only salvation for the Indian was to be found in education and the adoption of the ways of civilization. He established schools for the Indians and all his children were well educated. Two at least of his daughters married white men. After the division of the Indian lands, Parker Quana lived in a large modern house surrounded by a well-cultivated ranch. For considerably over a quarter of a century he was the most prominent member of the three allied tribes, Kiowa, Comanche and Apache, practically all of whose tribal business was in his hands. In this capacity he made several visits to Washington, where he always had the consideration of the government. He also traveled extensively throughout the United States and made a careful study of agricultural methods and of the ways of living among the whites, which he copied and taught to his people by example and precept. It was through his earnest and persistent efforts that the Indians of his tribes secured rights of citizenship.

QUANAH, Tex., city and county-seat of Hardeman County, 200 miles northwest of Dallas, on the Fort Worth and Denver City, the Saint Louis and San Francisco and the Quanah, Acme and Pacific railroads. Irrigation is carried on to a considerable extent in the vicinity, the crops being chiefly cotton, corn and wheat. Manufacturing includes flour, cement, cottonseed oil and cottonseed feed products. The town is growing in size. Pop. 3,127.

QUANTIFICATION OF THE PREDICATE, supplying to the predicate in a logical proposition a word, as "some," or "all," or "no," etc., to indicate whether the whole of it or only a part agrees with or differs from the subject. In the proposition "all metals are elements" the subject "metals" is quantified by the use of "all"; but the predicate is not quantified, and in form the proposition does not distinctly assert whether metals constitute the whole list of elements or not. But by inserting "some" before the predicate, "elements" is quantified — "all metals are some elements." It was assumed by Aristotle and was maintained by all logicians after him till Ploucquet and Lambert in the 18th century and Sir William Hamilton in the 19th, that the predicate of all affirmative propositions is "undistributed" (not taken in its universal comprehension), while the predicate of a negative proposition is always distributed. But after Sir William Hamilton had given notoriety to the doctrine of quantification, this was seen to be an error, through which an infinite number of affirmative propositions which are universal in both terms are excluded from the system of formal logic. Among the numerous changes in the theory of formal logic which follows from the adoption of the quantified predicate the most important are the reduction of the conversion of propositions from three species to one, reduction of all the general laws of categorical syllogisms to a single canon, and the abrogation of all the special laws of syllogism. But the doctrine of the quantification of the predicate has never been generally adopted in the exposition of formal logic, on the ground that there is no proposition that cannot be dealt with under the Aristotelian forms, and that quantification does not really simplify the theory of logic. present both the old Aristotelian-formed logic

At

57

and the logic of quantification have been supplanted by the symbolic logic. See LOGIC, SYMBOLIC.

QUANTITY, in the language of Mathematics, is whatever can be measured: space, time, weight, number, force, etc., are quantities. Quantities are represented in mathematics by symbols, and these too are called quantities. In algebra quantities are distinguished as known and unknown, real and imaginary, constant and variable, rational and irrational. For the meaning of these terms, see ALGEBRA, DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS; VARIABLE QUANTITIES. A simple quantity is expressed by a single term, as a or b; a compound quantity is one expressed by two or more terms connected by the sign of plus (+) or minus (-). Quantities having the plus sign prefixed are called positive or affirmative; those with the minus sign prefixed are called negative quantities. Similar quantities are such as consist of the same letters, and the same powers of the letters, as abc, -2abc, +4abc, etc. Logic, quantity is the extent to which the predicate in a proposition is asserted of the subject: when the predicate is affirmed of the whole of the subject the proposition is a universal one, as in the example "all metals are elements" but when the predicate is affirmed only of a part of the subject, as in "some metals are brittle," the proposition is called a particular one. See OPPOSITION. In Grammar and Prosody, quantity is the measure of a syllable, or the time in which it is pronounced. In Music, quantity is the relative duration of a tone.

