the seer this was, in principle, the worship of Satan, it was Satan's means of receiving the homage of mankind. But just as in the institutions and practices of pagan imperial Rome Satan's earthly kingdom was concretely embodied, so in the Church- the unity spiritually existing in the numerous small Christian communities of Asia and elsewhere- nothing less than the Kingdom of God and of His Christ was concretely embodied, and the issue, as thus perceived by the seer, was in reality the issue between Satan and God, between heaven and hell, good and evil. What was transpiring on earth was therefore of universal, cosmic and eternal significance. This theme, one common to apocalyptic literature, is applied and developed in Revelation with a consistency and clarity, a dignity and sublimity, a force and pathos that places this book far above all others of its class.

The Plan of Revelation. The book consists of two unequal parts: (1) The letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (i, 3; iii, 22); (2) The Apocalypse proper (iv-xxii). The first three verses serve as a brief explanatory introduction to the whole book, indicating the source and authority of the contents which are expressly stated to be a "revelation" and a "word of prophecy" concerning things which must soon take place.

The letters are nominally from John to the seven churches. In reality they claim to be a message from the eternal God, the "seven spirits before His throne" and from Jesus Christ, the head of the Church, who is soon about to come again (i, 3-8). John describes his vision of Jesus who commanded him to write (i, 9-20) and then gives in detail the message to each of the seven churches (chs. ii and iii). From these messages, with their particular references to the circumstances of each church, we learn what the conditions were that suggested the great Apocalyptic drama that follows.

The Apocalypse proper (iv-xxii) opens with a vision of God on His throne, with His heavenly court, ineffably glorious, worshipping and adoring Him (ch. iv), holding in His right hand a seven-sealed book (the book of destiny) which the Lamb (the crucified and glorified Jesus) alone is able to unseal. To the Lamb the whole heavenly court ascribe all praise (ch. v). The dramatic action of the Apocalypse begins with the opening of the seven-sealed book of destiny, seal by seal (ch. vi). Between the unsealing of the sixth and seventh seals there is a pause, full of meaning (ch. vii). The breaking of the seventh seal introduces a second series of signals, seven trumpet-blasts (ch. viii), each blast being fllowed by some event of ominous portent. The fifth and sixth trumpet-blasts also usher in the first and second of three great woes destined to come upon mankind (ch. ix). Then comes another significant pause. A little book (of prophecy?) is given the seer by an angel and the seer devours it (ch. x), after which he measures the Temple, except the outer court, which is to be given over to the Gentiles, and is told of the two witnesses and their fate and the calamities that are to follow it, making up the second woe (xi, 1-14). The blast of the seventh trumpet brings the great announcement

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"the Kingdom of Christ has come to pass," at which heaven rings with praise (xi, 15-19). From now on the theme centres about the great judgment-crisis in its various stages. First, however, we are let into the secret of the great issues at stake. Such is the real significance of chs. xii-xiv. It was necessary to explain this before describing the great judgment. The seer sees a woman about to bear a son, which a great dragon is waiting to kill as soon as born. But the child is caught up to God and saved. The dragon pursues the woman but she escapes. War ensues in heaven and the dragon and his hosts are defeated and cast down to earth. The real victory has been won, but the dragon continues the conflict on earth (ch. xii). The two beasts of ch. xiii are the dragon's agents on earth by whom he seeks to keep control of mankind. But he is opposed by the Lamb, head of the armies of heaven, whose impending triumph is forecast in announcements of angels (xiv, 1-20). Now come the seven last plagues poured out by seven angels from seven bowls full of the wrath of God and culminating in the great judgment on "Babylon" (xv-xviii). These are fittingly introduced by a hymn of the victors over the beast (xv, 1-4), then described in detail (xv, 5xvi, 21), the climax being reached when the great harlot, the earthly representative of the kingdom of Satan, the deadly enemy and persecutor of the Church, is utterly destroyed (xvii-xviii). The final acts of the great drama now take place. Of these, the supremely significant one is "the marriage of the Lamb," as is indicated in the announcement in xix, 1-10. But preceding this a final disposition must be made of the beast and the dragon, who are overthrown and at last, after a 1,000-year interval, subject to eternal punishment (xix, 11xx, 15). Then appear the new heaven and the new earth, the marriage of the Lamb takes place and the new type of existence begins (xxi, 1-xxii, 5). The conclusion (xxii, 6-21) repeats in fuller form the urgent appeal and solemn warning of the introductory section of the book.

