RESACA, rä-sä-kä, Battle of. While the armies of Generals Thomas and Schofield were threatening an advance from the north on Dalton, Ga. (q.v.), General Sherman ordered General McPherson, commanding the Army of the Tennessee, to move southward through Snake Creek Gap and interpose between Dalton and Resaca. McPherson moved from Gordon's Springs, 8 May 1864, his advance bivouacked that night in the Gap and next morning pushed through it, defeated a brigade of Confederate cavalry at the eastern end of it, and approached to within a mile of Resaca, on the Oostanaula, where he found the enemy in position too strong to be attacked; and being unable to find a good road by which he could quickly reach the railroad, north of Resaca, and fearing an attack upon his own left flank, he prudently withdrew, after some severe skirmishing and took a strong position near the east end of Snake Creek Gap. Sherman now resolved to transfer the greater part of his army to join McPherson. Howard's Fourth corps and a small force of cavalry were to demonstrate on Buzzard Roost Gap and occupy Confederate attention north of Dalton. On the 10th Hooker's 20th corps moved through Snake Creek Gap and joined McPherson. Palmer's 14th corps and Schofield's 23d corps followed, and on the 12th the whole army except Howard's corps and the cavalry with it, was through the Gap. On the morning of the 13th McPherson, preceded by General Kilpatrick's cavalry, led the advance on the direct road to Resaca. Thomas, with the corps of Palmer and Hooker, was to move on McPherson's left, and Schofield on the left of Thomas. The country was covered by dense forest, and the movement of troops was difficult. Kilpatrich drove the Confederate calvary to within two miles of Resaca, and was wounded, and his cavalry wheeled out of the road, allowing McPherson to pass, who, encountering the Confederate pickets near Resaca, drove them in and occupied a range of bald hills, his right on the Oostanaula, about two miles below the railroad bridge, and his left abreast the town. Thomas came up on McPherson's left and faced Camp Creek. Schofield worked his way through dense forest and came up on the left of Thomas, but it was noon of the 14th when these movements were completed, at which time Howard's Fourth corps, following Johnston from Dalton, had reached a position about a mile north of Schofield's left. Johnston abandoned Dalton about midnight of the 12th, and during the 13th formed his army covering Resaca, Polk's and Hardee's corps west of the place, facing west and covering the railroad bridge and a trestle bridge. Polk rested his left on the Oostanaula, and Hood's corps on the right of Hardee's extended across the railroad to the Connesauga, facing to the northeast. Wheeler's cavalry was on the right, and Jackson's cavalry on the left guarded the Oostanaula from Resaca to Rome. There had been severe skirmishing on the afternoon of the 13th between the troops of McPherson and Polk, and it was renewed on the morning of the 14th, and in the afternoon McPherson carried a bridge on Camp Creek, crossed it and secured a commanding position very close to Polk's main line and intrenched. Confederate efforts to retake the position were repulsed. Farther to the left Palmer's 14th