In

QUANTRELL, William, American guerrilla: d. Kentucky, 1864. His depredations first became widely known when he raided Lawrence, Kan., destroying 185 buildings, killing 140 inhabitants and leaving the town completely devastated. His operations were then continued through western Missouri and eastern Kansas, but upon his extending his ravages to Kentucky in 1864 he was outwitted and killed. QUANZA,

a river of Africa. See

KWANZA.
QUAPAW (kwä'pą) INDIANS. See
SIQUAN.

QUAQUAVERSAL FOLD. See FOLDS. QUARANTINE, a stated period (formerly 40 days) during which a ship coming from a port suspected of contagion, or having a contagious sickness on board, is forbidden intercourse with the place at which it arrives. Quarantine was first introduced at Venice in the 14th century, is now required in almost every important country except Great Britain. In the United States quarantine enactments were passed by the colonial legislatures and afterward for many years by the States. The first national quarantine act was passed 23 Feb. 1799, requiring Federal officers to aid in the execution of State or municipal quarantine regulations. On 29 April 1878, a national quarantine act was passed. On 3 March 1883, $100,000 was appropriated for maintaining quarantine points along the coast. On 1 Sept. 1892, owing to the presence of cholera, President Harrison proclaimed a 20 days' quarantine of New York. By law it is made a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, for the master, pilot or owner of any vessel entering a port of

58

the United States in violation of the act, or regulations framed under it. During the period of quarantine, all the goods, clothing, etc., that might be supposed capable of retaining infection are subjected to a process of disinfection, which is a most important part of the quarantine system.

From 7 Nov. 1896, the system of quarantine ceased to exist in Great Britain, so far as regards the British Islands. The Quarantine Act of 1825 required that quarantine should be imposed on all vessels coming to the British Islands from places from which "the plague or other infectious disease or distemper highly dangerous to the health of his Majesty's subjects" might be brought; but in recent years this act has applied only to the plague and yellow fever, and has not often been used. Vessels arriving from infected places or carrying goods, etc., from such places, were required to be kept at some safe distance from the shore and from other ships - all their passengers and crew being detained on board-until all danger of spreading infection was considered to have passed. Healthy persons were thus exposed to the risk of taking any disease there might be on the ship.

In some places quarantine establishments were maintained for receiving persons from suspected vessels, but most of these were long since abolished, and latterly the only receiving ships were some old hulks at the Motherbank in the Solent. These were maintained by the Privy Council, on whom devolved the administration of the Quarantine Acts. Orders in Council prescribed the system of quarantine. By the Public Health Act of 1875, the defense of the country against cholera was placed in the hands of the Local Government Board, and regulations were issued by that board for the purpose. Instead of quarantining the entire crew of an infected or suspected vessel, the method adopted consisted in the medical inspection of the persons on board, and the separation and detention of those who were suffering from cholera or who were suspected of being infected. All others were permitted to leave the ship, but were traced and watched by the local authorities. Infected articles on board were to be disinfected or destroyed.

Quarantine has long been considered ineffective against the introduction of disease, besides being a source of much danger to those who were compulsorily detained under the system. The sanitary ideas of our day favor the less showy but safer methods long used in England in case of cholera.

In the United States under the law of 28 March 1890, known as the Interstate Quarantine Act, the supervising surgeon-general of the Marine Hospital Service is charged with preparing the rules and regulations, under direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, necessary to prevent the introduction of certain contagious discases from one State to another, and he has also supervision of the medical inspection of alien immigrants, which under the law of 3 March 1891 is conducted by the medical officers of the Marine Hospital Service. Under the Act of 15 Feb. 1893, he is charged with the framing of regulations for the prevention of the introduction of contagious diseases and the prevention of their spread, and he is also charged with

the conduct of the quarantine service of the United States. He has the direction of laboratories established to investigate the cause of contagious diseases, and publishes each week, under the title of Public Health Reports,' sanitary reports received from all parts of the United States and (through the State Department) from all foreign countries. Consult 'Quarantine in the Maritime Cities of the United States,' New York Acad. of Med. (1913).

