacroix, even in the very latest products of Puvis' life. These may be traced in the more fundamental traits of his drawing, in the composition, spacing and the like. Others incline to the belief that his work

rather suggests the influence of his early visits to Italy, in a sort of reminiscence of the frescoes of Piero della Francesca. Such suggestions seem for the most part only an effort toward discovering subtle resemblances urged on by the really insistent originality of this artist's work. Working out his own theories which were at variance with all the ruling traditions of his day it is not wonderful that he should have encountered opposition. The Salon refused his work nine times. In 1861 came his first recognition when he gained a secondclass medal and sold his pictures War' and 'Peace to the state. These were placed in the Museum of Amiens to which the painter later presented the companion pieces Rest' and 'Labor.'

In 1872, as member of the Salon jury, he disagreed with his colleagues and resigned. He was made president of the Society of French Artists, holding their exhibition in the Champs de Mars and in 1877 was made officer of the Legion of Honor.

As a wall-painter he was the great leader of modern times in recognizing the limitations imposed by this branch of painting and in submitting himself to its demands. He saw that fresco was only the agreeable decoration of a wall surface, which should not attempt to conceal its character as a wall by sharp contrasts of light and shadow and elaborate arrangements of foreshortening and perspective. Consequently he painted in flat tones of cool green, blue, brown or lilac, having always in mind the relation of his designs to their architectural surroundings. His pictures themselves were essentially architectural in their arrangements. Among his mural decorations are those at Marseilles, Lyons, Lille and Poitiers, those in the hotels de Ville at Rouen and Paris, the Hemicycle of the Sorbonne in Paris, the series on Saint Genevieve in the Pantheon and the decorations of the staircase of the public library in Boston. In the last-named work he sought, as he himself stated, "to represent under a symbolic form and in a single view the intellectual treasures collected in this beautiful building." The whole seems to be summed up in the composition entitled 'The Muses of Inspiration hail the Spirit, the Harbinger of Light. Apollo occupies the centre of this panel and the white-robed Muses, draped in filmy white, are ranged in mid-air against a background of pale green grass, with flowering bushes and slender trees, with the deep blue ocean and pale luminous sky stretching beyond. "Out of this composition," writes Puvis de Chavannes, "others have developed which an

swer

to the four great expressions of the human mind, Poetry, Philosophy, History, Science." On the right-hand wall of the staircase as one enters appear in three panels: (1) Pastoral Poetry (Virgil); (2) Dramatic Poetry (Eschylus and the Oceanides); (3) Epic Poetry (Homer crowned by the Iliad and Odyssey). Consult Michel, Puvis de Chavannes) (1912).

PUY, Lẹ, lė pü-ē, France, arrondissement and capital city of the department Haute Loire. (1) The arrondissement, a little to the southeast of the centre of the department, has an area of 8,680 square miles and a population of about 145,716 and is divided into 14 cantons

and 115 communes. Its capital and that of the department is (2) Le Puy, or Le Puy-en-Velay, lying at the confluence of the Dolezon and the Born, on the sides and top of the Mont Anis (whence its mediæval Latin name of Anicium or Podium Anicense), so that its least elevation is about 2,500 feet above sea-level and its greatest, the volcanic dike called the Rocher de Corneille about 2,500. It is ill-built but picturesque. The Rocher de Corneille is topped by a statue of Notre Dame de France made from Russian cannon taken at Sebastopol. The city is a bishop's seat and has a cathedral at the top of a staircase with 136 steps; other important buildings are an old chapel of the Templars, known as Diana's temple, the Gothic church of Saint Michel d'Aiguille (962-984), the splendid marble and bronze Crozatier Fountain, and the Crozatier Museum, which is especially rich in exhibits of the industries of the town. These are chiefly laces, especially guipure, tulle, woolens, bells and clocks. Pop. 21,420.

