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S. Thomas', Douglas.
KYNAN (10th S. v. 169; 215).-The following
pedigree will, I think, answer MR. ACKER-
LEY'S question :—

Rodri Mawr Angharad.

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Angharad, dau. of Owen ap
Edwin, Lord of Tegaingl."

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COPYRIGHT IN LETTERS (10th S. v. 128, 176, 217). The answer at p. 217 requires serious modification. It is necessary to say, to make the following extract clear, that Smith, Elder & Co. were co-plaintiffs. Kekewich, J., in closing his judgment in favour of the plaintiffs as assignees from Mr. and Mrs. Steeds of the copyright in the letters, said :

"Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. were the assigns of the author's manuscript, and in my view they fill that position. The result is, it seems to me, that I must come to the conclusion that the Legislature intended that Mr. and Mrs. Steeds, having these letters rightfully in their possession, were entitled

to publish them themselves or to hand them over to Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. for publication, and to give them the right of publication; and that, that having been done, nothing remained in Mr. and Mrs. Steeds which they could pass to any one, except of course the right to the letters themselves. Those they retained, and those they could part with. The right of publication, it seems to me, was gone." The italics are mine. MISTLETOE.

ARCHDEACONS' MARKS (10th S. v. 209).-The crosses to which Q. W. V. alludes are no doubt what are commonly called consecration

crosses.

At the consecration of a church they were supposed to be cut by the archdeacon or his agent for that purpose, and were anointed by the bishop with the consecrated chrism or cream.

OSWALD J. REICHEL. A la Ronde, Lympstone, Devon.

CROSS-LEGGED KNIGHTS (10th S. v. 130, 175, 257).-In 'The Temple Church,' by C. J. Addison, 1843, p. 87, it is stated :

66

The mail clad monumental effigies reposing side by side on the pavement of the Round' of the Temple Church, have been supposed to be monuments of Knights Templars, but this is not the The Templars were always buried in the case. habit of their order, and are represented in it on their tombs. This habit was a long white mantle, as before mentioned, with a red cross over the left breast; it had a short cape and a hood behind, and fell down to the feet unconfined by any girdle...... Although not monuments of Knights Templars, yet these interesting cross-legged effigies have strong claims to our attention upon other grounds. They appear to have been placed in the church to the memory of a class of men termed Associates of the Temple,' who, though not actually admitted to the holy vows and habits of the order, were yet received into a species of spiritual connexion with the Templars."

And at p. 94:

"The most interesting, and one of the most ancient of these monuments, represents Geoffrey de Magnaville, Earl of Essex. It displays an armed knight with his legs crossed, in token that he had assumed the cross, and taken a vow to fight in defence of the Christian faith."

A foot-note adds:

"Some surprise has been expressed that the effigies of women should be found in this curious position. It must be recollected that women frequently fought in the field during the Crusades, and were highly applauded for so doing."

R. J. FYNMORE.

I have recently met with two examples of a figure standing cross-legged among the sentry saints which are ranged in the portals of many French cathedrals. I thought the effigy might be intended for St. Louis; from which it will be perceived that I am behind. ST. SWITHIN. hand in not having yet wholly freed myself of the Crusading theory.

ROPES USED AT EXECUTIONS (10th S. v. 266). Many French ladies who should know better are anxious, for "luck," to obtain, from the few countries which still retain the punishment of hanging, bits of "corde de pendu." Applications are often made, without success, to influential Britons, to get such ghastly objects, through the Home Office, from the hangman. R. U. A.

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ROMAN BAGPIPERS (10th S. v. 208). In King's 'Munimenta Antiqua,' vol. ii. p. 21, mention is made of "a little bronze figure of a Roman soldier, playing upon a pair of bagpipes," but I do not find any reference to a second figure. The three illustrations on the accompanying plate are of the same figure in three different positions.

The one referred to is doubtless now in Trinity College Library, Cambridge, accompanied by the following description in the hand writing of the author of the Munimenta Antiqua':

"This curious little bronze of a Roman soldier playing upon a pair of bagpipes was dug up in Richborough Castle, in 1775; and being found under the lowermost, and third, artificial ground and flooring of the Castrum, must have remained there ever since the first foundation and building of this fortress in the time of the Emperor Claudius. It therefore plainly proves the use of bagpipes in those early times. This seems to have been part of the Ephippia, or horse-trappings, of a Roman knight. It was given me by my worthy friend Mr. Boys, of Sandwich, the present occupier of the estate, who himself dug it up.-E. King."