and Schofield's 23d corps became engaged with Hardee on Camp Creek; parts of Schofield's corps were repulsed with great loss, another part succeeded in making a lodgment beyond the creek. Two divisions of Howard's corps coming in from the north were sent to Schofield's support, leaving Stanley's division in echelon to the left. Hooker's corps was sent to the left. Johnston had noted the exposed position of Sherman's left and ordered Hood, with the divisions of Stewart and Stevenson to attack and turn it. Late in the afternoon Hood attacked Stanley, outflanked him and was dirving him back when the advance of Hooker's corps, Williams' division, came up, repulsed Hood and drove him back to his intrenchments. Skirmishing was resumed along the entire line on the morning of the 15th, and Sherman ordered an advance of Hooker on the left, and the two divisions of the 23d corps were withdrawn from the centre and marched to the extreme left in support. It was after noon when Hooker advanced, Butterfield's and Geary's divisions on the right and centre, and Williams' on the left. Hood, with the divisions of Stevenson and Stewart, supported by three brigades from Polk's and Hardee's corps, made a simultaneous advance from his works. Stevenson on his left was struck first by Butterfield and then by Geary, before he had gone far from his works, and after a severe fight was driven back to them, leaving a four-gun battery in advance of his line, which remained between the two lines until night, when it was secured by a detachment of Geary's division. On Hood's right Stewart's division swung to the left, drove Williams' skirmishers from the railroad and, crossing, assaulted Williams' main line most vigorously, but was bloodily repulsed and fell back to its intrenchments. A part of Schofield's corps on Hooker's left took part in this engagement. Hooker's loss was over 1,600. On the 14th Sherman had ordered a pontoonbridge to be thrown across the Oostanaula at Lay's Ferry, in the direction of Calhoun, and Sweeny's division of the 16th corps was ordered to cross it and threaten Calhoun. Sweeny crossed one brigade, drove some Confederate cavalry from the opposite bank, then hearing that the Confederates were crossing above him, he withdrew the brigade and retired his entire division half a mile to a less exposed position. On the morning of the 15th he moved back to the river and crossed it, laid a pontoonbridge and constructed works. Here he was fiercely attacked by Walker's Confederate division, which was repulsed. The presence of a part of Sherman's army east of the Oostanaula determined Johnston to retreat, and that night he abandoned Resaca and marched for Calhoun. Sherman occupied Resaca on, the morning of the 16th and started in pursuit. The Union loss at Resaca was about 600 killed and 2,147 wounded. The Confederate loss was about 300 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing. Consult Official Records' (Vol. XXXVIII); Cox, Atlanta; Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland' (Vol. II); Sherman, Personal Memoirs' (Vol. II); The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War' (Vol. IV); Johnston, 'Narrative of Military Operations.'

E. A. CARMAN.

RESACA DE LA PALMA, rā-sä'kä dā lä päl'mä, Battle of, in the Mexican War (q.v.). After the battle of Palo Alto (q.v.), 8 May 1846, the Mexican general Mariano Artista fell back on the road to Matamoras and took position in a ravine called Resaca de la Palma (Palm Ravine) in Cameron County, Tex., four miles north of Brownsville. Having been reinforced by 2,000 men, bringing his army up to about 6,000 infantry and 800 cavalry, he determined to resist the further advance of Gen. Zachary Taylor (q.v.) and the American army of about 2,200 troops. About noon of 9 May, having sent his wounded back to Point Isabel, Taylor began his advance and came upon the Mexicans, strongly intrenched in the ravine which forms a natural breastworks, defended in front by artillery and well secured in the rear against the possibility of being flanked. On the road along which the Americans must approach the Mexicans had established a three-gun battery so as to rain a shower of grape-shot on the advancing enemy. Perceiving that the severest struggle must take place on this road, Taylor, after sending some troops into the chaparral on either side of the road, ordered Capt. Charles A. May with a squadron of dragoons to take the battery. Though the Mexican shot tore his ranks to pieces, May gallantly executed this task, drove the Mexicans from their guns and captured General La Vega, but was gradually being driven back by superior numbers when Taylor ordered the 5th and 8th infantry to charge. This decided the battle; the Mexicans fled from their positions and were put to total rout, the pursuit being halted only at the river. Taylor might have entered Matamoras at once but took time for his troops to recover from their labors and did not enter the town until the 17th, without encountering any resistance from Arista. Taylor's loss was 39 killed and 83 wounded, while the Mexican loss is variously stated, though it probably was between 500 and 600. Taylor then remained practically inactive until he had fought the battle of Monterey (q.v.). Consult 'Executive Documents, 30th Congress, 1st session, Vol. VII, No. 60, pp. 293–296; Montgomery, H., Life of Taylor, pp. 141-187; Howard, 'Life of Taylor, pp. 119-130; Bancroft, H. H., Mexico,' Vol. V, chap. XIV; Ladd, H. O., 'The War with Mexico, pp. 59-69; Wiley and Rines, 'The United States, Vol. VII, pp. 197–200.