PUY-DE-DOME, pü-e-de-dōm, France, a central department of the Auvergne, bounded on the north by Allier, on the east by Loire, on the south by Haute-Loire and Santal, and on the west by Corrèze and and Creuse, and so named from the peak 4,086 feet in the Puy-de-Dôme group of volcanic mountains in the northern part of the department. The southern range, called Mont-Dore is higher, and the geology and mountain structure of the region is interesting. The highlands are excellent pastures; rye and oats grow at more moderate elevations; and vineyards, wheat, hemp and flax-fields cover the lowlands. The forest timber is valuable, as are the mineral waters and the coal deposits. Capital, Clermont-Ferrand (q.v.). Area 3,070 square miles. Pop. 525,916.

American

PUYALLUP, poo-yǎl'up, an tribe, similar to the Nisqually family in Washington and Oregon. They formerly occupied all the region about the Puyallup River. A remnant of about 300 of them reside on a reservation near Tacoma.

PUYALLUP, Wash., city in Pierce County, five miles southwest of Tacoma, on the Puyallup River and on the Northern Pacific Railroad. The State Masonic Home is situated here and there is also a home for soldiers' widows. The surrounding district is largely devoted to raising raspberries and there is a canning factory and also lumber interests. Pop. 4,544.

PUZZOLANA. See CEMENT.

PYÆMIA (formerly suppurative fever, purulent infection, purulent diathesis, etc.), no longer means pus in the blood, but is a form of blood-poisoning (q.v.) of microbic origin, septic infection due to the absorption of pyogenic germs. The typical pathological condition is the production of multiple abscesses in tissues remote from the seat of injury, produced by living bacteria (forms of cocci probably) transported by the blood. Various experiments have shown that pus taken up by the blood-current does not produce pyæmia unless it contains virulent microbes. Sometimes the abscesses of pyæmia are metastatic or embolic caused by the lodgment of infected emboli in arterioles or veinlets, the inflammation of these vessels and its extension to surrounding areas. Formerly

37

when antisepsis was unknown it was quite common. At the present time pyæmia is infrequent, except where injuries are much neglected. Yet it may begin in the veins of the face and the sinuses of the cranium, from acute and chronic otitis media, etc. It may be associated with or precede septicæmia (a poisoning due to living bacteria in the blood), and death may result from the general infection of the system. Fortunately absorbed virulent microbes are sometimes killed or neutralized by leucocytes, by the chemical bodies called by Buchner sozins and alexins, by the tissue-cells of the liver, spleen, etc., or may be excreted in a living state by the glandular excretory organs. The onset of pyæmia is marked by depression of the vital powers, chills, fever, sweating, and sometimes jaundice; by a coated dry tongue, a rapid feeble pulse, a foul breath; by constipation, followed by foul-smelling loose movements and by scanty high-colored urine. When these symptoms follow a surgical operation or an injury, and abscesses are not so superficial as to be discovered, deep-seated ones are surmised.

The treatment is preventive and curative. See that the patient's power of resistance is not lowered. Keep the bowels and kidneys active. Intestinal putrefaction must not occur. Sunlight, good air and nourishing food are necessities. As yet no reliable serum-injection has been found to grant immunity. Wounds should be treated antiseptically, and abscesses be antiseptically opened, cleaned and drained. Stimulants, quinine and other tonics are indicated.

PYAT, pe-a, Felix, French journalist and politician: b. Vierzon, France, 4 Oct. 1810; d. Saint Gratien, France, 5 Aug. 1889. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831, but confined his attention chiefly to literature and politics. He was an advocate of the attempted insurrection in 1849, a signer of Ledru-Rollin's appeal to the populace, and was forced to escape from France after the failure of the plan. He busied himself in forming further schemes for revolution, living successively in Switzerland, Belgium and England, and was a member of the "European revolutionary committee." When the general amnesty was granted in 1870 he returned to France, speedily attained leadership among the Paris Communists and was prominent in the destruction of the Vendome column. The fall of the Commune rendered flight again imperative and for his part in the Communal government he was tried and placed under sentence of death in 1873, though then absent from France. He was pardoned in 1880, returned to France and in 1888 was elected deputy from Marseilles. PYCNOGONIDA. See PANTOPODA.

