· "the cherubs filling the medallion were drawn baronet, and his brother Sir Richard Aston, from Magdalen choristers: one was my brother the judge, it may perhaps be convenient to (Lewis S. Tuckwell), now rector of Standlake; state that Sir Willoughby, who was at the another was Charles Corfe, son to the Ch. Ch. organist [Charles W., younger brother of the Wykehamist dinner held in London in 1759, above]; the Madonna was his mother, Mrs. Corfe." was a commoner at Winchester from 1728 -Rev. W. Tuckwell's Reminiscences of Oxford,' until he left for Oxford, where he matricuin Oxford Magazine, 21 June, 1905, p. 412. lated from Oriel in Jan. 1729/30; and that Sir Richard became a scholar at Winchester in September, 1728, and so remained until the election of 1735 (cf. 9th S. vi. 504). From what MR. BAYLEY says I infer that these brothers were at M.C.S. before they went to Winchester. H. C. Cox, George Valentine (1786-1875), author of Recollections of Oxford,' 1868.-D.N.B.,' while mentioning his education at M.C S., omits to state that he was a chorister 17931802, and Master of New College School from 1806 for sixty years; an esquire bedell of the University for same length of time; his younger brothers Henry and Frederick also choristers; George, chorister in 1775, a kinsman ; and probably Peter also, chorister in 1698. Coxe, William (1840-69), scholar. Eldest son of Henry O. Coxe, Bodley's Librarian (D.N.B.'); Boden Sanskrit Scholar; assistant in Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities at Brit. Mus. "CYMRU": ITS DERIVATION. IN a previous paper (Simferopol,' 9th S. xii. 181) I suggested that Kimmerioi is derived from a word, coextensive with the Celtic area, commonly translated "confluence," but really meaning "converging (water-bearing) glens." I also pointed out that that word cymmer, with its cognate aber, expressed an idea not, I believe, simiCoxeter, Thomas (1689-1747), literary larly embodied in the topographical nomenantiquary. Collected old English plays; clature of other European nations. In this forged titles of plays; edited Massinger. article I propose to apply that argument to Crowley, Crole, or Croleus, Robert, (1518-a reconsideration of the meaning and deriva1588), author, printer, and divine. As he went up to Oxford about 1534, when sixteen or so, and became Demy in 1539, he may possibly have been for a time at M.C.S.; printed three impressions of the 'Vision of Pierce Plowman'; Prebendary of St. Paul's; passed his life in battling for the new doctrines. Under James Carkesse, ante, p. 285, a line has dropped out which was present in the proof. After "for the signing" the last four lines of the paragraph should read: "of tickets; was dismissed from the office for irregularities, principally through the action of Pepys, whom he reviles in his verses; v. Pepys's 'Diary,' 1666-7, and 1st S. ii. 87." A. R. BAYLEY. St. Margaret's, Malvern. (To be continued.) The Rev. Cadwallader Adams, M.A., who was vicar of Old Shoreham, Sussex (1878-97), and who died at Guildford on 17 October, 1899, was educated at Westminster (1830-31) and Winchester (1831-5). In 1835 he went up to Balliol, but next year migrated, as a Demy, to Magdalen, where he was subsequently a Fellow. He was Master of M.C.S. for a very short time just before his return, in 1844, to Winchester as an assistant tutor (1844-51). See an obituary notice of him in The Orford Magazine (I cannot give its precise date). As MR. BAYLEY'S list of alumni at M.C.S. includes Sir Willoughby Aston, the fifth tion of the Welsh name for Wales (Cymru) and for Welshmen (Cymry) - two forms really identical in origin as they are in sound. The London street in which I live owes its name to the Palliser property in the Commeragh Mountains, co. Waterford. The proper pronunciation of this Irish word is Cumra, although Dr. Joyce says that the heard. As to the suffix agh, he says that suffixed guttural is sometimes distinctly its "oblique" form -aigh is sounded like the Eng. final y. Thus Commeraigh would be pronounced exactly like the Welsh words for Wales and Welshmen. The Welsh word corresponding to the Irish commur, of which Commeragh is a derivative, is cymmer. The plural cymmerau is accented, as usual in Welsh, on the penult, and not, like the Irish word, on the antepenult. Cymmerig is the only other trisyllabic variation that I