The Unity of Revelation. The development of the theme is, on the whole, so consistent and straightforward that the book must be considered the work of one mastermind. The general uniformity in style throughout the book leads to the same conclusion. But the author was not the creator of the entire material of the book. He drew heavily on the Old Testament, especially on Ezekiel, Zechariah, and, above all, Daniel. He used these as quarries whence to get stones for his new building. But never is he a mere imitator or slavish copyist. He probably had access to other Apocalyptic material, symbolism, calculations, etc., I which is no longer extant. In using all this variety it is not surprising that he should have found some of it difficult to manage and work up in perfect agreement with his general plan.

The Symbolism of Revelation.- Much of the symbolism used by the author was common to Apocalyptic tradition and some of it may have belonged originally to ancient Babylonian or Persian mythology and superstition without our author being aware of the fact. He took what was at hand and filled it with a new meaning or gave it a new application. The

Christian element in the symbolism of Revelation is probably for the most part due to the author. The more important symbols of chs. xii, xiii and xvii are to be interpreted as follows: the woman of xii, 1, is probably the true Israel and the child the Christian Church, the offspring of God's own covenant-people, inclusive perhaps of the Messiah Himself (ch. xii, 5). The beast ascending from the sea (xiii, 1) signifies imperial Rome, the seven heads the seven first emperors (beginning with Augustus), the one apparently wounded to death being Nero, the first emperor to persecute the Christians. The "names of blasphemy" refer to the state-religion which culminated in the worship of the emperor. The second beast (xiii, 11ff.) probably represents the organized emperor-cultus, with its priesthoods, to which the Christians were summoned to show allegiance or suffer death. Nero is meant in xiii, 18 by the number 666 (the numerical value of the Hebrew letters spelling Nero Cæsar). In ch, xvii imperial Rome is the great harlot. In verse 10 we again have the seven first emperors (as in xiii, 1-3). The beast of verse 11, which "was and is not yet is himself the eighth, is the same as the wounded head of xiii, 3, namely, Nero, whom legend asserted was destined to reappear and regain control of the empire. In these three chapters, xii, xiii and xvii, the author is apparently making use of material that originally referred to the period of the sixth and seventh emperors (Vespasian, 68-79 A.D. and Titus, 79-81 A.D.), making it do service for the time of Domitian (81-96 A.D.), the eighth emperor, who laid great insistence on the emperor-worship and who made Christianity a crime punishable by death. In this emperor the author saw Nero-redivivus, revived as by Satanic power and therefore representing in himself and his government the rule of Satan on earth.

The Interpretation of Revelation.- Revelation was a tract for its times and is to be interpreted as such. Its message, as its address, its local color and reference to contemporary events and issues show conclusively, was for its own age. This was the way in which it was probably understood at first, but it soon (as early as Irenæus) was taken to be a phophecy in which the whole future course of the history of the world or of the Church was intended to be sketched. The author thought the end was to come quickly. He had no idea of a course of Christian history extending over 20 or more centuries. Consequently all attempts, too many to be enumerated, to find the events of this or any other age, past or future, foretold in Revelation are futile and doomed to failure.

Date and Author.- The earliest Christian tradition (e.g., Irenæus, V. 30, 3) asserts that John had his vision near the close of Domitian's reign, i.e., not long before 96 A.D. With this the internal evidence of the book agrees. The expectation of Nero's reappearance (xiii, 3; xvii, 8, 11) and the persecution of the Church together point to the latter part of Domitian's reign and to no other time. Sections that imply an earlier date must be considered as older material used by the author but not entirely transformed. As to the author, criticism has gotten very little beyond the simple statements

of the book itself. A certain John, a man prominent in Christian circles in Asia, who felt that his words would carry weight, sent forth this book as a message of comfort, exhortation and warning, to stay and cheer the Church in its trial, to encourage it to endure even unto death, confident that the ultimate victory of Christ its Lord would soon be manifest. Whether this John was an Apostle or was the author of the Fourth Gospel, or the "Elder" of 2d and 3d John are questions which cannot be discussed in this article but will be found fully treated in the literature listed below.