PYDNA, pid'ną, in ancient history, a city of Pieria in Macedonia, originally on the west coast of the Thermaic Gulf, but removed three miles inland by Archelaus. The Athenians controlled it for a time, but lost it to Philip the Great. In 168 B.C. at the battle of Pydna, Perseus of Macedon was utterly defeated by the Romans under Emilius Paullus the deathblow of the Macedonian empire. In Byzantine times the city of Kitron or Kitros grew up on the same site and this name is borne by the present town.

PYE, pi, Henry James, English poet-laureate: b. London, 10 July 1745; d. Pinner,

Hertfordshire, 13 Aug. 1813. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1784 entered Parliament from the county of Bucks, but played an unimportant part there. He was crowned laureate in 1790 and dutifully fulfilled the expectations of his office in producing his two odes a year. Other verse came from his pen, but nothing that rises above the dead level of commonplaceness. He was made one of the magistrates of Westminster in 1792. Pye was a voluminous writer, contributed to the literature of the stage and translated Aristotle's 'Poetics.' He seems, however, not to have set great store on his poetry himself, and observed that he had rather be thought a good Englishman than the best poet or the greatest scholar that ever wrote.

PYGMALION, pig-mā'li-on, (1) in Greek legend a son of Clix and grandson of Agenor, king of Cyprus. In the story told by Ovid (Met. x, 243) he conceived an aversion to women and devoted himself to art, but having made an ivory statue he became so enamored of it that he entreated Aphrodite to endow it with life. This was done: the statue became a beautiful woman whom Pygmalion married and by whom he had Paphos, founder of the city of that name in Cyprus. W. S. Gilbert's play, 'Pygmalion and Galatea,' is founded on this story. (2) Tyrian king and brother of Dido. He murdered Dido's husband Acerbas or Sichæus upon which Dido took her dead husband's treasures and sailed for the coast of Africa where she founded Carthage.

PYGMIES, the name given by the ancients to a race of dwarfish men reported as existing in various parts of the world. Homer (Il. iii, 6) fixes the habitat of the pygmies in the far southland whither the cranes migrate at the approach of winter; after Homer the battles of the cranes and the pygmies are a favorite theme of poets, and are often pictured on vases. Ancient authors, whether travelers, historians, or miscellanists, like Herodotus, Ctesias or Pliny, describe the pygmæi as little men, the tallest of them not exceeding in height two pygmæ (Gr. pygme, a measure of length, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles less than 14 inches). Herodotus locates his pygmæi in the heart of Africa in a region traversed by a great stream

probably the Niger-flowing from west to east and modern geographical research gives support to his story after it had long passed for fabulous. In recent times the actual existence of pygmies has been ascertained beyond any question, though when Paul B. Du Chaillu (q.v.) in 1861 published his 'Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa' his description of the pygmy tribes discovered by him was scouted by scientific men as mere fiction. But when his report was confirmed in every essential particular by the missionary Father desAvanchers (1869), by Schweinfurth (1871), by Stanley (1876) and others, scientific skepticism gave way, grudgingly to conviction of Du Chaillu's good faith. Many different tribes of pygmies are now recognized as existing in the interior of Africa, all possessing these characteristics: stature ranging from 33 inches to 4 feet 4 inches, as reported of the Wambutti by Stanley: Schlichter makes the average stature 4 feet 6 inches; complexion, from yellowish brown to reddish brown; usually heavy growth of hair on body and face-a curious item of

accordance with the report of Ctesias regarding the pygmæi of India, who had "beards and hair so long as to serve for vesture"; retreating forehead; prognathic jaw; fingers long, tapering, and feet strongly arched; in their villages the huts (8 feet long, 5 feet wide, 4 feet high) are clustered round the hut of the chief; their usual food is vegetable, but they eat almost anything; in hunting they show great intelligence; one tribe, the Wambutti, devise exceedngly ingenious nets, nooses and traps for securing game great and small.