RESCISSION, re-sish'un, a legal term designating the act of rescinding or abrogating a voidable contract, that is, a contract in force but which owing to some injustice, infirmity or demand of justice or public policy may be annulled, and refers to the dissolution of the contract through the will of the parties involved instead of through an action in court, in which case the term "cancellation" is employed. The rescission may take place through the inclusion of a clause providing for it in the contract; through evidence of fraud practised when the contract was made; inadequacy of consideration through the employment of fraud; the exercise of undue influence, as resulting from confidence and friendship, the relation of husband and wife, parent and child, principal and agent, trustee, executor or administrator and heir or legatee; mistake in drafting the contract, or misunderstanding of the terms em

ployed, or want of authority on the part of an agent or officer; the contractors of minors on the application of the minor, and of people insane or under the influence of intoxicants, or made under duration or stress; failure of one of the contracting parties to perform his part of the contract, either through inability or refusal; failure of consideration, or non-existence of subject matter, but not through depreciation after the consummation of the contract; and, in the case of a selling contract, the discovery before transfer of possession, that the purchaser intends making illegal use of the purchase. Insurance policies cannot be rescinded by either party without the consent of the other unless the right of rescission be included in the policy. The right to rescind belongs only to the party without fault. The act of rescission may be effected by an act of party, notifying the other of intention; or by an act in equity in order that the instrument may not later be used to the annoyance or disinterest of an innocent party. Right to rescind is lost through unreasonable or inexcusable delay, or by an act at law to recover damages; but an action in court for recovery of damages or property may follow rescission. The party rescinding must place the other in statu quo; he may not rescind and retain the benefits derived from the contract; and no rights received through it remain upon its rescission.

RESCRIPT, the term applied in Roman law to the answers of popes and emperors to questions in jurisprudence propounded to them officially. The rescripts of the Roman emperors constitute one of the authoritative sources of the civil law. These were usually addressed to the provincial magistrates, to corporations or even to individuals. The rescripts of Justinian admitted into the code have acquired great authority. The rescripts of the popes of Rome are still referred to as fundamental in Catholic theology.

RESCUE, (1) in law, the forcible setting at liberty of a person or thing in legal custody. The punishment varies, depending on the circumstances. In the case of persons, the rescuer was formerly held to be guilty of the same degree of crime as the prisoner if the former knew the prisoner was in lawful custody at the time. (2) In international law, the retaking of a prize by the persons taken with such prize.

RESCUE, or SCHRADER'S BROME GRASS. See GRASSES IN THE UNITED States.

It

RESECTION, in surgery, the operation of cutting out the diseased bone of a joint. frequently obviates the necessity of amputating the whole limb, and by the removal of the dead parts leaves the patient a limb which, though shortened, is in the majority of cases better than an artificial one. Resection, which is one of the triumphs of modern surgery, became a recognized form of surgical operation in 1850.

RESERVATION, in law, (1) the withholding of an interest in property granted, or the interest so withheld. (2) Notice that specific rights are retained. (3) That part of a deed in which the vendee reserves an interest in the property granted. A reservation must be carefully distinguished from an exception. The latter denotes a specific part of land not conveyed by the grantor, while a reservation de

notes that the grantor reserves a right in land which he has conveyed. This right cannot be granted to any one but the grantor of the land. A reservation may be of a life estate or even a right of fishing. (4) In the United States the withholding of certain territory, as for public uses, or the territory so held.

RESERVATION, Papal, of Benefices, the taking of the bestowal of certain Church benefices and dignities out of the hands of the local church rulers and the attribution to the Roman Pontiff of the right to confer the same; or, what amounts to the same thing, the requiring of bishops, chapters and other persons or ecclesiastical bodies possessing the right of conferring benefices, that in case of vacancies they should bestow such benefices on persons nominated by the Pope. One reason alleged in favor of this practice was that thus the several national churches were linked more closely by personal ties of gratitude and affection to the central see, and through it to each other; another was that thus the Supreme Pontiff was provided with the means of rewarding those who had labored meritoriously in the cause of the Holy See and the Church Catholic.

RESERVATION OF THE EUCHARIST, the keeping of the sacramental species against emergent occasions, as the communion of the sick in their homes, for the Mass of the Presanctified on Good Friday, for the rite called Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and for the perpetual adoration. Mention is made in authors of the times immediately following the Apostolic Age, of the custom of the bishops sending to one another the Eucharist in token of Christian union and fraternity. Saint Ambrose (4th century) tells of the Eucharist being carried by lay persons; in the Middle Ages this custom was still in vogue. Thomas à Becket carried the Eucharist with him when he went to meet Henry II and Saint Louis carried the sacred species with him on his Crusade. The sacred host is now customarily reserved in all Catholic churches whether of Latin or Oriental rite, being kept usually in the tabernacle of the high altar in the Latin Church and in Greek churches in a special receptacle, artophorion, behind the altar; whenever it is reserved a lamp is kept ever burning before it.

