main result of this movement was philosophical and æsthetic, though it led to some important results in the way of historical investigations. Heine, Immermann, Freytag and von Scheffel all exhibit the characteristic Romanticist fondness for the picturesque and the medieval. Another group of men - Uhland, the brothers Grimm, von Arnim, J. Görres and Brentano, who represent a more distinctly literary movement with strong national characteristics are often called the younger Romanticists, whose centre of activity was at Heidelberg, where their organ, the Zeitung für Einsiedler, was published.

Romanticism in France. We have seen that Rousseau may in a sense be called one of the earliest Romanticists. As a result of the Revolution and the prolonged Napoleonic wars, literature received little attention in France during the years that were most fruitful in Germany and England. Chateaubriand and Mme. de Staël are sometimes said to be the forerunners of Romanticism in France. But the tradition of classicism was strongly intrenched, and even Victor Hugo at first adhered to this standard. But in 1826 in the 'Odes and Ballads, and in the following year in the preface to the play entitled 'Cromwell,' he declared his allegiance to Romanticism, and at once became the leader in a new cause into which he threw himself with all the fervor of his enthusiastic nature. Besides Hugo, the principal French Romanticists are Alf. de Musset, Ch. Nodier, George Sand, Th. Gautier and Balzac.

Bibliography.-Royce, 'The Spirit of Modern Philosophy (New York 1892), Lecture 6; Brandes, George, The Romantic School in Germany) (1902); Die romantische Schule in Frankreich (1897); Gautier, Th., 'Histoire du romantisme (Paris 1872); Hegel, 'Aesthetik,' (see Sections on Classical Art and Romantic Art; English translations by W. M. Bryant, and in abridged form by B. Bosanquet, London 1886); Hedge, F. H., Classic and Romantic' (in volume entitled 'Martin Luther and Other Essays, 1888); Heine, H., 'Die romantische Schule (1833; Eng. trans. 1882); Boyesen, H. H., 'Essays on German Literature) (1892); Beers, H. A., A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century) (New York 1899); 'A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century) (New York 1901).

JAMES E. CREIGHTON, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Cornell University.

ROMANUS I, rō-ma'nŭs, Lecapenus, Byzantine emperor: d. Island of Protea, 948. He served in the imperial navy, and was in command of the Byzantine fleet on the Danube in 917, when hearing of the defeat of the army at Achelous, he at once set sail for Constantinople. His designs on the throne were furthered by his popularity with his sailors and the people, and after the marriage of his daughter, Helena, to Constantine VII he rose steadily in power, and in 919 was crowned colleague with his son-in-law. He exercised so much influence over the latter as to make him the real ruler until 944, when Constantine, aided by the sons of Romanus, caused him to be carried off to the island of Protea, where he was forced to become a monk, while Constantine was proclaimed sole emperor.

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ROMBERG, Moritz Heinrich, German pathologist and neurologist: b. Meiningen, 11 Nov. 1795; d. Berlin, 17 Jan. 1873. He was educated at Berlin and at Bonn. He became priva docent at Berlin in 1828, lecturer there in 1830, and from 1840 until his death he was professor of pathology and therapy. He made important contributions to knowledge of the nervous system, several of his discoveries being named for him. In methods of diagnosis of nervous diseases he made notable progress, which is detailed in his "Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten (1840-46; Eng. trans., Sievekind, E. H., 'A Manual of the Nervous Diseases of Man, 1853).

(1)

Pop.

ROMBLON, rôm-blōn', Philippines. A province consisting of a group of islands in the Visayan Sea, lying east of Mindoro and south of Luzon; they are near the centre of the archipelago, and the most northern islands of the Visayan group; area, 515 square miles. The northern islands of the group form with the islands of Mindoro and Marindique clear, deep channels, much frequented by Philippine boats; the islands are also indented with wellsheltered inlets and bays. The majority of the inhabitants of the province are Visayans; some Negritos are found on the island of Tablas, and Manguianes in Tablas and Romblón. Civil government was established in 1901. 55,339. The islands_constituting the province are as follows: (a) Bantón, the most northerly island of the group; the surface is rugged except in the southeast; the soil is sterile and few crops are raised; the chief industry is the mining of gypsum, an excellent quality of which is found; area, 11 square miles; (b) Carabao, the most southern island of the province; its chief physical characteristic is a central cone-shaped summit, from which the land slopes regularly to the sea; it is heavily wooded, but not inhabited; area, 19 square miles; (c) Dos Hermanas, two islets of rock, separated by a channel two miles in width; area, one square mile; (d) Maestre de Campo, the most western island of the province; it is circular in shape and mountainous with steep shores; it contains one small village on the east shore; area, three square miles; (e) Romblón, the third island in size, giving its name to the group on account of central location and mineral wealth; (f) Sibuyán, the second largest and most eastern island of the group (see SIBUYÁN), and (g) Tablas, the largest island (see TABLAS).