Bibliography. Of modern commentaries, those by Bousset (Meyer series, 6th ed., 1906); Swete, H. B. (London 1909) and Moffatt (in 'Expositor's Greek Testament, New York 1910), will be found most satisfactory, with full bibliographies. A good brief commentary is that by C. A. Scott (New Century Bible'). W. M. Ramsey's 'The Letters to the Seven Churches (London 1904) is full of archæological information. The New Testaments Introductions, by Zahn (New York 1909) and Moffatt (New York 1915) should be consulted. EDWARD E. NOURSE, Professor of Biblical Theology, Hartford Theological Seminary.

REVELGANJ, or GODNA, India, in Bengal, near the confluence of the Ganges with the Ghagra, has an active local trade. It is famous as the home of Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, who also taught here. Pop. 14,750.

REVELL, re-věl, Fleming Hewitt, American publisher: b. Chicago, 11 Dec. 1849. He was educated in the public schools and established himself as a publisher and editor in 1869. He founded the Fleming H. Revel Company, of which he has been president since 1890. He is a trustee of the New York Life Insurance Company, the Northfield, Mass., Seminary and of Wheaton, Ill., College.

REVELS, Master of the, an English court officer, in former times appointed to superintend the revels or amusements, consisting of dancing, masking, etc., in the courts of princes, the inns of court, and noblemen's houses, during the 12 Christmas holidays.

REVELSTOKE, rěv'ěl-stōk, Canada, city and county-seat in the Kootenay district, British Columbia, 270 miles northeast of Vancouver, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and near the Selkirk Mountains. It is situated in a mining district and has railway shops, a lumber industry and manufactures beer and cigars. Pop. 3,017.

He

REVENTLOW, rä'věnt-lō, Ernst, COUNT, German journalist: b. Husum, 1869. He attained the rank of captain in the German navy and afterward engaged in journalism. was an ardent supporter of Germany's schemes for world dominion which culminated in the European War, and as an editorial writer on the Deutsche Tageszeitung advocated extreme ruthlessness, particularly in submarine warfare. He accused United States Ambassador Gerard of being a British spy; but assailed Zimmerman for the plot to form an alliance between Mexico and Japan against the United States. He furiously attacked Germany's leaders for a supposed inclination to yield to the United

States' demands for respect of its rights after the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Tageszeitung was suspended 25 June 1915. For an attack on Bethmann-Hollweg, accusing him of misleading von Hindenburg, he was sued for slander in 1916. Author of 'Russische-Japanische Krieg' (3 vols. 1904-06); 'Deutschland in der Welt voran' (1905); 'England der feind (1914); Flotte in diesem grossen Kriege' (1915); Deutschlands auswärtige Politik, 18881914 (1916); The Vampire [England] of the Continent) (1916), etc.

REVENUE, the income of a nation, derived from taxation in various forms. In England the principal source of revenue is the income tax. In the United States the national government derives its revenue chiefly from tariff duties and internal taxes on alcoholic liquors and tobacco. The revenues of the various States and municipalities are mainly from taxes on land and buildings and personal property. New York and some other States have an inheritance tax which brings in large returns, so that the New York State government is supported almost without direct taxation. So far as the large majority of citizens are concerned, the forms of taxation in the United States are not directly appreciable. In some countries of Europe, revenue is collected by most vexatious methods. In Vienna a small tax is exacted every time the resident of an apartment house goes in or out of the building between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M., the person in charge of the building being the collector, and responsible to the authorities. Methods hardly less annoying are practised in other European cities. The "octroi,» a tax on produce of any kind brought into a city from the country districts, is prevalent throughout Europe, and adds to the cost of all kinds of food.

REVENUE CUTTER, a small armed steam vessel, designed for the prevention of smuggling; so called from the fact that originally the vessel was of the cutter-yacht type. The United States Revenue Cutter Service is a branch of the Treasury Department and its purpose is, principally, to enforce the customs revenue laws. Its immediate supervision resides in a bureau of the department known as the Division of Revenue Cutter Service, which is in charge of a chief and a number of assist

ants.

REVENUE CUTTER SERVICE, United States. The organization of this service in 1790 was the conception of the first Secretary of the Treasury under the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton. In emphasizing its importance Hamilton recommended "giving the officers military or naval rank, which will not only induce fit men to engage, but attach them__to their duties with a nicer sense of honor." The original purpose was to inaugurate a "preventive service," as against illicit trade by sea, and in that sense to aid the customs service in the collection of the revenue from duties on imposts. The organic act provided for ten small vessels, armed and equipped, and for each a complement of officers and enlisted men, and these formed the nucleus from which has grown the service of to-day. From the beginning the service was placed upon the same plane as to pay and allowances for its officers

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and enlisted men, with the officers and soldiers of the army.