QUARITCH, kwär'ich, Bernard, English bookseller: b. Worbis, Prussian Saxony, 23 April 1819; d. Hampstead, Middlesex, 17 Dec. 1899. In 1839-42 he was employed in a publishing house in Berlin, and in 1846 established himself in London. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1847, and in that year issued his first book catalogue, a single leaf. In 1848 he began issuing a monthly catalogue, which in 1854-64 was printed as a regular periodical under the title 'The Museum. His business increased rapidly and he became known as an authority on rare and valuable books of all classes. For 30 years he practically controlled the rare book market, attending in person or by proxy every important book auction in England and America. His catalogues are remarkable productions, the first large one being published under the title Bibliotheca Xylographica, Typographica et Palæographica' (1873) and afterward reissued from time to time with valuable additions, the last complete catalogue being the 'General Catalogue of Old Books and Manuscripts (1887-88, index 1892, 7 vols.) and increased by supplements in 1894 and 1897.

QUARLES, kwârlz, Francis, English poet: b. near Romford, Essex, 1592; d. London, 8 Sept. 1644. He was educated at Cambridge and before 1629 went to Dublin as private secretary to Archbishop Ussher. In 1639 he was appointed chronologer to the city of London and at the opening of the civil wars wrote a work entitled "The Loyal Convert.' Of the works of Quarles, in prose and verse, the most celebrated is his 'Divine Emblems,' a set of designs illustrated by verses. A great part of them are borrowed from the 'Emblems' of Hermanus Hugo, but the verses are his own. His Enchiridion of Meditations) (1641) is a collection of brief essays and aphorisms, in vigorous and occasionally eloquent language.

QUARRYING. Although there are at this time in the United States about 3,000 quarries in operation, with an annual product valued at above $75,000,000, the quarrying industry has not kept pace with modern tendency and progress toward cheaper production. In building operations revolutionary changes have come about in the last few years in the erection of steel buildings and the manufacture of terra cotta and clay products, while quarrying has been, generally speaking, stationary. The natural result of this has been a large increase in the use of the cheaper substitute materials for general bridge and building work, where the natural preference would have been for stone as an ideal and more permanent material, but for its prohibitive cost. As the rapid increase in the use of these other building materials is the direct result of the use of modern methods and machinery to the elimination of hand labor

in the greatest degree, it follows that in this direction also lies the continued prosperity of the stone business. As a compromise between the minute subdivisions devised by scientists and the extremely general and often erroneous classification of quarrymen, the following division may be adopted for quarrying operations ent

Limestones and Dolomites. The sedimentary and bedded rocks, composed essentially of lime carbonate, or the mixed carbonates of lime and magnesia, the latter receiving the specific title of dolomite. Such have been found to pass into each other by insensible gradations, certain quarries producing at the same time material which, if classed on purely chemical grounds, would be relegated to both divisions. Limestones may also carry a considerable percentage of quartz, when they are called silicious limestones. When clayey, they are called argillaceous limestones.

Marble.- Including stones identical in composition with those noted under limestones and dolomites, but which through crystallization and other changes, mainly physical, have come to possess properties rendering them desirable for high-grade building or ornamental work. The marbles of New York, recently brought to light by The Adirondack Lumber and Mineral Corporation, for instance, are largely limestone, while those in Massachusetts, Berkshire County, are largely dolomite. With the marbles are also included a small series of serpentine rocks, which are likewise utilized for decorative purposes.

Sandstones and Quartzites.- Rocks composed essentially of sands cemented together with silica or with silica and iron oxide, being made over, as it were, from the detritus of pre-existing rocks. Those classed as quartzites are sandstones which have been rendered more or less crystalline through the deposition of silica between the original sand particles, as in the case with the jasper of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, or the Potsdam sandstone of Saint Lawrence County, New York. The tuffs and other volcanic fragmental rocks and the bluestones are also here included.

Silica Sand.- Silica or silicious sand includes not only sand suitable for the manufacture of glass, but also a large quantity designated as engine and furnace sand. It exists in several States as a sandstone, requiring crushing and screening; as a stone that readily disintegrates when exposed to the action of the elements and needs only washing or burning to reduce the amount of organic matter and other impurities. On account of their use in industry as sand, they are discussed under that title.