RESERVATIONS, Game.

PRESERVES.

See GAME

RESERVATIONS, Indian. When the settlers from Europe came to realize that the Indians had human rights, and ought not to be enslaved or exterminated, the rule was generally adopted of confining the tribes to reservations, both for their own protection from unprincipled whites and for the security of the white population. New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and other States enforced this policy in the colonial period and after independence, and the United States government has carried it out from an early date. Southern tribes east of the Mississippi were removed to the Indian Territory, designated by solemn pledge of the national government as a permanent home for their race, and there some of the tribes have achieved a high degree of civilization and gained considerable wealth. They are largely intermarried with whites and to some extent with negroes, whom they formerly held as slaves. Other tribes, chiefly from

the Southwest, have been gathered into the Indian Territory, but large Indian reservations, mainly of Sioux, are still maintained in the Northwest, and altogether the various tribal reservations in the different States and Territories number about 185. The reservations are carefully guarded against intrusion by unscrupulous whites, and provision is made for the intellectual and physical welfare of the Indians and for leading them to adopt civilized methods of self-support, instead of depending on the chase which now offers only the most precarious returns, or on government aid, which, however, is not withdrawn under any circumstances while an Indian is in need of it. The sale of intoxicating liquor to Indians is severely punished when detected, but the law is frequently evaded.

In 1917 the Indian population, as returned by the leading States having reservations, was as follows: Oklahoma, 119,108; Arizona, 44,617; South Dakota, 26,246; New Mexico, 20,853; California, 15,362; Minnesota, 11,777; Montana, 11,525; Washington, 11,181; Wisconsin, 10,216; North Dakota, 8,903; North Carolina, 8,118; Nevada, 7,944; Oregon, 6,612; New York, 6,272. No other State had as many as 4,000.

RESERVATIONS, Military. The United States government maintains military reservations in all the States and dependencies. Very many of these are used for rifle ranges; others for barracks, training grounds, cemeteries, forts and arsenals. They were extensively utilized for the war in 1917, and in many cases new lands have been acquired for military training. See RESERVE.

RESERVE, in military affairs, has several significations. In battle the reserve consists of those troops not in action, and destined to supply fresh forces as they are needed, to support those points which are shaken and to be ready to act at decisive moments. Napoleon's guards, and his disposition of them, are models. They often decided the victory when the enemy felt sure of success. The reserve of ammunition is the supply of warlike stores placed close to the scene of action to allow of the supply actually in the field being speedily replenished.

The term reserves is also applied to those forces which are liable to be called into the field on great emergencies, for the purposes of national defense; which have received a military training but follow the ordinary occupations of civil life and do not form part of the standing army. Such reserves now form a part of all national troops organized on a great scale. They are entitled to wear "U.S.R.", on their uniforms.

T

In 1917 the United States army began to establish reserve officers' training camps, and by 1 Jan. 1918 had issued more than 60,000 officers' commissions from these camps. A third series of such reserve officers' camps was started January 1918. (See RESERVATIONS, MILITARY). The United States naval reserve force was authorized by Congress, 29 Aug. 1916. Only citizens are enlisted; the pay is $12 a month minimum. The fleet naval reserve is composed of retired naval officers and men who receive retainer pay of $50 per annum and upward, being liable to be called upon to serve at their former rank. The naval reserve is composed of ex-merchant marine men who are liable to be called to duty either

in the regular navy or on auxiliary vessels. They receive a small retainer pay, varying with their previous earnings. There is also a naval auxiliary reserve, made up of officers and men who have been listed by the Navy Department as desirable for enlistment. The naval coast defense reserve is composed of owners and operators of yachts, motorboats, or men who are familiar with coasting, radio work, handling mines and torpedoes, etc. The naval reserve flying corps is operated on similar lines and is open to men who understand something of aviation. There is also a medical reserve corps connected with the navy.