HORACE WHITE.

Trinity College Library, Cambridge.

BOHEMIAN LANGUAGE (10th S. v. 168, 217, 297). With reference to my reply, ante, p. 217, my friend Prof. Mourek writes that a manual of Cech, by a Mr. Drubek, was published in America some time ago. Dr. Mourek -who is an adopted son of Glasgow University, having received LL.D. in 1901-is engaged in the preparation of a grammar of Cech for English scholars, now that his wellknown dictionary is complete. Many of his fellow countrymene.g., Prusik, Sladek, Vrchlicky, and prominent above the rest Count Lützow, D.Litt.Oxon.-are good Eng lish scholars, but few possess a more thorough mastery of our language than Prof. Mourek, whose qualifications for such a task are undisputed. English authors visiting Prague for study have found no more helpful friend.

Streatham Common.

FRANCIS P. MARCHANT,

writing of the Emperor of Germany, who was a personage who never existed. He was thinking of the Imperator or Cæsar, the titular heir of Augustus and Diocletian, and the head of the Holy Roman Empire. If Mr. Bryce's book is too long to read, the excellent review of it by Freeman (North British Review, March, 1865), which was revised and reprinted in Historical Essays: First Series,' may be profitably consulted. W. F. PRIDEAUX.

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THEODOR REYSMAN: ANDREAS KELLER (10th S. v. 268).—According to Jöcher's 'Gelehrten Lexicon' (Bremen, 1819), Theodor Reysman was a Suabian poet, who wrote a Latin poem of some twenty-two octavo pages, under the title of Fons Blavus,' on the beauties of the Blauthal. There is no indication of any date or place, but it was probably written at Ulm between the autumn of 1530 and the summer of 1531. Cf. 'Neuer allgemein. literar. Anzeiger,' 1807, p. 552. His name does not occur in the British Museum Catalogue.

Keller or Cellarius is not an uncommon name. An Andreas Keller was, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the author of several theological works, sermons, &c., in the British Museum Library; but the writer about whom your correspondent inquires must have appeared on the scene some centuries later, to judge by the title of his book.

L. L. K.

"HAMBERBONNE OF WHEAT (10th S. v. 190, 270).-I think that your readers must advocated at the latter reference. all dissent from the remarkable proceeding

It is there proposed-in order to establish be otherwise shown-to assume a form, and an etymology that cannot so conveniently to attribute to it a sense, when all the while there is nothing to show for either. And further, the senses are manipulated instead of being quoted from authorities.

The word bung is assumed, and the sense assigned is "cask." But some of us expect

evidence.

form is "bung, boung, or bongue," which In the first place, we are told that the meant originally "a cask." But in what Dutch Is boung English, or French, or language? Is bung English, or French, or Dutch? And which is bongue? Are all these forms imaginary? If so, why restrict the forms to three? It would be just as easy to imagine three or four more, all

THE GERMAN EMPEROR AND POETS LAU-equally useless. REATE (10th S. v. 187, 237).-Isaac D'Israeli was not a very exact writer, and he erred in take the following.

As a specimen of manipulation of evidence,

"In the 'E.D.D.' lungy means short, round, and stout, shaped like a cask." But the 'E.D.D.' has: "Bungy, adj., 1, short and squat; 2, stupid, clumsy; 3, sb., a person who is short and stout; anything thick and squat." That is to say, the writer inserts both "round," and "shaped like a cask," out of his own head.

If we are to be convinced, it must be by some better method than this. Anything can be proved if both forms and senses are coined for the purpose.

As to tun, there is not the faintest pretence for connecting it with the sound of thunder. It is derived immediately from the Late Latin tunna, of the fifth century, and it is shown, by Stokes and Macbain, that it was adopted from the Celtic type *tunnā, fem., a skin, hence a wineskin, represented by the Irish tonn, a hide, skin (O'Reilly), and the Welsh ton, a skin.

A further specimen of the extremely casual and careless method employed is seen with regard to the indiscriminate handling of the F. foudre, which practically equates the Latin fulgur with the German fuder. There are two totally different words in French that happen to be of the same form. The first is foudre, a thunderbolt, derived from the Latin fulgur; and the other is foudre, a tun, which is merely the German fuder in French spelling. And the G. fuder is cognate with the E. fother, formerly used to denote a great weight.

We can hardly be expected to pay much attention to such a mass of confusion. Nor can we be reassured by such a statement as that "from fuder [a German word] came our judder and fother." For it really ought to be known by this time that Middle English words are not derived from High German, and that fother is a far more original form than the German one.