can now remember, although, if I had to translate such a phrase as "full of confluences" into Welsh, I should have no hesitation in employing cymmerog. Topographically, aber is much more frequently used than cymmer. In fact, cymmer is now so rarely found that every now and then disputes take place in the press as to its exact significance as a local name. In a figurative sense, however, cymmer is one of the commonest words in the Welsh language. There is a well-known doggerel which says that A Belo soliti tum facta silentia tectis. I have often heard "took" in the fourth line in place of "stole," and the readiest Welsh for that would be cymmerodd. If I had to express in Welsh "Mr. B., you will, of course, take the chair at the meeting?" "Certainly," it would probably assume this form: "Mr. B., fe gymrwch y gader wrth gwrs yn y cyfarfod?" "Cymra, cymra." S.W. dialect. N.W. dialect. cymryd mi gymra mi gymres cymyd mi gyma mi gymis Eng. to take. I'll take. I took. One or two typical forms may here be added:Literary Welsh. cymmeryd fe gymmeraf fe gymmerais The reader will see that the accented middle syllable of the literary form is absent from the dialectal ones, which thus go with the Irish derivatives of commur; and that the N.W. dialect also omits the r which persists in every form of the S.W. word. There is no need to remind him that Goidelic and Brythonic tribes contemporaneously inhabited Wales long after the departure of the Romans and the introduction of Christianity into this island. What many, however, do not know is that one N.W. pronominal form for they" is nhwythe, that the corresponding form in the S. W. dialect is hwynt hwy, and that this difference has given rise to the nickname Hwntws-a term used throughout North Wales for the men of the South. 66 An example of the way in which a topographical term used independently in more than one district may suddenly emerge into prominence under special circumstances is furnished by Plutarch in his life of Marius. He tells us that the Ambrones were the first part of the combined body of invaders to come to blows with Marius's army, and that the Ligurians in the latter force were the first to meet them. The Ligurians heard the war-cry "Ambrones !" instantly recognized it as a clan-name of their own, and took it up themselves. The Ambrones were defeated, and their name at once sank into its previous obscurity; but we can easily see that it might have become a name of dread had the issue of the struggle been different. The Ambrones are said to have been a por tion or canton of the Celtic Helvetii, and the name is undoubtedly of the same origin as the Irish form of aber, which also appears as the name of a Teutonic folk, the Sicambri -a term that appears in Welsh in Abersein (cf. Lochaber and Fochabers). I may add that the Welsh phrase corresponding to "English and Welsh" is Cymry a Saeson, while that corresponding to "England and Wales" is Cymru a Lloegr. I have no idea what the word Lloegr really means; but one of the most southerly trade-routes between Italy and the English Channel, across France, in ancient times, was along the valley of the Loire, the old name of which-Liger or Ligeris, probably means the river of the Ligurians. Now I venture to submit that the word Cymru is much more likely to have come into being in a special sense (if a special sense is insisted on), in a hill country full of glens, and peopled by tribes hostile to, or contemptuous of, each other, who used the same or closely related terms with a conspicuous difference of pronunciation, in the way suggested by Hwntw, than to have sprung from Combrox, whose existence is purely theoretical. Prof. Rhys says (Celtic Britain,' p. 139) that it was during the effort of the Brython to expel the Angles from his country that he ་་ 'began to call himself a Kymro, that is to say, Cym-bro (Combrox), or compatriot, the native of the country, the rightful owner of the soil, which he thought it his duty to hold against the All-fro (Allobrox), as he called the invader who came from another land." I do not know how much of that is history and how much of it is theory, but I know that it has been taken for history, and that an eminent Celtic scholar in France (M. Loth) has gone so far as actually to "emend" the Combronensis that he found in a Breton chartulary into Combrogensis, on