(2) An island of the province of Romblón, lying midway between Sibuyán and Tablas, on the route of steamers passing through San Bernardino Strait and Verde Passage; area, 50 square miles. A central mountain range traverses the island from north to south, with spurs extending toward east and west. The chief occupation of the people is cattle raising; valuable deposits of quartz, marble and slate are found and quarried; the marble is exported in large quantities. This island is the seat of government for the province.

(3) Pueblo, capital of the province of Romblón, situated on the northwestern coast of the island of Romblón, the largest town of the province; it has an excellent harbor, one of the best of the Visayan group, and is the commercial center of the island. It has some old

fortifications originally built to defend it from pirates. Pop. 6,764.

ROME, Ga., city and county-seat of Floyd County, picturesquely situated at the junction of the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers, which at this point form the Coosa River. It is situated 72 miles northwest of Atlanta, 195 miles northeast of Selma, Ala., and 73 miles southwest of Chattanooga. Rome is on the Central Railroad of Georgia, the Southern Railway, the Western and Atlantic, and the Rome and Northern, the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis railroads. Both the Coosa and Oostanaula rivers are navigable. Rome has many modern business blocks, handsome churches and public buildings. Shorter University for Women is here located. It also has a United States post office and courthouse, opera-house, fine school buildings, municipal and library buildings, and national and State banks. There is a large and increasing trade here in cotton manufacturing and general merchandise. In the city and contiguous thereto are numerous cotton mills, planing mills, furniture factories, iron foundries, plow and scale works, ice mill, cottonseed oil mill, sash and door factories, tanneries, twine works, brickyards, sewer pipe works, tents, awnings, boxes and crates, mattresses and other smaller industries. The assessed property valuation of Rome is over $6,000,000. Rome was incorporated as a city in 1847 and is governed on the commission plan since 1915. It has an electric light plant and waterworks and a street railway system. Pop. 14,146.

ROME, the capital of the Roman republic and empire, the Holy See, and of the kingdom of Italy since 1871, is in 41° 53′ 54′′ N. latitude (more than a degree further north than New York City) and 12° 28′ 50′′ E. longitude from Greenwich. Pop. about 539,000. Its nearness to the Mediterranean on the south and the Apennines on the east strongly influence its climate. The average temperature in winter is 4912° F. and in summer 742° F. Snow, ice and frost are infrequent. Foreigners regard the summer as rather oppressive, but as there is both a mountain and a sea breeze the nights are reasonably comfortable except in July. The Tramontana wind from the Alps is bracing but The menacing to those not warmly clad. sirocco from the African desert is enervating and productive of nervous disorders a fact recognized by the old law in Rome and held "an attending circumstance" in cases of crimes of blood. The city is efficiently drained by means of some of the ancient cloace and by modern culverts; intramural burial is no longer practised; the streets are well cleaned; the plumbing is of the best type; slaughter-houses have been abolished and the abattoir substituted; meat, fruit and vegetables are rigidly inspected, and in all respects the sanitation has been so careful that the death rate has been reduced from 30 to 19 in the thousand. The Acqua Marcia (built 140 B.C.; restored 1869) brings water from the Sabine Mountains, a distance of 56 miles. Although strongly impregnated with lime, the water is pure and excellent.

The city is situated on both sides of the Tiber about 16 miles from its contact with the sea, surrounded by the Campagna, the vast prairie stretching from the Mediterranean to

the Alban Mountains and the Sabine Hills, the granary of Rome and the grazing country from which are drawn, in large part, its supplies of meat, milk and butter. Measured by its extent, but a small part of the city is on the right bank of the river. This Transtiberine part — in two sections, the Borogo and the Trastevere — extends over the low ground beneath the Vatican Hill, north of the ancient Janiculum. This eminence is crowned by the Vatican, the residence of the popes, the largest palace in the world, containing more than a thousand rooms, halls and chapels, and covering more than 13 acres. The Vatican, the Lateran and the Castello Gandolfo are outside of civic jurisdiction.

