Mexico, Aztec, Spanish and Republican

CONTENTS.

BOOK IV.

Page 9

CHAPTER I.-Absence of accuracy-Humboldt-Superficial extent of Mexican

Territory-Physical structure of Mexico-Volcanic mountains-Climates-Tierras

Templadas, Calientes, Frias-Political divisions and boundaries of Mexico-Old

Spanish divisions-Provinces-Intendencies-States-Departments-North boun-

dary-Present States and Territories-Rivers of Mexico-Rivers and Lakes of

Mexico, .

CHAPTER II.-Division of population-Whites-Indians-Africans-Leperos-

Rancheros-Characteristics, Indifference, Procrastination-Females--Better Classes

-Their social habits-Entertainments-Leperos-Their habits-Evangelistas-

Thieving The Ranchero-His character and habits-The Indian race-Agricul-

turists-Traditionary habits adhered to-Improvidence-Superstition-Drunken-

ness-Indian women-Servile condition-Local adhesiveness-Peonage-Whip-

ping-Planter-life-Its solitude and results-Mülenpfordt's character of the In-

dians-Indian tribes and races in Mexico-Table of castes in Mexico, . . 22

CHAPTER III.-Population-Census-Tables of population-Relative division of

races-Relative intellectual cultivation-Relative population in hot and cold

districts,

. 41

CHAPTER IV.-Agriculture-Dry and rainy seasons-Irrigation-Yield of corn

lands-Colonial restrictions-Colonial dependence-Bad intercommunication-Ar-

rieros-Corn lands-Different kinds of corn in Mexico-Mode of cultivation-

Production-various uses of corn-Banana-Mainoc-Rice-The olive-Vine-

Chile pepper-tomato-Frijol-Maguey-Maguey estates-Making Pulque-

Aloes-Cacti,

. 48

CHAPTER V.-Estates in the valleys of Cuernavaca and Cuautla-Mexican haci-

endas-Sugar regions-Coffee-Its yield-Tobacco-Orizaba-Chiapas, etc.—In-

digo-Cotton-Manufactures encouraged in Mexico-No new agricultural popula-

tion-New manufacturing population-Production of cotton-Vainilla-Jalap-

Cacao-Cochineal-Its production and quantity-Silk-Fruits-Agricultural pros-

pects-Grazing, and not an agricultural country,

CHAPTER VI.-Reflections on emigration-Advantages of America-Land and

labor-Mines wrought by Aztecs-Mining districts and extent in Mexico-Errors

as to early supply of metals from America-True period of abundance-Mines

not exhausted-Condition-Families enriched-Effect of mining on Agriculture-

Relative product of silver for ten years-Table of product-Yield of the mines

since the Conquest-Coinage in 1844-Total coinage 1535 to 1850,

. 76

CHAPTER VII.-Income of New Spain 1809-Expenses of New Spain 1809-

Mineral productions-Military force-Agriculture-Manufactures-Commerce-

Exports-Imports-Present commerce-Imports-Exports-Nineteen years trade

between the United States and Mexico-Character of imports-Character of ex-

ports-Silver exported-Fairs in Mexico-The future prospects and position of

Mexico-Not a commercial country-Railway from Vera Cruz to the city of

Mexico,

. 107

112

CHAPTER VIII.—Disorder of Mexican finances-Enormous usury-Character of

financial operations-Expenses of administrations-Analysis of Mexican debt-

Comparison of income and outlay-Deficit,

CHAPTER IX.-Table of cotton factories in Mexico-Consumption-Produc-
tion-Increase of factories-Day and night work-Deficit of material—Water and
steam power-Mexican manufactures generally,