the strength of it. My own humble opinion is that my Brythonic ancestor, the "man of Ardudwy" of the dim times that witnessed the birth of Cymru, was much more likely to call his Goidelic neighbours to the south and north of him Cymry, because they mispronounced derivatives of their common cymmer, than because he looked upon them as his " patriots." com In the Pembrokeshire dialect Cymry is sounded Cimry (there is no phonetic importance to be attached to the final vowel, which might just as well be i as u or y). The Cymmeric of Dorsetshire (Camaric in Domes 66 day) has become Kimmeridge. Thus both in 'Little England beyond Wales" and in Dorsetshire the Celtic o (y) has been modified in the same way, and from the same cause, namely, English influence. A similar influence (i.e., Teutonic) will account for the first i in Cimbri, which I see no necessity to look on as "Indo-European i" at all, but simply the Celtic o (y) modified. Plutarch says that the Germans called robbers Cimbri, while Festus says that it was in the Gaulish_tongue the term was so employed. What I have mentioned about the uses of cymmeryd and cymryd will, I hope, satisfactorily explain the discrepancy, and suggest that poor Taffy was libelled by the Teuton long before he began to vex the Welsh Marches. Before leaving the philological question I would just add that "Cumra's" for Welshmen is given by Randle Holme (1688; see 'N.E.D.' under Cymric' for the quotation), and that "Cymres," accented on the first syllable, is S.W. dialect for Welsh woman. 66 to have been troubled, but by earthquakes. But further north there was a famous deluge, the devastations of which have been carefully recorded and described by Sir Thomas Lauder Dick in his 'Account of the Great Floods of August, 1829, in the Province of Moray, and adjoining Districts'; and a fascinating paper on this book and its story appeared in Blackwood, August, 1830, from the pen of Christopher North" (Prof. Wilson). This paper, which I almost know by heart, will well repay careful perusal. I have referred to this great deluge in order that the reader may consider it in connexion with Strabo's account of the Cimbri. The reasons which Strabo incredulously repeats (but fortunately does repeat) for the migrations of the Cimbri and their appearance in Italy are every one of them quite credible, if for tidal inundations we substitute Alpine deluges. A strong additional argument to prove that the Cimbri were Alpine Celts would, I think, be furnished by what Strabo says of the piteous appeal to Augustus made by the forlorn refugees in the dreary downs of Jutland. They must have been aware that they were beyond the reach of Roman vengeance or Roman greed in that remote corner of the "barbarian" world; but they were longing to return to the smiling valleys and rushing rivers of their lost Alpine home, with its ranz des vaches and the "raindrenched graves" of their ancestors. But such things were beyond Strabo's ken, and he says only that their prayers were successful, and their precious caldron graciously accepted. The "caldron of knowledge" into which Roman blood had flowed, "The Earn, on issuing from the loch, flows and from which misinterpreted signs had easterly, in a very irregular direction, with many come, had once more played its sinister part, links and windings in its course through Strathearn, and deceived its brave and simple votaries. until it reaches the Tay, a few miles below Perth. Did they then turn their eyes to the North ......The tract of country which this river intersects comprehends a space of about thirty miles; but Sea, venture across it, and find a mountain the real length of the stream is much greater, as it home once more about Whernside or Penydescribes innumerable and very beautiful wind-gant, among kindred, but probably hostile ings......It is increased every mile it advances in its tribes? It is not unlikely. course by the additions of rivulets and streams, the chief of which are the waters of Ruchil, Lednock, Turret, Machney, Ruthven, Dunning, and May...... The parish of Comrie consists of the upper part of the valley of the Earn, and four contiguous glens. ......The parish town of Comrie is pleasantly situated on the north bank of the Earn, where it is joined by the Lednock......