Various acts of Congress (1 Oct. 1790, 2 March 1793, 6 March 1796, 1 July 1797) provided for additional and larger vessels, increase of crews, armaments and equipments. It is interesting to note that this service was the only semblance of a navy possessed by our government from 1790 to 1797, when on 10 July, in the latter year, the first vessel of the then new navy, the 44-gun frigate United States, was launched. In the meantime the duties of the service were such as were required of an armed service, in guarding the coast and commercial interests, and also against piratical incursions. But during those years our relations with France were becoming strained, culminat、 ing finally in active hostilities at sea between vessels of the United States and of France. The difficulties with France may be said to have been the first war of the young republic with a foreign power. During its continuance (1798 to 1801) several engagements were fought and many captures were made by our vessels.

The revenue cutter service took an active and brilliant part in co-operation with the navy. Thus, while this service was organized as a preventive service to be operated in the interest of commerce and for the protection of the revenue, it had, in these early years, rapidly developed into an armed and equipped military or naval service, offensive and defensive, and this character was well and continuously maintained.

At the breaking out of hostilities with France provision for an armed force upon the sea, to convoy merchantmen and to defend the coast, became indispensable. To accomplish these purposes the President was authorized (Act 1 July 1797) to increase the complements of the several revenue cutters, and to employ them in defensive operations on the coast. Under authority of previous enactments the service had been provided with a number of vessels which, for that time, were of considerable size and able sea-going qualities. In 1798 two brigs and six schooners were commissioned, aggregating 1,140 tons, carrying 96 guns and 416 men.

When it was determined, in 1798, to extend hostile operations against France, to the waters of the West Indies, four fleets, under Commodores Barry, Truxton, Tingey and Decatur, United States navy, comprising in all some 20 national vessels, were formed to prey upon French commerce and destroy that nation's privateers, the above-named vessels of the revenue cutter service were placed in co-operation with the navy and sailed with the fleets, and in the summer and fall of 1799 did fine service. It was during this war that the frigate Constellation, under Commodore Truxton, captured the French frigates Insurgent, 40 guns, and Vengeance, 44 guns. During the naval operations against France 22 vessels, privateer and other, under the French flag, were captured, and of these 16 were made prizes by the revenue cutters, unaided, while they assisted in the capture of two others.

The Slave Trade.- Under the provisions of law inhibiting the slave trade, between the United States and foreign countries, the revenue cutter service, in common with the navy, took

an active part in its suppression, and in the course of its work captured many slavers and liberated an aggregate of 487 negroes.

The War of 1812.- For the enforcement of the embargo laws of 1807, Congress by the Act of 6 Jan. 1809, and another enactment of the same date, made provision for additions to the fleet of revenue cutters of 42 vessels. Following the proclamation of the President ordering all British armed vessels to leave the ports of the United States, and laying the first embargo in December 1807, to the close of the War of 1812, which ensued, the service bore an honorable and conspicuous part. Numerous and varied duties in the enforcement of the embargo laws up to the date of their repeal, and subsequently the non-intercourse act, fell to the revenue cutter service until the declaration of war, 4 June 1812, when the service entered upon an active career, to capture, burn, sink and destroy the commerce of the enemy

in co-operation with the navy. The first prize in that war was the British trading schooner Patriot, with a valuable cargo, and was captured by the revenue cutter Jefferson, Capt. William Ham, 25 June 1812, just 21 days after the declaration of war. Following this the cutters Madison and Gallatin made valuable prizes. The British privateer Dart, 14 guns, had been for some time cruising and committing depredations on our coast near Newport, R. I. On 4 Oct. 1813, the revenue cutter Vigilant, Capt. John Cahoon, having augmented his crew by a draft of some 20 men from the United States frigate President, Commodore John Rogers commanding, sailed from Newport in pursuit. Soon after coming up with the enemy he captured the vessel by boarding and conveyed the prize and prisoners to Newport. One of the most notable actions fought upon the water in the War of 1812 took place in York River, near Chesapeake Bay, on the night of 12 June 1813, when the cutter Surveyor, commanded by Capt. William Travis, succumbed after desperate resistance to superior forces from the British man-of-war Narcissus.