CHAPTER X.-The military in Mexico before and after the revolution-Confirma-

tion of army-Its political use-Character of Mexican soldiers-Recruiting—

Tactics-Officers-Dramatic character of army-Recriminations-Condition of the

army at the peace-Army on the northern frontier-Military colonies-Character

of the tribes-Fortresses-Perote-Acapulco-San Juan de Ulua-Reorganization

of the army-Tabular view of men and Materiel-Navy-Extent of coast on both

seas-Naval establishment-Vessels and officers-Expenses of war and navy, 116

CHAPTER XI.-Relations between the Mexican church and the Pope-Clergy-

Monks-Nuns-Monasteries-Convents-Wealth of the church-Ratio of clergy

and people-High and low clergy-their history-vices-Monks-Rural clergy—

Their character-Conduct of clergy, public and private-Missions in California—

Mode of conversion-Monks in Mexico-Zavala's strictures-Pazo's strictures on

South American clergy-Church in the United States and in Mexico-Constitu-

tional protection of Catholicism-Duty of the church-Bulls-Paper money, 130

CHAPTER XII.—Various changes of the Mexican constitution-Present organiza-

tion of the national and state governments-Constitution of 1847-Legislative and

judiciary-National and state-Judiciary-Administration of justice-Civil and

criminal process—Mal-administration of justice-Prisons—Crime—Accordada—

Condition of prisons-Statistics of crime in the capital-Garrotte-Mexican

opinions,

. 144

CHAPTER XIII.-What Mexico has done-Review of her conduct and character
-Mexican opinions-Classes-Indians-Mestizos-Whites-Army-Church—
Divisions of whites-want of Homogeneousness-Want of nationality and of a
people Remedies-Emigration-Religious liberty-political order-Labor,

BOOK V.

155

CHAPTER I.-Division of Mexico into States-Eastern, western, interior-Yuca-

tan-Boundaries, departments, population, districts, towns, parishes, productions,

principal towns, islands, harbors-Chiapas-Boundaries, products, departments,

towns, rivers, population-Remains in Yucatan and Chiapas-Discoveries of Ste-

phens, Catherwood, Norman, etc.-Palenque-Uxmal-Yucatan calendar-Yuca

tan, Chiapan, Mechoacan, Nicaragua and Mexican months-Yucatese and Chia-

pan cycle-Yucatese and Mexican solar year--Differences-Yucatese months-

Tabasco-Boundaries, rivers, lagune, inhabitants, productions, towns and villages,

Page 165

CHAPTER II.-Boundaries of Vera Cruz-Rivers, lagunes, mineral springs, pop-

ulation, political divisions, productions, cattle, cities, towns-Vera Cruz-Its dis-

eases-Meteorological observations at-Water fallen at Vera Cruz-Orizaba-As-

cent of the mountain-Magnificent views-Difficulties-The crater extinct—

Elevation of the mountain-Descent-Antiquities in the state of Vera Cruz-

Ruins at Panuco, Chacuaco, San Nicolas, La Trinidad-Small figures-Papantla

-Description of the pyramid-Ruins at Mapilca-Pyramid and temple at Tusa-

pan-Isle of Sacrificios-Misantla-Remains near Puente Nacional-Tamaulipas—

Boundaries, rivers, lagunes, climate, population, productions, towns-Antiquities

of Tamaulipas-Topila-Rancho de las piedras-Sculpture-Remains, etc., etc.

Page 183

CHAPTER III.-Oajaca-Extent, Boundaries, Geology, Valley, Indians, Depart-

ments, Population, Mines, Ports, Productions, Cattle, Towns, Ancient remains-

Mitla-The palace—Tombs—Antiquarian speculations—connection of Mexican re-

mains-Quiotepec, or Cerro de las Juntas,

. 210

. 220

CHAPTER IV.-Puebla-Divisions, productions, factories-River-Streams-Pu-

ebla de los Angeles-Cathedral-Towns-Mines-Quarries-Mountains-Popo-

catepetl-Atlixco-Olivares-Ascent of the mountain-The crater-Elevation—

Pyramid of Cholula-Visit to the pyramid-Correct dimensions-Territory of

Tlascala-History-Position-Size-Productions-Towns, .

CHAPTER V.-State of Mexico-Area, Divisions, Population, Federal district,

Valley, Highways, Lakes-Zumpango-Cristovol-Chalco-Xochimilco-Tezco-

co-Salt-works-Cities-San Augustin-Festival-Tezcoco, Tacuba, Toluca-Cas-

cade of Regla-Towns-Valley of Cuernavaca-Acapantzingo-Its Indian isola-

tion-Mines in the state,
. 233

CHAPTER VI.-Description of the city of Mexico-Cathedral-Its architecture

and riches-The Palace, University, Market, Chamber of Deputies, etc.-Portales

-Mineria-La Merced-San Domingo-Characters and costumes-Paseos-Ala-

meda—Aqueducts-Passeo Nuevo and de la Viga-Alameda-Description of it—

Life in Mexico-Theatres-Opera-Domestic life-Genuine but cautious hospi-

tality-Legend of the virgin of Guadalupe, .