Three types of pygmies are now recognized: (1) The African pygmies above described; (2) the Island pigymies of the Philippines, Andaman and the Tapiros, probably of African origin, but mixed breed; (3) the Asiatic pygmies, distinguished by wavy hair, found in the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula, in Celebes, and some Indian jungles. They are taller than the African pygmies and their heads are differently shaped, being dolichocephalic. Consult Wollaston, 'Pygmies and Papuans' (1912).

PYLADES, pi'la-dēz, a legendary Greek hero, celebrated for the friendship which existed between him and Orestes. He assisted Orestes in murdering his mother Clytemnestra, and eventually married Electra, the sister of his friend. See ŎRESTES.

PYLE, pil, Howard, American artist and author: b. Wilmington, Del., 5 March 1853; d. 1911. He combined literary and artistic talent, and in this double capacity began his career in New York City by contributing to various periodicals. Having achieved a reputation he returned to his native place where he resided after 1879. He was instructor at the largely occupied with original productions for Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, but his time was current periodicals. In art he especially affected scenes of colonial life and of medieval folklore and was remarkably successful in conveying their spirit. Some of the finest achievements in color printing in the magazines of recent times have been from his drawings. Works of which he was both author and illustrator are "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood' (1883); 'Pepper and Salt, or Seasoning for Young Folks' (1885); Within the Capes' (1885); The Wonder Clock' (1887); The Rose of Paradise' (1887); 'Otto of the Silver Hand (1888): A Modern Aladdin' (1891); Jack Ballister's Fortunes' (1894); Twilight Land' (1895); 'Semper Idem' (1903). He also wrote 'Rejected of Men' (1903), the story of the Christ in modern setting; The Story of Launcelot and his Companions' (1907); The Ruby of Kishmoor' (1908); The Story of the Grail (1910).

PYLOS. See NAVARINO.

PYM, pim, John, English statesman: b. Brymore, Somersetshire, 1584; d. London, 8 Dec. 1643. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1602 entered the Middle Temple, but was never called to the bar. He became member of Parliament for Calne in 1614, but from 1625 sat for Tavistock. He was prominent in the impeachment of the duke of Buckingham in 1616, and in 1639, with several others, held close correspondence with the commissioners sent to London by the Scottish Covenanters. When Parliament met again in 1640, Pym was one of

its most active and leading members, and in the Long Parliament, which met later that same year, he came most prominently to the front. Possessed of great eloquence, he made a vigorous and effective speech as soon as Parliament had opened, dwelling at length upon the grievances of the nation with respect to parliamentary privileges and civil and religious liberty. A few days after he followed up his speech by bringing a charge of high treason against the Earl of Strafford, prime minister of Charles I; and in the impeachment which followed, resulting in the death of Strafford, he took the leading part. In 1641 a motion was carried by the opposition party to submit a remonstrance to the king, exposing the defects of his administration since ascending the throne, and the zeal of Pym in this matter led Charles into the imprudent measure of going to the Parliament in person to seize him and four other members. Clarendon relates that Charles I, feeling the necessity of gaining at any cost an enemy at once so implacable and so skilful, offered to Pym the post of chancellor of the exchequer. In November 1643, he was appointed lieutenant of the ordnance, but died the following December. He was buried with great pomp in Westminster Abbey. Consult Forster, 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth' (1841-44); The Arrest of the Five Members' (1860); and (The Debates on the Grand Remonstrance) (1860); Smith, Goldwin, "Three English Statesmen' (1867) Gardiner, S. R., The Great Civil War' (1893); Wade, John Pym' (1912).