WALTER W. SKEAT. [MR. NICHOLSON has sent a note on 'Bung' and "Tun' which will appear shortly.]

MR. THOMPSON OF THE 6TH DRAGOONS (10th S. v. 269). - Alfred Thompson was gazetted cornet by purchase in the 6th Dragoons on 18 January, 1855.

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other poems. He was in the habit of singing the praises of Kossuth, and in 1863, at Mr. Bradlaugh's solicitation, succeeded Mr. W. E. Adams as secretary to the Polish Committee in London.

Reference to 'Life of Charles Bradlaugh,' by Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, 1894, vol. i. pp. 38, 40, 44, 45, and 109, will convince L. L. K. that this is the individual he wishes to identify. JOSEPH COLYER MARRIOTT. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (10th S. v. 248).

In men whom men condemn as ill, is by Joaquin Miller (ie., C. H. Miller). In my copy of the verse pronounce is given in 1. 3 for "proclaim," and a line for "the P. JENNINGS. line" in 1. 5.

In 1649

"PLACE" (10th S. v. 267).-In its earliest application in Newcastle the term "Place" refers to an important mansion. William Gray described Pandon Hall in his Chorographia' as the ancient palace of the Anglian kings of Northumbria. In his own copy of the book, on p. 6, an autograph interlineation reads: "There is an ancient place and house called the Duke's place; the house of ye Earls of Northumberland." This meaning was still current in the latter part In 1782 Mr. of the eighteenth century. George Anderson purchased from the successor of Sir Walter Blackett, of Matfen, Bart., "the ancient and beautiful buildings,' originally constructed by his ancestor Robert Anderson, in 1580, from materials taken from the Franciscan priory on its site. This building, it is alleged, had been occupied by Charles I. and his Court from 13 May, 1646, to 3 Feb., 1647. After reoccupation in 1782 by the descendants of its original owners, Major Anderson, a son, styled his property "Anderson Place."

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In 1782 the term is also found extended to denote a group of important mansions, and their location is called a "place." Clavering Place, called after Sir Thomas Clavering, who sat as M.P. from 1754 to 1784, was a group of stately houses on either side of the lower part of Westgate Street.

W. S. From 1789 to 1820 it is further applied to L. L. K. has, I think, mistaken 6th for 7th houses of some pretension facing into a (Princess Royal's) Regiment of Dragoon courtyard, or built as a cul de sac, retired Guards. When Charles Bradlaugh was in from a thoroughfare; also to buildings the army, between December, 1850, and erected at the earlier date, and described by October, 1853, his friend and acquaintance a local historian thirty-eight years later as was the young schoolmaster of this regiment"a range of good houses, named Saville -no other than James Thomson ("B.V."), Place, which is continued by a noble row of author of 'The City of Dreadful Night' and grand and elegant buildings, called Ellison

Place" (1827, Mackenzie, 'Hist. of Newcastle,'
p. 190). One of the latter houses is now the
civic "Mansion House" of the city.
Shortly after 1821 a street of smaller
houses was built connecting the site of the
large new Wesleyan Chapel with the main
thoroughfare. It was styled Brunswick
Place. Thenceforth small rows or terraces
were called by the fashionable name. Library
Place, built shortly after 1825; Villa Place,
about 1826; Greenfield Place, about 1827;
and, about the same period, Ridley Place,
Strawberry Place, and Eldon Place,
examples of a pretentious term applied to
terraces and streets of diminishing import-
ance. Victoria Place, built about 1838, was
a mere street of tenemented houses. and its
date appears to mark the period when
"place" went out of vogue.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

are

R. OLIVER HESLOP.

See 9th S. x. 448; xi. 157, 237.-"Place" appears frequently in Holden's 'Directory, 1805, which has under London, "Andrew, Wm., Esq, 40, Ely-pl., Holborn"; "Anderson. Mr. Rich, 6, Ely-pl., St. George's Fi," &c. Under Bath occur Lee, Lionel, & Co., importers of wine and spirits, Gascoyn-pl."; "Moger & Nicholson, linendrapers, NorthMassy, Sir Hugh umberland-pl."; and Dillon, Bart., Sydney-pl."

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HENRY JOHN BEARDSHAW, 27, Northumberland Road, Sheffield.

[Further replies next week.]