RESERVOIR, a large and commodious receptacle for storing water for any purpose, but more commonly for supplying cities and towns, feeding canals, driving machinery and the like. A dam differs from a reservoir in that the name applies only to the artificial structure that holds back the water, while the reservoir includes also the entire artificial lake and its appurtenances. The construction of a reservoir is of much importance and requires great engineering skill. In the selection of a site the great object should be to choose a position which will give the means for collecting a large supply of rainfall with as little recourse as possible to artificial construction. An advantageous site would be, for instance, in the narrow gorge of a valley through which a stream passes, and at a place where the gorge widens out on the side looking toward the source of the stream. Particular care, however, is necessary to discover whether the position chosen communicates with the courses of underground waters or springs, as disastrous results have frequently been occasioned by ignoring this. As a general rule the best and safest method is to establish reservoirs in valleys filled in with clays derived from the decomposition of the primary formations, which are very slightly permeable. The embankments or dams may be constructed either of masonry or earth-work, the latter being generally the more economical method. Where the reservoir requires to be constructed on perfectly level ground the excavation should be calculated so as to equal the embankment. The earth-work of dams should be as much as possible of material such as a mixture of clay and gravel — which would resist the infiltration of the water; but as it is impossible always to obtain such material in sufficient quantities, engineers have recourse to what is termed a puddle-wall, formed in the middle of the embankment. This wall is constructed of well-worked clay, the foundation of the puddle being a trench dug down to impervious rock or clay, and its breadth should be on an average about one-third the height of the embankment. The inside slope of the embankment is usually 1 perpendicular to 3 horizontal, sometimes it is steeper; the outside slope may be 1 perpendicular to 2 horizontal; and the height above the surface of the water is often 4 to 7 feet. The earth-work ought to be constructed of thin layers, carefully rammed so as to secure their equal settlement; the inner face requires to be protected by stones in order to resist the action of the water. The waste-weir, to admit of the surplus water flowing over, should be from 4 to 6 feet below the surface line of the embankment, built of strong

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mason-work and of a width such that with a flow of 2 feet over the crown it should be able to discharge all the water brought down by the severest floods ever known to fall upon the basin supplying the reservoir. Many of the accidents that have occurred were due to deficiencies in the waste-weirs. In the reservoirs of which the dams are built of masonry there is no necessity for a waste-weir, as then the water may be allowed to overflow the wall, there being no fear of its endangering the work. The outlet at the bottom, by which the water to be used is drawn off from the reservoir, may consists either of a tunnel, culvert or iron pipes provided with suitable sluices, and these should be so constructed that access may be had to them even when the reservoir is full.

The true principles for the proportioning of masonry dams were not thoroughly investigated until about the middle of the 19th century and subsequently. This was first done by French engineers, and many such dams have since been constructed in France, Algeria, the United States, etc. The highest of all such dams is that of the New Croton reservoir, New York, its height being 248 feet; thickness at bottom, 185 feet; at top, 16. The first great masonry dam built in France on the newer principle was that of Furens (1860-65); height, 184 feet; thickness at bottom, 162; at top 11. San Mateo reservoir dam near San Francisco is 170 feet high; thickness at bottom, 176; at top, 20. The Periyar dam, India (1890-95), has a height of 173 feet; bottom thickness, 139; top, 12. In the famous reservoir of Alicante, Spain, executed 1579-94, the wall is 67 feet thick at the top, 112 feet at the bottom, and the height 141 feet. In England the preference is generally given to earthen dams. Sometimes natural lakes are used as reservoirs, instances of which are Loch Katrine, for the water supply of Glasgow, and Lake Thirlmere, in Cumberland, for the supply of water to Manchester. Distributing reservoirs for towns are generally built of masonry, but sometimes largely of steel. Reinforced concrete is now generally favored. They ought to be placed high enough to command the highest part of the town, and ought to be capacious enough to contain half a day's supply, their chief use being to store the surplus water during the night. Among notable modern storage reservoirs for towns are those of the Vyrnwy, for supplying Liverpool, containing 11,900 million gallons; Vehar (10,800 million gallons), for Bombay; San Mateo (31,000 million gallons), for San Francisco; and the New Croton (32,000 million gallons), for New York. See Dams; ROOSEVELT DAM; IRRIGATION,

RESHT, rěsht, Persia, capital of the province of Ghilan, 150 miles northwest of Teheran, near the Caspian Sea, and with a port at Enzeli. On the highway of commerce and travel position has a special significance. There is an between Europe and Persia, its geographical extensive manufacture and trade in silk. Pop. about 40,000.