South of the Vatican is Saint Peter's, on the site of Caligula's circus, the scene of the torture of Christians by Nero. This chief shrine of Roman Catholicism (described hereafter) is the largest church in the world and occupies nearly four acres. It had its beginning as a basilica erected by Constantine. In the course of its development it came under the creative genius of Michelangelo and received from him its most striking feature, the great dome. Saint Peter's tomb is under the high altar.

The Rome on the right bank of the Tiber is of modern development and is the home of the working class, by speech and appearance somewhat differentiated from the people of the Rome of the left bank. The Tiber enters the city from the north and issues from it at the southwestern base of the Aventine eminence. In its course of three or four miles it is spanned by 11 bridges.

Modern Rome on the left bank occupies the plain anciently known as the Campus Martius, north of the seven hills of the regal and republican city. The Piazzo del Popolo is to Rome, in a measure, what the Place de l'Etoile is to Paris. From it radiate great arteries of distribution of the city's out-door throng and traffic. The chief of these is the Corso Umberto I, called simply the Corso, leading, along the western base of the Pincio, to the Capitoline and to a panoramic view of ancient Rome beyond the hill. It is the successor of the ancient Via Lata and is continued north of the city by the Via Flaminia. The Via Fernandino di Savoia runs due west from the piazza, crosses the Tiber at the Ponta Margherita (the northermost bridge within the city) and is continued by the Cola di Rienzi to the Vatican. The Via di Ripetta, passing southward from the Piazza del Popolo, parallels the river and unites with the Via della Scrofa where the Senate sits, in the Palazzo Madama. The Via del Babuino leaves the Piazza del Popolo on the left or east side of the Corso and ends at the Piazza di Spagna and the English quarter, into which the Scala di Spagna descends (137 steps) from the SS. Trinità de' Monti. From this Piazza the Via del Babuino continues to the Quirinal and thence, through a tunnel, to the Esquiline.

The Piazza di Venezia, in which the Corso terminates, is the tramway centre of the city. On the southern side of this square is the imposing monument to Victor Emmanuel II, after designs by the late Count Sacconi, rising in the centre of a colonnaded platform to a height of more than 200 feet. The platform is approached by massive flights of steps. The

monument was a quarter of a century building and cost about 25,000,000 francs. From the Piazza di Venezia the broad Via Nazionale runs a general course northeast between the Quirinal and the Viminal Hills to the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, a minute's walk from the railway station (Stazione di Termini), opposite the Baths of Diocletian. In the reverse direction this great street is continued under the names of the Via del Plebiscito and the Corso Vittorio Emanuele westward to the Tiber op→ posite the Villa Barberini. In a fairly accurate way it is the boundary between the area of ancient Rome and that of the modern city on the left bank of the river. Important streets south of this line are the Via Cavour and the Via Alessandrina, which pass the site of the Forum of Vespasian; the Via S. Teodoro (the Vicus Tuscus), traversing the ancient Velabrum; the Via dei Cerchi between the Palatine and Aventine, running through the site of the Circus Maximus, and the Via di Porta S. Sebastiano, touching the tomb of the Scipios and the arch of Drusus, and ending at the ancient gate to the Appian Way. Other_important squares and streets: the Piazza Barberini adjacent to the Palace; the Piazza Colonna in the centre of the city, with a column of Marcus Aurelius, and nearby the Piazza di Monti Citoria, on which stand the Chamber of Deputies and other government offices; the Piazza San Pietro with its artistic colonnade, in front of Saint Peter's, and the Vatican; the Piazza di Navona with a fountain and two churches; the Piazza del Campidoglio in front of the Capitol, having the perfect equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated as winning Michelangelo's special regard; the Piazza di S. Agnese, a martyred saint; the Piazza di Navonna, containing the famous statue, a noble Greek work of Pasquino (hence the term "Pasquinades") where for a long time satires of the day, directed against the Pope or nobility and prevalent follies, were posted; the Piazza di Montanari, where from time immemorial peasants contracted with landowners for the season's farm-work; and in the new quarter, embracing the Esquiline, Viminale and a portion of the Pincian Hill, besides the Independenza, are the Piazza di Dante, Vittorio Emanuele, Esquilino, Guglielmo Pepe, etc.

Before the railroad was built most travelers entered Rome by the Porta del Popolo, at the northern extremity of the city and but a short distance from the piazza of that name. Those bound for Tuscany depart thence along the Via Flaminia. Just outside is the Villa Borghese, officially styled Villa Umberto Primo since its purchase and transfer to the city as a public park.