[The name] is derived from the Gaelic combruidh [?], which signifies the confluence of the torrents. These are the Earn and the Ruchil, whose streams join a few yards west In his fifth Rhind Lecture (The Spread of Gaelic in Scotland,' Scottish Rev., xvii. 339, April, 1891) Prof. Rhys points out the import of the name Strath Earn as evidence of the presence of Ulidian Picts in that district. But it was not the business of the learned professor at the moment to infer the presence of Goidels there also, otherwise he might have drawn attention to Comrie, absolutely identical in sound, and practically so in spelling, with the name of his native country. In an interesting little work on the 'Antiquities of Strathearn,' by John Shearer, jun. (Crieff, Strathearn Herald office, 1883, third ed.), I find:: ward of the church." Curiously enough, if this little book is to be trusted, it is not by floods, as one would have expected from its situation, that Comrie seems J. P. OWEN. "POLICY OF PIN PRICKS."-As this phrase has been a good deal nibbled at in N. & Q.' (see the numerous references under 'Proverbs and Phrases' in the General Index to the Ninth Series) it may be of interest to give the (very compressed) form in which the result of actual research into its history will appear in the next section of the New English Dictionary' : "The French figurative use of a phrase analogous to pin-prick, viz., coup d'épingle, "pin-stroke,' goes back some centuries. In Eng. pin-pricks' is found in political use in 1885. On 8 Nov., 1898, the French journal Le Matin deprecated a politique des niches à l'Angleterre,' and 'de continuelles piqûres d'épingle'; on 16 Nov. The Times, referring to this article, used the words 'a policy of "pin-pricks"; on which Le Temps of 19 Nov. (published, like other morning papers in Paris, on the preceding evening) had an article denying on the part of France the existence of a 'politique de coups d'épingle'; The Times of next morning, 19 Nov., quoted this as a policy of pin-pricks,' which forthwith became a political phrase." (Quotations supporting these statements are given in the article.) It is thus seen that though Le Matin had spoken in the same context of "continual pin-pricks" and a "policy of tricks," it was The Times that first combined these in the expression a "policy of pin-pricks," and then, by a slight "terminological inexactitude."" put it into the mouth" of Le Temps which had merely tried to render the English phrase of The Times by politique de coups d'épingle, policy of pin-strokes or pin-blows. J. A. H. M. DR. RICHARD GARNETT.-Reference has been made in these columns to the death of the late Keeper of the Printed Books at the British Museum, but I presume he was not a contributor to N. & Q. His position at the Museum up to 1899 must, however, have brought him into contact with many of the readers of N. & Q,' by whom his genial urbanity and ready helpfulness will ever be remembered. To every lover of literature and every literary man the death of Dr. Garnett came as a personal loss. In 1883 I was bold enough to ask Dr. Garnett for his autograph. He responded at once with the following little impromptu :To Mr.J. T. Page, on his requesting my autograph. No liberty is left to me To shun thy friendly bribe. I would not seem a Pharisee, And so must be a Scribe. March 15, 1883. RICHARD GARNETT. JOHN T. PAGE. "SAMBO": ITS ETYMOLOGY. The dictionaries are unanimous in deriving this negro name from the Spanish word zambo, which properly means bandy. Prof. Skeat, however, evidently has misgivings, as in his Notes on English Etymology, 1901, he draws attention to the mention by an old author, circa 1558, of an African tribe called Samboses. I venture to point out that in the Foulah language, spoken in Senegambia, sumbo means uncle, and is also used, with a characteristic change in the final vowel, as a proper name, Samba. There is an interesting note on this name in : CATS THEIR PRICE.-Thorold Rogers does not, I think, record the price of cats in the Plantagenet period. In 1398-9 two were bought in Scotland at twopence each. As they were bought for the service of the State, this was doubtless much higher than the market price : "In vneto empto ad vnguendos pullanos, ijd. In ij. gatis emptis, iiijd."-Acc., &c. Exch. K. R.,' Bundle 7, No. 20, fo. 7 b. Q. V. 'HOME, SWEET HOME': ADDITIONAL VERSES.