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During this war the revenue cutter service captured 10 merchantmen, three barges, three officers and 60 men; one privateer mounting 14 guns. The cutters Eagle, Mercury and Active did duty as scouts and on blockade service. The cutters Commodore Barry, Surveyor and Eagle were captured by the enemy, but only after hard struggles and most gallant defenses.

Neutrality Laws. The enforcement of the neutrality laws, during the European troubles from 1815 to 1823, engaged much of the attention of the service, but this duty has always been a part of the vigilant work of the service, and is no less true of the earlier years than in the operations of later times.

Nullification, 1832.- During the attempt to nullify the laws relating to the collection of revenue from imposts, by the State of South Carolina, five vessels of the revenue cutter service were ordered to Charleston Harbor, with instructions "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the customs officers of her custody until all the requirements of the law had been complied with." The silent influence exerted by the presence of this fleet

was a large factor in the solution of the difficulties which menaced peace.

Piracy. During the early years of the last century, piracy which prevailed along the Gulf Coast of our possessions acquired from France and Spain, was suppressed, chiefly by the revenue cutter service. That service waged relentless war upon the corsairs, pursued them into every bay and bayou, broke up their resorts and rendezvous, attacked and dispersed them whenever found. While engaged in this work the cutters Louisiana and Alabama were attacked off the south coast of Florida by the pirate Bravo, commanded by Jean La Farge, a lieutenant of the notorious Jean Lafitte. The Bravo was signally defeated, and carried by boarding in a hand-to-hand struggle. The rendezvous of the pirates on Breton's Island, La., was attacked by the cutters Alabama, Captain Cartigan, and Louisiana, Captain Loomis, and the resort broken up. This practically put an end to organized piracy on our Gulf Coast,

though piratical craft from Mexico, Central

America and South America, subsequently made incursions on that coast. The pirate Bolivia with its prizes Antoinette and Isabella were found by the cutter Louisiana, Captain Jackson, at the South West Pass of the Mississippi River. Jackson attacked at once, captured the Bolivia and liberated the prizes, and carried his prisoners to New Orleans. The Bolivia carried three guns and 34 men; the cutter Louisiana two guns and 16 men.

Seminole War, 1836-42. During the Florida War for the suppression of Indian troubles in that region, the revenue cutters Dallas, Washington, Dexter, Jefferson, Jackson, Madison, Campbell and Van Buren rendered valuable and conspicuous service in Florida waters, co-operating principally with the army.

The Mexican War, 1845-47.- The revenue cutter service was represented in this war by the following named cutters: Schooners Forward, Ewing, Van Buren, Wolcott, Woodbury, Morris, and steamers McLane, Legare, Spencer, Bibb and Polk. They took an active part principally in co-operation with the armies under Scott and Taylor. Some of these vessels, notoperation with the navy, in the fleet commanded ably the Forward and McLane, served in coby Commodore Conner. In the squadron of Commodore M. C. Perry, at the capture of Frontera and Tabasco, the Forward took a brilliant part.

Paraguay Expedition. In the naval expedition to Paraguay, in 1858, the steam revenue cutter Harriet Lane, seven guns, eight officers and 104 men, served in co-operation with the navy, and rendered valuable services.

Winter Cruising. The Act of Congress, approved 22 Dec. 1837, now embodied in section 1536, Revised Statutes, requires that a suitable number of public vessels shall cruise upon the coast in the severe portion of the winter weather to afford aid to distressed navigators. The work outlined in the law, now undertaken by the coast guard and always effectively performed by the revenue cutter service, is energetically maintained. As a result of the work many hundreds of lives and many million dollars' worth of property have been saved. Vessels of commerce are frequently fallen in with at sea, with sails blown away, crews frost

bitten and unable to respond to duty; they are taken in tow and to a harbor; others short of provisions and water are supplied, while others again, found stranded, are floated when possible. In short, everything possible is done for the relief and care of the distressed mariner of whatever nationality wherever found, during the hard weather on our storm-driven coast from December to April, and prompt response is always made by the service at the cry of distress at all seasons and all hours.

Life-Saving Service. This, an outgrowth of the revenue cutter service, formed part of the division of revenue cutter service prior to its organization as a separate service under the act approved 18 June 1878. On 28 Jan. 1915, the two services were again fused.