PYNCHON, pin'chon, John, American colonist: b. Springfield, Essex, England, 1621; d. Springfield, Mass., 17 Jan. 1703. He accompanied his father, William Pynchon (q.v.) to America in 1630, settling in the colony of Massachusetts. He succeeded his father in the government of Springfield in 1652, gained, by purchase and through his father, great tracts of land, and laid out the towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield, Northfield and Westfield. He was eminently successful_in gaining and keeping the friendship of the Indians, with whom he negotiated many treaties for the colonies. He was one of the commissioners to receive the surrender of New York from the Dutch in 1664. He was a deputy of the general court of Massachusetts in 1659-65, assisted under the first Massachusetts Royal Charter in 1665-86; and councillor from 1686 until his death.

PYNCHON, Thomas Ruggles, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman and physicist : b. New Haven, Conn., 14 Jan. 1823; d. 1904. Graduated from Trinity College in 1841, he was lecturer on chemistry there 1843-47; studied for the ministry, and was ordained priest in 1849. In 1849-55 he was in charge of parishes in Stockbridge and Lenox, Mass., and in 1854 accepted the chair of chemistry and natural science at Trinity College which he held until 1877 when he exchanged for the chair of moral philosophy. He was president of the college 1874-83. In 1874-78 he superintended the erection of the college buildings on the west side of the quadrangle and the transfer of the college to the new site. While in Europe 1855-56 he made a tour through southern France, Italy and Sicily, engaged in geological investigations, made a study of volcanic action, and ascended Mount Etna

39

at night. In 1902 he became professor emeritus at Trinity. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was one of the founders of the Meteorological Society, of which he is vice-president, and is connected with various other scientific societies both American and foreign. He has published Treatise on Chemical Physics' (1869); (An Examination of Bishop Butler's Analogy (1890).

PYNCHON, William, American colonist and religious writer: b. Springfield, Essex, England, 1590; d. Wraysbury, England, 29 Oct. 1662. He was a man of education, one of the grantees of the Massachusetts charter and came to America with Gov. John Winthrop in 1630. He held various offices in the colony, from 1632 to 1634 acting as treasurer. He first settled at Roxbury as one of the founders of the village and organizers of the church, but withdrew in 1736 with the company led by Rev. Thomas Hooker and Rev. Samuel Stone southward into Connecticut. Pynchon with his family and a small party settled at the junction of the Agawam and Connecticut rivers and founded the town, now the city of Springfield. For several years this place was included in the Connecticut colony and Pynchon sat in its legislature, but in 1641, under Pynchon's influence, the Massachusetts court assumed jurisdiction. In 1650, during a visit to England, Pynchon published a book entitled The Meritorious Price of our Redemption.' In this the author took an anti-Calvinistic view of the atonement and so stirred up the colonists that the book was ordered to be burnt and the author cited to appear before the general court. His letter of explanation was deemed unsatisfactory and after being summoned a second time he left the colony in September 1652 and returned to England. He passed the remainder of his life at Wraysbury, near Windsor. His earlier book was republished with a rejoinder to the Rev. J. Norton, as 'The Meritorious Price of Man's Redemption (1655). He also wrote Jews Synagogue) (1652); 'How the first Sabbath was ordained' (1654); 'Covenant of Nature made with Adam) (1662). Consult Green, 'Springfield, 1636-1886: History of Town and City) (1888); Adams, 'Pynchon Family (1898).

PYORRHEA ALVEOLARIS or RIGG'S DISEASE, a disease of the pericementum about the tooth, leading to receding gums, loose teeth, tooth abscesses and perhaps general body infection. It is of bacterial origin. Various forms of Staphylococci are found in the apical abscesses; micrococcus candicans is one of these. The disease when treated early can be controlled by competent dentists.

Re

PYPIN, Alexander Nicolaevitch, Russian scholar, historian and author: b. at Saratov in 1833; d. Saint Petersburg, 9 Dec. 1904. ceived his academic education at the University of Saint Petersburg, where he was appointed to a professorship in 1860, resigned two years later to enter the literary field. He contributed largely to the Sovremennik ("Contemporary"), 1865-67 and from then until his death to the Vestrik Evropy ("European Messenger"). His first work, a comparative study of Russian, Byzantine and Roman folk-lore, was published