-In the recently published book Antoinette Sterling and other Celebrities,' the author, Mr. Sterling MacKinlay, inserts two verses written by John Howard Payne for Home, Sweet Home,' and states that they have never before been printed. They are as follows: How sweet 'tis to sit 'neath a fond father's smile, THE "BLACK BULL" IN HOLBORN.-There is an incident in the history of the familiar sign that is well worth tranferring to these pages: very con "A Bull Fight in Holborn.-Mr. Gardiner, who has lately rebuilt the Bull Inn, at a siderable expense, erected the figure of a Bull in The bull alarmed the Comfront of his house. missioner of Sewers. Mr. Gardiner had notice to take his bull down, but he refused to comply with their niandate. Accordingly, they procured ladders, &c., &c., and mustered upwards of fifty men, for the purpose of taking him down. Mr. Gardiner, being acquainted with their intention, prepared the means of defeat. The assailants canie opposite Mr. Gardiner's house; the moment they began to make preparations, to the astonishment of every one present, the bull moved majestically to the top Queries. WE must request correspondents desiring into affix their names and addresses to their queries, formation on family matters of only private interest in order that answers may be sent to them direct. HEIDELBERG MATRICULATIONS. In the Matriculation Register of Heidelberg University, which is being prepared for publication, difficulties in the decipherment of English and American names occur from time to time. I should be grateful to any reader who could throw light on the doubtful points in the following entries. The seven columns of the register contain respectively the date of matriculation, student's name, age, birthplace, father's profession and residence, religion, subject of study. 1. 1861, May 11 William Addison | 29 Forbury Maine | Land Steward, Preston Prot. Phil. 2. 1863, May 2 | Alfred Tribe | 22 | London | Decorator, London | Prot. | Chem. 3. 1863, May 2 | Alexander J. Macfarlan, M.D. | 25 | Edinburgh! Surgeon now dead. Scotland Prot. | Chem. 4. 1863, Nov. 10 | Rob. U. Strachan | 30 | Edinburgh | 9, Lauder Road, Edinbr. | Prot. | Jur. The doubtful points are: 1. The birthplace of William Addison, which might conceivably be read as Forberry Maior, the letters between F and -bury being extremely doubtful. 2. The profession of Alfred Tribe's father. 3. The second initial of Alexander Macfarlan, which might equally well be G. Should the doctor's name be Macfarlane? 4. The second initial of Robert Strachan, which might equally well be H. Replies direct or through these pages will be thankfully received. LIONEL R. M. STRACHAN. Heidelberg, Germany. I shall PORTICO LIBRARY, MANCHESTER. be greatly obliged if any of your readers who have papers, documents, newspaper cuttings, &c., relating to the early history of the Portico Library, Manchester, will kindly communicate with me. "I have had sent to me a sample of a handkerchief just designed, printed, and published for the use of the 1st (Herts) Volunteer Battalion of the Bedfordshire Regiment. It is of great size, and must contain some five thousand words, printed in large and very readable type. Its object is to assist non-commissioned officers in the training of their men. It is always to be brought on to parade, and on resigning the non-commissioned officer must return it with the remainder of his kit. There is no exercise in the field which is not touched upon on this extraordinary article of toilet. Its compilation and design are the work, I believe, of the very energetic adjutant of the regiment. The idea is not entirely new. There was a signaller's handkerchief flag published some ERNEST MARRIOTT, Librarian. years ago, and later a handkerchief guide to comMAY MORNING AT MAGDALEN ITS MUSIC. pany training by Captain R. Timperley, 3rd Volun--The choral service on the roof of the tower teer Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers. Lord Methuen at an inspection last year was pleased with the answer of a sergeant on picket, who, when asked by the General what he did with his time on picket, said that he read his handkerchief." ALFRED F. ROBBINS. of Magdalen College, Oxford, is well known. Into the changes the character of the service has undergone it is not my wish to enter, nor into the reason for its establishment. Í only want to know if the words and music |