RESIDENCE, the place which a man regards as his home, even although he may be absent from it for long periods of time. In the United States the question of residence is of the greatest importance, involving citizenship, the right to vote, to sue at law, marital relations,

questions of taxation and of the disposition of property by will or inheritance. It has, therefore, frequently engaged the attention of the courts, and the decisions have not been uniform. As a rule a man is assumed to reside where his family have their home, provided he is not separated from them by law, and provided they have not refused to accompany him to a fitting residence elsewhere. When a man has a summer and a winter home, the question of residence is usually determined by his personal declaration, and his payment of personal taxes in the place which he elects to call his residence. Courts regard with suspicion and disfavor change of residence for the obvious purpose of evading the laws of the State left, or of escaping taxation. Yet the man or woman who travels a great deal has an undoubted right to declare some place as his or her home and residence for all legal purposes. While the privilege may be, and doubtless is, often abused, yet the condition continues that residence is very largely a matter of where the individual declares it, provided he regularly spends a portion of his time there. See DOMICILE.

RESIDUE, in law, that which remains of an estate after all debts, legacies, and expenses are paid. If no residuary legatee is mentioned in the will, the residue goes to the next of kin. RESIN. See ROSIN.

RESIN WEED. See COMPASS PLANT.

RESISTANCE, Electrical, that property of electrical conductors in virtue of which the passage of a current of electricity through them is necessarily accompanied by the dissipation of a part of the energy in the form of heat. It is manifested not only in a linear conductor like a wire, but also in solids of large extent in two or three dimensions, as when a current passes from one point to another of a sheet of metal, or of a mass like an ingot or casting. It is chiefly in connection with wires, however, that electrical resistance is of practical import

ally dissipated in the form of frictional heat, and the energy of the moving current of electricity is similarly dissipated on account of the electrical resistance of the conductor through which it is passing. The unit in terms of which electrical resistance is measured is the "ohm," which may be taken as sensibly equal to the resistance of a column of mercury 106.3 centimeters long and one millimeter in cross-section, at the temperature of freezing water. (The Britsh Board of Trade specifies that the mercury column shall be 106.3 centimeters long and that it shall have a mass of 14.4521 grammes. This is supposed to be identically the same definition, but it is more convenient for practical work, because in reproducing the ohm by means of a mercury column a glass tube would be filled with mercury and the sectional area of the column would be determined by weighing). (See also UNITS). The phenomena of electrical resistance have been studied, both mathematically and experimentally, by many eminent physicists; but the most important contributions to our knowledge are due to George Simon Ohm (for whom the "ohm" was named), and to James Prescott Joule. Ohm investigated the manner in which the flow of electricity through a conductor depends upon the resistance of the conductor, while Joule determined the law that governs the dissipation of energy from a conductor, in the form of heat. In the present article it will be assumed that the currents in the conductors are steady, that the electromotive forces in the circuits are constant and that the conductors are stationary (so that their coefficients of induction remain constant). The laws of Ohm and Joule may still be applied, though in a somewhat more generalized form, to conductors in which these three conditions are not fulfilled; but for the proper understanding of the phenomena in such cases, it is necessary to refer to the more advanced treatises on electricity.

ance, and it is only in this aspect that the subject will be here considered.

The passage of a current of electricity through a wire or rod has been likened to the flow of a current of water through a pipe, the water corresponding to the electricity, and the friction between the water and the pipe to the electrical resistance of the wire. The analogy is not perfect, but it is useful in forming a good conception of electrical resistance. The energy of the moving current of water is gradu

One of the results of Ohm's investigation was, that in a branched circuit, in which the resistances of the two branches are precisely equal, the current divides in such a manner that exactly one-half of it traverses each branch. By taking advantage of this fact, we can determine the resistance of a proposed conductor in the following manner: Let R, in Fig. 1, be the resistance to be measured, and let this be placed in one of the branches of the circuit. In the other branch of the circuit