Siliceous Crystalline Rocks.— Here are included the true granites and syenites, together with trappean rocks, such as are often designated as black granites; the gneisses or socalled striped or bastard granites; the mica schists; and melaphyre, basalt, andesite, syenite, elæolite, diabase, gabbro, norite, lisparite, diorite and other volcanic rocks.

Slate. Including argillaceous rocks, which, through the process of shearing and incidental chemical activity, have undergone a partial metamorphism, resulting in the development of a pronounced tendency to split along certain planes, which may or may not be parallel with the original bedding, into thin sheets suitable

Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone,
Slate.

Dolomite, Granite, Onyx, Marble, Sand-
stone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic
Rocks and Tuffs.

Eleolite, Syenite, Granite, Limestone,
Marble, Sandstone, Slate.

Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone,
Slate, Trappean Rocks, Verd-Antique
Marble, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.
Granite, Limestone, Marble, Quartzite,
Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic
Rocks and Tuffs.

Diabase, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Verd-Antique 9 Marble, 012

Marble.

Gabbro, Gneiss, Limestone, Quartzite, Serpentine.

Limestone (shell and oolitic).

Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble,
Sandstone,
Verd-Antique

Slate,

Dolomite, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.

Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone.brsti Dolomite, Granite, Sandstone, Lime

stone.

Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone.

Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone.7

Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone.
Dolomite, Limestone, Sandstone.
Limestone, Sandstone.

Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone,
Slate, Trappean Rocks, Verd-An-
tique Marble.

Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Slate, Verd-Antique Marble.

Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Slate, Trappean Rocks, Verd-Antique Marble.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Slate.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone,

Quartzite, Sandstone, Slate.

Limestone, Sandstone.

Diabase, Dolomite, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.

Dolomite, Sandstone, Limestone.

Dolomite, Granite, Limestone, Marble,

Sandstone, Slate, Trappean Rocks,
Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.

Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Slate.
Diabase, Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite,
Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Slate.
Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone,
Rocks, Verd-Antique
Trappean
Marble, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.
Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone,
Marble, Norite, Sandstone, Slate,
Trappean Rocks, Verd-Antique

Marble.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Serpentine, Slate, Trappean Rocks.

Dolomite, Sandstone, Limestone. Dolomite, Sandstone, Limestone. Dolomite, Sandstone, Limestone. Dolomite, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.

Diabase, Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Slate, Serpentine.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone.

Limestone, Quartzite, Sandstone.

Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone,

Slate.

60

STATE OR TERRITORY

Texas..

Utah.

Vermont.

Virginia. Washington...

West Virginia.....

Wisconsin
Wyoming..

Present and prospective resources

Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone,
Slate, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic
Rocks and Tuffs.
Granite, Limestone, Marble, Onyx,
Marble, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks,
Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.
Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone,
Marble, Slate, Verd-Antique Marble.
Diabase, Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite,

Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Slate. Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Verd-Antique Marble, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs. Calcareous Tufa, Limestone, Sandstone, Travertine.

Dolomite, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Sandstone.

Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone, Trappean Rocks, Volcanic Rocks and Tuffs.

In the earlier days of the stone industry hand methods were employed almost exclusively in the work of quarrying and dressing. The past 25 years has, however, witnessed the introduction of machinery and consequent changes. The old method of drilling and blasting, formerly applied to all classes of rocks, is now done away with, excepting in the very hardest and toughest of materials, or where, in the case of granite and trappean rocks, the material is to be utilized only for roads. Even where drilling and blasting are now resorted to, it is the custom to drill a series of holes on the line along which it is desired the stone shall break; these holes are then charged somewhat lightly with a slow-burning black powder and fired simultaneously. In this way the force of the explosion is delivered along a considerable surface and the danger of shattering the material through the sudden jar is reduced to a minimum. This process is at present largely limited to granite rocks which are too hard to be quarried by means of channeling machines.