The Porta Pinciana is less than a mile east of this gate, and the Porta Pia is a half mile still further on, along the Corso d'Italia. The Via Venti Settembre begins at the Porta Pia, near which the Italian troops entered Rome Sept. 20, 1870, and runs to the heart of the city near the Quirinal. From this gate the Via Nomentana leads across the Anio to Mons Sacer, where the plebeians took refuge during the secession movement which ended in the recognition of popular rights. A mile south is Porta San Lorenzo, the ancient Tiburtina, from which excursions leave Rome for Tivoli.

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Along a lane inside the wall, going south across the railroad, one reaches the Porta Maggiore, which was originally an archway in the Acqua Claudia (A.D. 52), which brought_water from Subiaco, 42 miles from Rome. Palestrina is reached from the gate over the ancient Praenestina. The Porta S. Giovanni is the gate of departure from Naples, and the Porta S. Sebastiano, the southernmost gate of the city, is the porte of departure for the tombs and other places of interest along the historic Appian Way.

Government. The government of Rome is administered by a communal council, a municipal council and a syndic. The municipal council is a modified board of public works and the syndic is the administrative chief; both are elected by the communal council from the membership of that body. The syndic is a member of the government. The executive power of the state belongs exclusively to the sovereign and is applied by ministers, of whom there are 13, one without portfolio: The Interior, Foreign Affairs, the Colonies, Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Treasury, Finance, War, Marine, Public Instruction, Public Works, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and Posts and Telegraphs. The legislative authority is the joint concern of king and Parliament. Parliament consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, the former composed of the princes of the royal house, who are over 21 (they may not vote until they are 25 years of age), and of an unlimited number of members over 40 who are nominated for life by the king. The total membership usually exceeds 400. The House of Deputies has a larger membership, now somewhat more than 500. The number is determined by the population - one deputy to every thousand. The Parliament sits in the Camera de' Deputati, in the Piazza Colonna. The Quirinal Palace is the residence of the royal family and the chief government bureaus are on the Quirinal Hill or near by.

Religion, Churches, etc.- The Roman Catholic Church is in name the ruling religion, but church and clergy are subordinate to the civil government, which guarantees freedom of worship. The law of 1873 abolished the legal status of religious corporations, and they cannot hold property. The revenue from lands destined for charity or schools is now administered by the city, and by each commune; the income from monastic parish church property in Rome belongs to the parish churches, and that from property of foreign religious orders in Rome -about $80,000-goes to the Holy See. Saint Peter's and its precincts, the Vatican Palace and Saint John Lateran belong to the jurisdiction of the popes. More than 95 per cent of the population of Italy is Catholic. Rome is a city of churches. Any good guide book records more than a hundred as worthy of a visit. Among those of most ancient foundation still in use are Santa Pudenziana, traditionally the oldest, dating from Saint Peter's establishment of a place of worship in the house of Pudens; S. Maria, in Transtevere, founded in the beginning of the 3d century; San Paolo, Fuore le Mura, on the spot where Saint Paul suffered martydrom, S. Agnese, and S. Lorenzo Fuore, all credited to Constantine. Saint Peter's, of course, ranks first among Roman churches. It

was founded by Constantine on the site of the Circus of Caligula, where Saint Peter suffered martyrdom, and is gorgeously decorated with gold mosaics and marble. Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo were the chief architects. Bernini filled it with the sculptures of his contemporaries and many monuments line the pillars and fill niches. The Pietà is one of the notable sculptures of Saint Peter's. The great dome is a marvel of architectural skill. The façade is 357 feet long and 144 feet high, and over the central entrance is the loggia, where the Pope is crowned and whence he gives his Easter benediction. Over the main entrance of the vestibule is the celebrated Mosaic of the Novicella (1298), by Giotto and Cavallini. The magnificent central door of bronze is a remnant of the old Basilica (1431-39). The enormous size of statues and ornaments in Saint Peter's are deceptive as relates to the vast proportions of its interior, which is only realized by observing the moving, living figures of people. Around the shrine under the dome, 86 gold lamps burn continually. Wonderful mosaic pictures are among the countless gems which enrich this noble temple. Its interior has the form of a Latin cross with chapels on the sides. Many princes of the church lie buried in the crypt. The Vatican, the present residence of the popes, is a vast collection of palaces, comprising the old and new palaces of the popes, the Sistine Chapel, the Loggie and Stanze, the picture gallery, museums and library. Raphael's wall frescoes rank above all his other work, and in the School of Athens and Disputa, the (Transfiguration, Driving Heliodorus from the Temple, and other frescoes of the Stanze and Loggie, he evinces astonishing theological wisdom and philosophical erudition. Each stanza attests to his deep reflection and rich imagination; detail and general effect are equally studied, resulting in a perfect harmonious whole. In the Sistine Chapel, the 'Last Judgment is Michelangelo's chef d'œuvre.