"Item a coope of gren velvett browdered wt lyllyes wt orfrey of nedyll wark wt a morse wa tonne & a braunch of hawthorn havyng this scriptur yn the morse ORATE PRO ANIMA ROBERTI THORNErox and in the hood this scriptur PATER DE CELIS &c. wt the trinite."

I quote the above from the 'Lincoln Cathedral Inventories' contributed to Archaologia by the Rev. Christopher Wordsworth. They occur in vol. liii. pp. 1-82. The above passage is to be found on p. 34. EDWARD PEACOCK. Wickentree House, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

For rebuses in the church of St. Mary-onthe-Hill, Chester, consult the Chester Architectural, Archæological, and Historic Society's H. C. ANDREWS. Journal, Second Series, vol. x. p. 53.

13, Narbonne Avenue, Clapham Common, S. W.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

The Age of Justinian and Theodora: a History of the Sixth Century A.D. By William Gordon Holmes. Vol. I. (Bell & Sons.)

WE have here the first volume of an eminently broad-minded and philosophical history of the Eastern Empire in the sixth century of the Chrismade, the entire work will be in three or possibly tian era. To judge from the progress that has been four volumes. No definite information on the subject is supplied, but the present portion concludes with the origins of Justinian and the pre-Imperial career of his consort. The work is executed with a thoroughness to which little in modern English workmanship corresponds, and the spectacle of Byzantine corruption and disintegration is unfolded with exemplary fullness and accuracy. To a great extent what now appears is preliminary. A singularly animated picture of Constantinople is afforded; its story, from its origin in the dawn of Grecian history to its establishment by Constantine as a rival to Rome, is followed; the topography is shown; and, most important of all, what is called its sociology is traced. Of the easy, idle, dissolute life of the citizens-who, until the municipal authopre-rities had erected drinking booths on the ramparts,

THE CONDADO (10th S. v. 47, 77, 114).-Since asking about this place, from which figs were being brought to the London market in 1653, I have been making other inquiries, and have at last found it in Wagenaer (1585) and in a 1720 (?) map in the British Museum [Spain, 18315 (9)]. It is the southern part of the province of Huelva, and the figs were sumably shipped at Huelva or Palos. J. K. LAUGHTON. "PIGHTLE":"PIKLE" (10th S. v. 26, 93, 134, 174).-Elizabeth, widow of Wm. Jentleman, and relict of Wm. Suckling, of Southwold, by will dated 16 Sept., 1558, left her pycktell" there to her son William (J. J. Muskett's 'Suffolk Manorial Families,' pt. 5, COOKSON. vol. ii.). Ipswich.

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REBUS IN CHURCHES (10th S. v. 188, 250, 297). In an inventory of vestments belonging to the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, compiled by Hary Lytherland, the treasurer, in 1536, occurs the following:

could not, in the case of a siege, be rallied to the
defence of the walls-a very striking account is
furnished. The bulk of the populace idled, like the
Neapolitans of later days, about the market-place
"each one assured of meeting some
or the wharves,
visitor to whom, for a valuable consideration, he
was willing to let his house, or even his wife, whilst
The long struggle between the pagan
he himself took up his abode in the more congenial
wine-shop."
and the Christian religion, which renders so pro-
foundly interesting to the student the history of
the third and fourth centuries of the Christian era,
had ended in the triumph of the latter, and per-
secution was directed against modern heresy rather
than against the old superstition. Still, pagan in-
fluences survived, and the worship of the "Megarean
sphinxes," as the courtesans were styled, was open.
Ribaldry and obscenity, set off by lascivious dis-
plays, constitute the chief features in the public

entertainments, troops of actresses virtually dispensing with clothing. From the ranks of such the Empress Theodora herself is taken.

In the second chapter the Roman Empire under Anastasius-a period which Gibbon glides overis discussed, as The Inheritance of Justinian,' in its aspects political, educational, and religious. The historical treatment begins in chap. iii. with the birth and fortunes of the elder Justin and the origins of Justinian; while the fourth chapter narrates the early career of Theodora. The authority for this is Procopius, whose 'Secret History,' the subject of constant attack, is now, by the researches of Dahn and Haury, established. That the work of Procopius is vitiated, like most history, by prejudice, ignorance, and mistake may be conceded. The authorship of the 'Arcana,' strongly disputed, was, however, granted by Montesquieu and Gibbon, and is, as we have said, established by modern investigations. The account of the early life of the empress coincides pretty closely, accordingly, with that of Gibbon, and the most striking instances of her impudicity have occasionally, in the later account as in the earlier, to be left in the decent obscurity of a learned language. We leave Mr. Holmes at the outset of the more arduous portion of his work. What is done is, however, of signal value and authority, and we know few works from which the scholar can derive a more truthful and vivacious picture of a deeply interesting and important epoch.