In the Civil War, 1861-65.- The service was conspicuous and valuable throughout this period from the attempted relief of Sumter in April 1861 to the close of hostilities in 1865. The Harriet Lane co-operated with the navy at the capture of the fortifications at Hatteras Inlet; the Forward rendered support and assistance to General Butler at Annapolis, Md.; the Miami covered the landing of troops at Lynn Haven Bay for the recapture of Norfolk; the cutter Naugatuck took part in the attack on Sewell's Point, led the naval fleet up the James River and participated in the bombardment of Drewry's Bluff, 15 May 1862; the Nemaha rendered efficient aid to the army and navy on the South Atlantic Coast, received on board General Sherman at Fort McAllister, Savannah, Georgia, at the end of his "march to the sea," and conIveyed him to the naval fleet below. The Forward, Brown, Agassiz, Toucy and Antietam rendered important service in the waters of North Carolina, while the Jackson, Hercules, Reliance, Tiger and Allen performed excellent service in the Chesapeake, co-operating with the naval forces in the gunboat flotilla in those

waters.

In Peace from 1867 to 1898.- The achievements of the service were numerous and varied during times of peace, and honorable, often heroic in both peace and war. It blazed the way to and through Alaska, and for many years from the date of the acquisition of that territory in 1867, except for the occasional visit of a naval vessel, was the only service to exercise authority or to display the national emblem in the waters of that coast from Sitka to Bering Sea, and the Arctic Ocean to Point Barrow. It is on guard in the waters of Alaska from early in May until late in December of every year, rendering aid to shipping, caring for the shipwrecked, and assisting to their homes the unfortunate and the destitute. Its surgeons yearly prescribed for and as far as possible aid the sick, and hardly a year goes by in which more than a thousand cases are not treated or relieved by the medical officers of our cutters in Alaskan waters. In these waters alone the service has rescued and brought home from the Arctic Circle hundreds of shipwrecked whalers, and others, who, but for the timely aid of the service, must have perished.

In the Spanish-American War, 1898. Hardly had the war commenced when the revenue steamer McCulloch, bound for San Francisco, was overhauled at Singapore, by cable, directing her to report at Hongkong to

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Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic fleet. The ship made a quick run to Hongkong, joined Dewey, and accompanied him in his Manila campaign, performed fine service, and brought to a waiting world the first news wired from Hongkong of the victory of Manila Bay. That ship, the McCulloch, remained with Dewey until November following, and incurred the very highest praise on his part.

At the battle of Cardenas, 11 May, the revenue cutter Hudson, Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, R.C.S., commanding, sustained the fight against the gunboats and shore batteries of the enemy, side by side with the naval torpedo-boat Winslow and when Ensign Bagley and half the crew of the latter-named vessel had been killed and her commander wounded, rescued from certain destruction the vessel and the balance of the crew, under the furious fire of the enemy's guns.

President McKinley made the work of the McCulloch and Hudson the subject of a special message to Congress, in terms of high commendation and praise and as a reward of merit in the case of Hodgsdon of the McCulloch (there being no higher grade in the revenue cutter service to which he could be promoted) that he be retired from active service on the full pay of his grade and in recognition of the heroic gallantry noted in the letter of the Secretary of the Navy, the bestowal of a gold medal of honor upon Lieutenant Newcomb, of the Hudson, and silver medals of honor to each of his officers and bronze medals to each of his crew. It will be noted that the only gold and silver medals bestowed by Congress for services in this war were those for officers of the revenue cutter service. There were in co-operation with the navy during this war, 13 revenue cutters carrying 61 guns, 98 officers and 562 enlisted men. Of these eight cutters (43 guns), 58 officers and 339 men were in Rear-Admiral Sampson's fleet and on the Havana blockade. One cutter, 6 guns, 10 officers and 95 men in Dewey's fleet and 4 cutters, 12 guns, 30 officers and 128 men co-operated with the navy on the Pacific Coast. Three other cutters, with 25 officers and 210 men, were ordered into co-operation, but the war closed before they were equipped or could get to the front. There were in active co-operation with the army and navy together in all 20 cutters, carrying 71 guns, 131 officers and 725 men. The services performed by the vessels of the revenue cutter service in co-operation with the navy during this war were officially acknowledged by the commanders of the fleets with which they served.

On 28 Jan. 1915 the revenue cutter and lifesaving services were merged into the coast guard. See COAST GUARD; LIFE SAVING SERVICE, THE UNITED STATES.