Plug and Feather Work. In quarries where good breaks require that the splitting strain be exerted well down in the ledge, experience has shown that the best method for getting out the material is usually the plug and feather system, in which a series of holes from one and one-quarter to two inches in diameter and of a depth from two-thirds to the full thickness of the sheet are drilled at intervals depending upon the character of the stone and its manner of cleavage. Two feathers - flat pieces of steel rounded on one side to fit the curve of the drill hole- are placed at the sides of the hole and the long-tapered wedge-shaped plug driven down between them. The material splits away in fairly regular blocks which must be otherwise cut to size by hand. The plug and feather method is still extensively in use for splitting large blocks of granite and marble. Holes three inches deep and five-eighths inch in diameter will serve for splitting blocks three feet deep and five-inch holes three-quarter inch in diameter for six-foot blocks. For marble and sandstone the holes have to be slightly deeper. In soft material such as sandstone, a drill mounted on the usual tripod finds frequent use, and this is far superior to hand methods, still in certain classes of work a drill mounted on a quarry bar will do much more and better work.

The advantages of the quarry bar are that all the holes are drilled to double length, intermediate ones being shallow. The lower half of the deep holes is drilled with a smaller drill bit so as to alternate the plug strain top and bottom and control the break by skillful sledging. In some instances compressed air at a pressure of 70 to 100 pounds is piped into the drill holes to extend a crack already started.

The wedges of the short hole tend to split along the top and those of the long hole split along the bottom, thus distributing the pressure and tending to split the stone in a clean, smooth plane and largely avoiding any tendency to run off. This distribution of splitting strains is to be worked out by experience in the peculiarities of the different ledges. The wedges or plugs need not in all cases be of a length equal to the depth of the holes. In some marble quarries, plug holes only five-eighths inch in diameter are put clear through the blocks, sometimes 10 feet deep, to weaken the line and ensure a straight break, the plugs, however, being shorter. This operation is much simplified by the use of the hammer-drill actuated by steam or compressed

air.

Broaching. In granite and other hard stones holes must be placed closer together and, as a rule, splitting across the grain is abandoned in favor of broaching. In this system, a series of holes is drilled, usually about three inches apart from centre to centre, leaving walls of three-quarters inch to two inches between, depending upon the hardness of the rock, and a flat bit or "broach" is substituted for the regular steel. This has a face about three inches by three-quarters inch thick and is forged with a blunt end to crush this wall or web between the holes. Drills used for broaching must have the release which is a simple device to throw the pawls out of action and allow the drill to work without rotating. Broach channeling is the best and cheapest method of cutting out key blocks, lumps, and making wall cuts, etc., in granite quarries, where the rock is too hard to be cut advantageously with the regular channeling machine.

Channeling Machines.- Channeling maIchines are utilized in the case of rocks of the nature of marble, limestone and the softer sandstone, since they would be liable to injury through blasting and since it is desired to remove the materials from the quarry bed with a minimum amount of waste and in such size and shape that they may be cut into suitable dimensions. The Wardwell channeling machine, the earliest in use, has given way to the direct-acting stone channeling machine, the design of which was based upon the conviction that the same principles which had made the IngersollSergeant drill famous would, properly applied, give the best results in cutting a channel. It was believed that the direct-acting machine possessed points of decided advantage over the slow, cumbersome diamond and lever types of rock-cutting machinery of that day. Although certain shortcomings appeared in the first models, still it is an interesting fact that some of these first machines are in service to-day after more than 15 years of continuous use and are still doing good work. The success of these pioneer types demonstrated beyond question the merit of the direct-acting principle

now everywhere conceded as the correct one and it remained only to develop to the utmost the details of mechanical construction.

This machine is primarily suited for the heaviest work and the deepest cuts, in open quarries of limestone, sandstone, slate and other materials, where the output is in dimension stone. In this service it has found its greatest field in making the long, deep, longitudinal cuts which are preliminary to further breaking by the plug and feather method. It has found another valuable field of application in certain classes of heavy contracting work, such as rock excavation for canals and reservoirs.