genealogically, is at once apparent; and the whole,
which is admirably indexed, constitutes an all-
important contribution to our knowledge of the
two great border counties. The names in the list
of delinquents include those most renowned in
history and in ballad literature. How interesting
are the notes supplied by Mr. Welford may be seen
by references to names such as Lilburn, Sir John
Mennes, Widdrington of Widdrington, Sir William
Fenwick of Meldon, Sir Francis and Henry Liddell,
Mark Shafto of Newcastle, and Henry Lambton of
Lambton. In few previous publications has the
aim of the Society been more loyally and more
successfully carried out.

Dod's Parliamentary Companion. (Whittaker &
Co.)
THE eighty-second issue of this indispensable and
trustworthy little guide to both houses has appeared
and is up to date, the very latest changes which
occurred being communicated in an appendix.
The Lyrical Poems of Edgar Allan Poe.-Pippa
Passes. By Robert Browning. (Heinemann.)
WITH in each case a portrait of the author and an
introduction by Mr. Arthur Symons, these works
are added to the pretty and marvellously cheap
"Favourite Classics" of Mr. Heinemann, to the
attractions of which they contribute.

Northern Notes and Queries: a Quarterly Magazine
devoted to the Antiquities of Northumberland,
Cumberland, Westmorland, and Durham. Edited
by Henry Reginald Leighton. (Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, M. S. Dodds.)

Records of the Committees for compounding, &c., with Delinquent Royalists in Durham and Northumberland, 1643-60. (Surtees Society.) THIS Compilation, made by our friend Mr. Richard WE welcome the first number of a namesake of Welford, M.A., for the Surtees Society, is in its our own, the work of which will be restricted to way a model, and may count as one of the most the four Northern counties. If the part before important among the Society's recent publications. us may be accepted as a type of what is to Materials for its construction are fortunately follow, we anticipate deriving much pleasure from abundant. These are found in the Public Record its pages. It is well edited, and ought soon to Office in London and in the Cathedral Library in acquire a wide circulation. We know from exDurham. The MS. in the latter repository con-perience that it is always unsafe to prophesy, but stitutes but a fragment; those at the Public Record as the borderland of England has always manifested Office extend to some three hundred volumes, two-notwithstanding its many acts of vandalism-a calendars of the contents of which have been issued desire to understand and to preserve the remains under the editorship of Mrs. Everett Green. Com- of the past in far larger measure than some other piled from these, the present volume comprises the parts of the island, we may hope that our anticipa whole of the MS. at Durham, which appears to be tions will not be left unfulfilled. "a contemporary transcript of original records relating to sequestrations in the county of Durham by Sir William Armyne and other Parliamentary Commissioners, who held courts of confiscation in various parts of the county during the years 1644 and 1645." In the case of the London collections, extracts are made from so much as relates to the counties of Durham and Northumberland in the correspondence which passed between the authorities in London and the Commissioners for Sequestrations in the said counties. The largest and the most important part consists of an alphabetical list of Sequestrations and Compositions,' arranged under the name of the compounder, with a selection and co-ordination of such documents as are in any sense illuminatory concerning the delinquent, the extent of his estate, and the nature of the penalty. An appendix supplies "The Sequestration Ordinance, the Solemn League and Covenant, the National Oath, the Oath of Abjuration, and the Form of Pardon granted to delinquents after they had purged their offences." The value of these things, both historically and

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A series of extracts from the family notices occurring in the Newcastle Weekly Courant has been begun. We hope it will be continued until the beginning of the last century, when the paper, it would seem, was discontinued. One entry is most interesting. It records the death of the widow of that Earl of Derwentwater who suffered on Tower Hill for the part he took in the endeavour to restore the line of Stuart in 1715. She passed away at Brussels on 19 August, 1723, aged about thirty, and was buried in the church of the English Canonesses of Louvain. Her death was occasioned by smallpox. We should like to know if there exists any inscription to her memory.

The Rev. James Wilson contributes a learned paper on clerical celibacy in the diocese of Carlisle. It is his opinion that there are grave doubts whether this restriction was at any time rigidly enforced in this Northern diocese, though it is of course certain that a violation of priestly celibacy had been for ages contrary to the law of the medieval Church.

In a notice of the parish registers of Berwick. upon-Tweed we have a list of some strange bap

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