244

CHAPTER VII.-Antiquities in the museum-Statue of Charles IV.-Condition

of the museum-Feathered serpents-Vieeroy's portraits-Cortéz-Portrait-Ar-

mor-Pedro de Alvarado-Images-Vases-Tezcoco-Palace-Trough-Massive

mounds-Tescocingo-Hill-Its ancient adornments-Ancient bellevue and res-

ervoir-Tezcocan splendor-Bosque del Contador-Ponds-Lakes-Arbors-Py-

ramids of Teotihuacan-Houses of sun and moon-Path of the dead-Carved

pillar-Pillar at Otumba-Pyramid of Xochicalco-Hill of Xochicalco-Its struc-

tures, .

. 266

CHAPTER VIII.-State of Mechoacan-Boundaries-Elevations-Volcano of Jo-

rullo-Theories of Humboldt and Lyell-Present condition-Rivers of Mechoa-

can-Climate, Health, Indians, Departments, Agriculture, Towns, Mines-Jalisco

-Boundaries, Population, Rivers, Lakes, Divisions, Manufactures, Agriculture,

Factories-Guadalajara-Towns-San Juan de los Lagos-Tepic-San Blas-

Mines, Islands, Mining region, Indians, Character and Habits, Church and

School, Education, Bishopric-Territory of Colima-Extent, Climate, Produc-

tions, Towns,
286

CHAPTER IX.-Sinaloa-Boundaries, Climate, Divisions, Indians, Products,

Towns, Mines-Sonora-Boundaries, Divisions, Rivers, Climate, Indians, Trade,

Towns, Mines-Territory of Lower California-Boundaries, Character, Popula-

tion, Products, Pearls, Salt, Mines, Seals, Whales, Climate, Ports, towns, Popu-

lation-State of Guerrero,
298

CHAPTER X.-State of Querétaro-Boundaries, Divisions, Characteristics,

Rivers, Population and climate, Districts, etc., Agricultural products, Forests,

Factories, Cities, Mines-State of Guanajuato-Boundaries, Extent, Soil-Lake

Yurirapundaro-Climate, Effect of maladies-Productions, Vine, Olive-Divisions

-Population-City of Guanajuato-Towns in the state-Hacienda of Jaral-

Mines-Silver, Copper, Lead, Cinnabar-Zacatecas-Boundaries, Extent, Agricul

ture, Divisions, Population, Towns-Zacatecas-Aguas Calientes, etc.-Product

and value of Zacatecan mines-Ruins of Quemada in Zacatecas,
306

CHAPTER XI.-State of San Luis Potosi-Boundaries, Lakes, Rivers, Climate,
Departments, Products-San Luis-Towns-Mining region-New Leon—Boun-
daries, Character, Rivers, Climate, Departments-Agriculture-Grazing, etc.-

. 324

Monterey-Coahuila—Boundary, Position, Climate, Productions, Towns State
of Durango-Boundary, Character, Divisions, Streams, Productions-City of Du-
rango-Towns, Mines, Iron, Silver-Indian necrology-Cave burial,

CHAPTER XII.-State of Chihuahua-Position, Boundaries, Extent, Character-

istics, Rivers, Lakes, Indians, Divisions, Climate, Productions-Cattle estates-

Mint-Mines-Principal towns-Chihuahua-El Paso del Norte-Military impor-

tance-El Paso wine, etc.-Antiquities-Indian ravages-The Bolson de Mapimi

-Mexican modes of travelling and transportation—Litera—Mules—Arrieros—

Conducta-Coaches-Freight wagons-Mexican habit of Home-staying-want of

exploration-Modern advancement,

334

APPENDIX No. 1-Profile of the Plateau-Mexico to Santa Fé-Santa Fé to the

Gulf,

APPENDIX No. 2-Mexican Coins, Weights and Measures,

BOOK VI.