Q

the 17th letter of the English, Latin and other alphabets of western Europe. As in Latin so in English it is always followed by the vowel u: as in English so probably in ancient Latin qu was equal to cu or kw: q is, therefore, a superflous letter, and has no place in a scientific alphabet, save as standing for some sound differing from that of k: in A. J. Ellis's palæotype alphabet q stands for nasal ng. Some of the ancient Latin grammarians regarded Q as a contracted form of CV (that is cu); but others, and with them modern philologists, recognize in Q a modified form of the koppa of early Greek Q, derived fro mthe Phoenician alphabet. (See ALPHABET). This character occurs in very ancient Latin inscriptions; but later the down stroke was written aslant, Q, whence the form Q. Q was not employed in Anglo-Saxon writing, cw being used instead: cwen, queen; cwellan, to quell; nor was it used in early German writing, except for words borrowed from Latin; but afterward words of native Germanic origin were spelled with q: quälen, to torment; quer, athwart.

In some systems for the transliteration of the semitic languages Q is used for the Hebrew P, Arabic . The sound Qu in Germanic languages is cognate with what appears to be an unlabialized guttural in the mother tongue of the Indo-Europeans. The labialized guttural Q is often related to pure labial sounds: thus the Latin quattuor, "form," corresponds to the Oscan petora. In words borrowed from the French, such as coquette, Qu is pronounced as a simple k. Q stands for Quintus," Q. E. D. for Lat. quod erat demonstrandum, "which was to be proved"; Q. E. F. for quod erat faciendum, "which was to be done"; qr. for "quire" or "quarter"; qt. for "quart"; q.v. for Lat. quod vide, which see"; q.d. for Lat. quasi dictum, "as if said"; Q. C. for “Queen's Counsel."

QUA (kwä) BIRD. See HERONS.

QUACKENBOS, kwǎk'ĕn-bos, George Payn, American educator: b. New York, 4 Sept. 1826; d. New London, N. H., 24 July 1881. He was graduated at Columbia in 1843 and admitted to the bar. Later he abandoned law and for many years conducted a large private school in New York. He published Advanced Course of Rhetoric and Composition' (1854); School History of the United States) (1857); 'Natural Philosophy (1859), and many other once popular textbooks.

QUACKENBOS, John Duncan, American physician, son of G. P. Quackenbos (q.v.): b. New York, 22 April 1848. He was graduated from Columbia in 1866 and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1871, and has Since practised in New York. He became ad

junct professor of English at Columbia in 1884, and was professor of rhetoric in Barnard College 1891-93. He is a specialist in mental diseases and has published, among various other works, 'History of the World'; 'History of Ancient Literature'; 'Tuberculosis'; Typhoid Fever'; New England Roads and Roadside Attractions'; 'Hypnotism in Mental and Moral Culture'; 'Hypnotic Therapeutics'; 'Enemies and Evidences of Christianity'; 'Magnhild' (1919), etc.

QUACKENBUSH, kwăk en bush, Stephen Platt, American naval officer: b. Albany, N. Y., 23 Jan. 1823; d. Washington, D. C., 4 Feb. 1890. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1840, received rank as lieutenant in 1855 and lieutenant-commander in 1862. In the early part of the Civil War he had charge of the Delaware, Unadilla, Pequot, Patapsco and Mingo in the blockading squadron, covered General Burnside's army at Aquia Creek and Roanoke Island, participated in the battles of Elizabeth City and New Berne, N. C., engaged the Confederate batteries at Winton, N. C., and destroyed the town. He later took part in the engagements at Sewell's Point Landing, Wilcox Landing and Malvern Hill and received at the last-mentioned place a wound from which he lost his right leg. In 1863 he captured the Princess Royal loaded with materials for a Confederate ironclad. In 1864 while dredging Charleston Harbor for torpedoes his ship, the Patapsco, was struck by a torpedo and sunk. Later he was in command of the Mingo, protecting Georgetown, S. C. He became rearadmiral in 1884 and was retired in 1885.

QUADI, kwa'di, an ancient powerful people of southeastern Germany, of the Suevic race. They inhabited the country bounded by Mount Gabreta, the Hercynian forest, the Sarmatian Mountains and the Danube; their neighbors being the Gothini and Osi on the north, the Jazyges Metanasta on the east, the Pannonians on the south and the Marcomanni on the west. With the last-named people they were on terms of alliance. In the reign of Tiberius the Romans erected a kingdom of the Quadi; but in the reign of Marcus Aurelius the Quadi joined the great German confederacy against the empire, and in 174 were on the point of destroying the imperial legions in a great battle when a sudden storm, attributed to the prayers of the Christian soldiers in the emperor's army, enabled the Romans to recover from their confusion and achieve a complete victory. The independence of the Quadi was recognized by Commodus in 180. They disappear from history about the close of the 4th century.