S. Giovanni in Laterano, on a lonely site near the south wall, was built by Constantine, but has since been rebuilt, altered and extended by Giotto and others under various popes, and the high church councils are held there. Other churches are S. Maria Maggiore, in whose construction antique bronzes, gold and marble from pagan temples were largely used, also beautiful mosaics of the 6th century. S. Croce, erected by Saint Helena, the nave of which was borne by eight antique columns; Saint Clemente, the most perfect specimen of old basilica, contains frescoes by Masaccio; Il Gesu, the principal church of the Jesuits, with the façade and cupola by Giacomo della Porta, and whose interior is rich in marbles; S. Maria degli Angeli, originally a part of Diocletian's Baths, transformed into a church by Michelangelo, an imposing church, contains an altar-piece by Muziano, and a fine fresco by Domenichino, and the tomb of Salvator Rosa; S. Maria in Ara Coli, remarkable for its architecture and very old; S. Maria in Cosmedin at the north base of the Aventine, remarkable for its Alexandrine pavement and its lofty and beautiful campanile of the 8th century; S. Maria sopra Minerva, notable as the only Gothic church in Rome; S. Maria in Dominica or della Navicella on the Caelian, with 18 fine columns of granite and two of porphyry, and whose frieze of the

nave was painted in Camiean by Giulio Romano and Perino del Vago; S. Maria della Pace, interesting for its paintings, particularly the four sybils, considered among the most perfect works of Raphael, and S. Maria del Popolo, notable for its sculptures and paintings (Jonah' by Raphael, ceiling frescoes by Pinturicchio, and mosaics from Raphael's cartoons by Aloisio della Pace). In S. Pietro in Vincoli is the celebrated 'Moses' of Michelangelo, by some critics regarded his best work of sculpture.

The Catacombs are subterranean passages, extending many miles by winding passages underground, used as sepultures and meeting places by the early Christians; niches in the walls of tufa were used to bury their dead. The passages are narrow, except occasionally when they open into wider spaces used for chapels of worship, and often frescoed. The decoration is characteristic and significant, usually representing Christian hope and doctrine. Pictures are frequently symbolic. A large collection of sarcophagi, pictures and inscriptions from the catacombs, are preserved in the Lateran Museum. The catacombs extend around the city in a wide circle; the most important are the Catacombs of Calixtus on the Via Appia; those of Domitilla or Saints Nereus and Achilleus; Saint Prætextatus, Via Appia; Saint Priscilla, beyond the Porta Salara; Saint Agnese, Via Nomentana; Saint Sebastiano, beneath the church of that name; Saint Alessandro; and the Jewish Catacombs and those of Mithras of the Via Appia. Among the finest sepulchral monuments, the chief were the Mausoleum of Augustus in Campus Martius, and that of Hadrian on the west bank of the Tiber, now the fortress of modern Rome, known as the Castle of San Angelo.

It

Schools, Libraries, etc.- The state controls public instruction. There are four grades: Elementary; secondary, classical; secondary, technical and higher education. Elementary instruction is provided with religious tuition, if the parent request it; otherwise, without. Great Britain, America, Germany and Austria maintain schools of history, art and archæology. France's Academy of Art is in the Villa Medici. The University of Rome or Collegio della Sapienza is an ancient institution; canon law and civil law, medicine and philosophy and philology are included in its curriculum. possesses extensive laboratories, botanical gardens and an astronomical observatory. It is. attended by nearly 1,000 students. The Collegio de Propaganda Fide is situated in the Piazza di Spagna; the Collegio Romano, adjacent to Saint Ignazio, is a lyceum, and now contains the Archæological Museum and the recently established library, Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele. The Accademia de' San Luca, for the promotion of the fine arts, is composed of painters, sculptors and architects, and was founded in 1595. Connected with it are a picture gallery and schools of fine arts. There are numerous other institutions connected with art, music, science or learning, one of which the Accademia de' Lincei, founded in 1603 by Galileo and his contemporaries, is the earliest scentific society of Italy. The American Colle founded about half a century ago, is a schoo for priests and is composed of students who desire a post-graduate course in divinity, philosophy, rhetoric, metaphysics, etc. The students