The channeling machine is mounted on a self-propelling carriage or truck which runs on a track from 10 to 30 feet in length. If it has but one cylinder drill it is called a simplex machine; if two, a duplex machine. The stroke is about 10 inches and 250 blows are delivered per minute. The bits are usually used in gangs of three or five, set at varying angles, if the stone is uniform in texture. If uneven a single bit is used. In the usual quarrying operations the stone is channeled on two sides of a rectangle and then split off by wedges. In some instances it is channeled on three sides and also undercut at the bottom by a horizontal channeler called a "gadder." The average cut with these channeling machines is from 8 to 16 feet in depth, depending upon the nature of the stone. The gauge or width of the cut will depend upon the final depth sought. It may be from one and one-half to four inches at the start, reducing to a width of one and oneeighth inches with the last steels. The length of the channel is limited only by the length of track which can be used. Cutting speeds vary with the quality of rock and the handling of the machine. There are cases on record where the machine channeled faces aggregating 700 square feet in 10 hours in oölitic limestone, during part of which time over 100 square feet per hour was cut. In Ohio sandstone of medium hardness, 260, 280 and 300 square feet per day of 10 hours have been channeled and these rates are being maintained as an average by the month. The average cost in this case runs from two and one-half cents to three and one-half cents per square foot cut. When channeling is done on two sides of a block the bulk of stone taken out is about three and one-third cubic feet for each square foot of face channeled. Where the machine is used on three sides, the average product is two and one-half cubic feet per square foot of channeling. The extra cost of machine work is soon recouped, as in blasting out rough rock fully 20 per cent of the bulk is lost, being outside of the dimensions, and hence not paid for.

Helicoidal Saws.- Experiments with the so-called helicoidal saw for quarrying the softer rocks, as limestone and marble, have met with considerable success in the larger limestone quarries of the Middle West. The large amount of labor necessary for putting the saw in position and the waste involved in cutting out the corners in which the pulleys are run weighty disadvantages, but where long cuts can be made-30 to 100 feet, this "saw" is very profitable. The "saw" consists of a threestrand twisted iron-wire rope, generally onefourth of an inch in diameter, running over

are

61

sliding pulleys and fed continually with abrasive material such as sand or grains of chilled iron. It is necessary in working on bedrock to sink well holes for the 20-inch pulleys on which the saw runs. It is more commonly used for making vertical cuts. With a new thin model of pulley wheels the use of this saw is increasing.

After the stone is removed from the quarry bed it is worked into the desired shape and size by a process dependent largely upon the hardness of the stone. Formerly a block after being reduced to an approximately rectangular form by means of hand plug and feather splitting was still further reduced by pitching tools, followed when necessary by such implements as the point, ax, peak-hammer and bush-hammer. Pneumatic tools are gradually replacing these hand implements. Pneumatic surfacing machines, lathes and planers are now in use at the larger quarries. Indeed, the production of cylindrical columns by the old hand method has been almost entirely superseded by the use of lathes similar to those used in turning metals. Except on the harder stone, like granite and quartzite, saws are extensively used for dividing up material into rectangular masses and slabs where smooth, even surfaces are desired.

Electricity in Quarrying.- The quarrying industry to-day constitutes an important field for the application of electric current, and the subject has become so important as to create a literature and a technology of its own, for many of the problems involved are such as do not arise in connection with other work. The flexibility of electric circuits and the general adaptability of electric power have led to a wide range of applications, some of which are still in the experimental stage. Motors and other necessary equipment have been designed for special requirements. Beginning with a small direct current station and leading up to a complete high tension transmission and converting system, the use of electricity in mining and quarrying is very similar to its application to street railway work. Special motors for the equipment of mine locomotives have been designed to meet the peculiar conditions confronted in mining and quarry work. A recent application is that of the gathering locomotive which is to a great extent replacing animal haulage completely. This locomotive is equipped with a reel and cable, supplying power to it when gathering cars from rooms where no trolley is installed and where wooden rails are used. Standard motors are applicable to and are largely used on hoists, ventilating fans and drainage pumps.

The transmission of power over long distances by polyphase alternating current is one of the most notable and important developments in electricity. It has been a chief factor in the marvelous development of the Far West. Much of the progress in the country west of the Rockies is directly traceable to the use of electricity which, in many cases, generated at a distant waterfall, is transmitted to commercial centres where the power can be used as desired. The development of the gasoline engine and its adaptation to the air compressor provide the quarryman with a cheap and effective power even in isolated locations. The success of a